Generazione automatica delle password Windows

Windows

Il comando gcloud compute reset-windows-password consente a un utente con accesso in scrittura al progetto Compute Engine di recuperare in modo sicuro le password per gli account nelle istanze di Windows.

Il comando esegue questa operazione inviando un nome utente e una chiave pubblica RSA all'istanza. L'agente in esecuzione sull'istanza esegue una delle seguenti operazioni:

Crea un account nell'istanza per il nome utente e genera una password casuale.
Consente di reimpostare la password su un valore casuale se l'account esiste già.

L'agente in esecuzione sull'istanza cripta la password con la chiave pubblica fornita e la invia nuovamente al client per la decrittografia dalla chiave privata corrispondente.

Questa sezione descrive il funzionamento di questo processo e fornisce alcuni script di esempio che replicano questi passaggi in modo programmatico. Se vuoi seguire questi passaggi manualmente, consulta la sezione Istruzioni manuali.

Prima di iniziare

Crea un'istanza Windows.
Configurare l'autenticazione.

Seleziona la scheda relativa a come intendi utilizzare gli esempi di questa pagina:
Console

Quando utilizzi la console Google Cloud per accedere ai servizi e alle API Google Cloud, non è necessario configurare l'autenticazione.
gcloud
1. Installa Google Cloud CLI, quindi inizializzalo eseguendo il comando seguente:
```
gcloud init
```
  Nota: se hai installato lgcloud CLI in precedenza, assicurati di avere la versione più recente eseguendo gcloud components update.
2. Imposta una regione e una zona predefinite.
REST

Per utilizzare gli esempi di API REST su questa pagina in un ambiente di sviluppo locale, devi utilizzare le credenziali che fornisci allgcloud CLI.

Automatizza la generazione delle password

Go

examples/windows_auth_go_sample.go

Visualizza su GitHub

//  Copyright 2018 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
//
//  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
//  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/sha1"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/binary"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"strings"
	"time"

	daisyCompute "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/compute-image-tools/daisy/compute"
	"google.golang.org/api/compute/v1"
)

var (
	instance = flag.String("instance", "", "instance to reset password on")
	zone     = flag.String("zone", "", "zone instance is in")
	project  = flag.String("project", "", "project instance is in")
	user     = flag.String("user", "", "user to reset password for")
)

func getInstanceMetadata(client daisyCompute.Client, i, z, p string) (*compute.Metadata, error) {
	ins, err := client.GetInstance(p, z, i)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting instance: %v", err)
	}

	return ins.Metadata, nil
}

type windowsKeyJSON struct {
	ExpireOn string
	Exponent string
	Modulus  string
	UserName string
}

func generateKey(priv *rsa.PublicKey, u string) (*windowsKeyJSON, error) {
	bs := make([]byte, 4)
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(bs, uint32(priv.E))

	return &windowsKeyJSON{
		ExpireOn: time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute).Format(time.RFC3339),
		// This is different than what the other tools produce,
		// AQAB vs AQABAA==, both are decoded as 65537.
		Exponent: base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(bs),
		Modulus:  base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(priv.N.Bytes()),
		UserName: u,
	}, nil
}

type credsJSON struct {
	ErrorMessage      string `json:"errorMessage,omitempty"`
	EncryptedPassword string `json:"encryptedPassword,omitempty"`
	Modulus           string `json:"modulus,omitempty"`
}

func getEncryptedPassword(client daisyCompute.Client, i, z, p, mod string) (string, error) {
	out, err := client.GetSerialPortOutput(p, z, i, 4, 0)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	for _, line := range strings.Split(out.Contents, "\n") {
		var creds credsJSON
		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(line), &creds); err != nil {
			continue
		}
		if creds.Modulus == mod {
			if creds.ErrorMessage != "" {
				return "", fmt.Errorf("error from agent: %s", creds.ErrorMessage)
			}
			return creds.EncryptedPassword, nil
		}
	}
	return "", errors.New("password not found in serial output")
}

func decryptPassword(priv *rsa.PrivateKey, ep string) (string, error) {
	bp, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(ep)
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("error decoding password: %v", err)
	}
	pwd, err := rsa.DecryptOAEP(sha1.New(), rand.Reader, priv, bp, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("error decrypting password: %v", err)
	}
	return string(pwd), nil
}

func resetPassword(client daisyCompute.Client, i, z, p, u string) (string, error) {
	md, err := getInstanceMetadata(client, *instance, *zone, *project)
	if err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("error getting instance metadata: %v", err)
	}

	fmt.Println("Generating public/private key pair")
	key, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	winKey, err := generateKey(&key.PublicKey, u)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	data, err := json.Marshal(winKey)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	winKeys := string(data)
	var found bool
	for _, mdi := range md.Items {
		if mdi.Key == "windows-keys" {
			val := fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s", *mdi.Value, winKeys)
			mdi.Value = &val
			found = true
			break
		}
	}
	if !found {
		md.Items = append(md.Items, &compute.MetadataItems{Key: "windows-keys", Value: &winKeys})
	}

	fmt.Println("Setting new 'windows-keys' metadata")
	if err := client.SetInstanceMetadata(p, z, i, md); err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	fmt.Println("Fetching encrypted password")
	var trys int
	var ep string
	for {
		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
		ep, err = getEncryptedPassword(client, i, z, p, winKey.Modulus)
		if err == nil {
			break
		}
		if trys > 10 {
			return "", err
		}
		trys++
	}

	fmt.Println("Decrypting password")
	return decryptPassword(key, ep)
}

func main() {
	flag.Parse()
	if *instance == "" {
		log.Fatal("-instance flag required")
	}
	if *zone == "" {
		log.Fatal("-zone flag required")
	}
	if *project == "" {
		log.Fatal("-project flag required")
	}
	if *user == "" {
		log.Fatal("-user flag required")
	}

	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := daisyCompute.NewClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("Error creating compute service: %v", err)
	}

	fmt.Printf("Resetting password on instance %q for user %q\n", *instance, *user)
	pw, err := resetPassword(client, *instance, *zone, *project, *user)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("- Username: %s\n- Password: %s\n", *user, pw)
}

Python

examples/windows_auth_python_sample.py

Visualizza su GitHub

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import base64
import copy
import datetime
import json
import time

# PyCrypto library: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pycrypto
from Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_OAEP
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes

# Google API Client Library for Python:
# https://developers.google.com/api-client-library/python/start/get_started
from oauth2client.client import GoogleCredentials
from googleapiclient.discovery import build

def GetCompute():
    """Get a compute object for communicating with the Compute Engine API."""
    credentials = GoogleCredentials.get_application_default()
    compute = build('compute', 'v1', credentials=credentials)
    return compute

def GetInstance(compute, instance, zone, project):
    """Get the data for a Google Compute Engine instance."""
    cmd = compute.instances().get(instance=instance, project=project,
                                  zone=zone)
    return cmd.execute()

def GetKey():
    """Get an RSA key for encryption."""
    # This uses the PyCrypto library
    key = RSA.generate(2048)
    return key

def GetModulusExponentInBase64(key):
    """Return the public modulus and exponent for the key in bas64 encoding."""
    mod = long_to_bytes(key.n)
    exp = long_to_bytes(key.e)

    modulus = base64.b64encode(mod)
    exponent = base64.b64encode(exp)

    return modulus, exponent

def GetExpirationTimeString():
    """Return an RFC3339 UTC timestamp for 5 minutes from now."""
    utc_now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
    # These metadata entries are one-time-use, so the expiration time does
    # not need to be very far in the future. In fact, one minute would
    # generally be sufficient. Five minutes allows for minor variations
    # between the time on the client and the time on the server.
    expire_time = utc_now + datetime.timedelta(minutes=5)
    return expire_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')

def GetJsonString(user, modulus, exponent, email):
    """Return the JSON string object that represents the windows-keys entry."""
    expire = GetExpirationTimeString()
    data = {'userName': user,
            'modulus': modulus,
            'exponent': exponent,
            'email': email,
            'expireOn': expire}
    return json.dumps(data)

def UpdateWindowsKeys(old_metadata, metadata_entry):
    """Return updated metadata contents with the new windows-keys entry."""
    # Simply overwrites the "windows-keys" metadata entry. Production code may
    # want to append new lines to the metadata value and remove any expired
    # entries.
    new_metadata = copy.deepcopy(old_metadata)
    new_metadata['items'] = [{
        'key': "windows-keys",
        'value': metadata_entry
    }]
    return new_metadata

def UpdateInstanceMetadata(compute, instance, zone, project, new_metadata):
    """Update the instance metadata."""
    cmd = compute.instances().setMetadata(instance=instance, project=project,
                                          zone=zone, body=new_metadata)
    return cmd.execute()

def GetSerialPortFourOutput(compute, instance, zone, project):
    """Get the output from serial port 4 from the instance."""
    # Encrypted passwords are printed to COM4 on the windows server:
    port = 4
    cmd = compute.instances().getSerialPortOutput(instance=instance,
                                                  project=project,
                                                  zone=zone, port=port)
    output = cmd.execute()
    return output['contents']

def GetEncryptedPasswordFromSerialPort(serial_port_output, modulus):
    """Find and return the correct encrypted password, based on the modulus."""
    # In production code, this may need to be run multiple times if the output
    # does not yet contain the correct entry.
    output = serial_port_output.split('\n')
    for line in reversed(output):
        try:
            entry = json.loads(line)
            if modulus == entry['modulus']:
                return entry['encryptedPassword']
        except ValueError:
            pass

def DecryptPassword(encrypted_password, key):
    """Decrypt a base64 encoded encrypted password using the provided key."""
    decoded_password = base64.b64decode(encrypted_password)
    cipher = PKCS1_OAEP.new(key)
    password = cipher.decrypt(decoded_password)
    return password

def main(instance, zone, project, user, email):
    # Setup
    compute = GetCompute()
    key = GetKey()
    modulus, exponent = GetModulusExponentInBase64(key)

    # Get existing metadata
    instance_ref = GetInstance(compute, instance, zone, project)
    old_metadata = instance_ref['metadata']

    # Create and set new metadata
    metadata_entry = GetJsonString(user, modulus,
                                   exponent, email)
    new_metadata = UpdateWindowsKeys(old_metadata, metadata_entry)
    result = UpdateInstanceMetadata(compute, instance, zone, project,
                                    new_metadata)

    # For this sample code, just sleep for 30 seconds instead of checking for
    # responses. In production code, this should monitor the status of the
    # metadata update operation.
    time.sleep(30)

    # Get and decrypt password from serial port output
    serial_port_output = GetSerialPortFourOutput(compute, instance,
                                                 zone, project)
    enc_password = GetEncryptedPasswordFromSerialPort(serial_port_output,
                                                      modulus)
    password = DecryptPassword(enc_password, key)

    # Display the username, password and IP address for the instance
    print 'Username:   {0}'.format(user)
    print 'Password:   {0}'.format(password)
    ip = instance_ref['networkInterfaces'][0]['accessConfigs'][0]['natIP']
    print 'IP Address: {0}'.format(ip)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    instance = 'my-instance'
    zone = 'us-central1-a'
    project = 'my-project'
    user = 'example-user'
    email = 'user@example.com'
    main(instance, zone, project, user, email)

Java

examples/windows_auth_java_sample.java

Visualizza su GitHub

/**
 * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/**
 * This package demonstrates how to reset Windows passwords in Java.
 */

package cloud.google.com.windows.example;

import com.google.api.client.auth.oauth2.Credential;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleCredential;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.javanet.GoogleNetHttpTransport;
import com.google.api.client.http.HttpTransport;
import com.google.api.client.json.JsonFactory;
import com.google.api.client.json.jackson2.JacksonFactory;
import com.google.api.client.repackaged.org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
import com.google.api.services.compute.Compute;
import com.google.api.services.compute.model.Instance;
import com.google.api.services.compute.model.Metadata;
import com.google.api.services.compute.model.Metadata.Items;
import com.google.api.services.compute.model.SerialPortOutput;
import com.google.common.io.BaseEncoding;

import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
import org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser;

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.Security;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.RSAPublicKeySpec;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.TimeZone;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;

public class ExampleCode {

  public ExampleCode() {}

  // Constants used to configure behavior.
  private static final String ZONE_NAME = "us-central1-a";
  private static final String PROJECT_NAME = "example-project-1234";
  private static final String INSTANCE_NAME = "test-instance";
  private static final String APPLICATION_NAME = "windows-pw-reset";

  // Constants for configuring user name, email, and SSH key expiration.
  private static final String USER_NAME = "example_user";
  private static final String EMAIL = "example_user@test.com";

  // Keys are one-time use, so the metadata doesn't need to stay around for long.
  // 5 minutes chosen to allow for differences between time on the client
  // and time on the server.
  private static final long EXPIRE_TIME = 300000;

  // HttpTransport and JsonFactory used to create the Compute object.
  private static HttpTransport httpTransport;
  private static final JsonFactory JSON_FACTORY = JacksonFactory.getDefaultInstance();

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ExampleCode ec = new ExampleCode();
    try {
      // Initialize Transport object.
      httpTransport = GoogleNetHttpTransport.newTrustedTransport();

      // Reset the password.
      ec.resetPassword();
    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(1);
    }
  }

  public void resetPassword() throws Exception {
    // Get credentials to setup a connection with the Compute API.
    Credential cred = GoogleCredential.getApplicationDefault();

    // Create an instance of the Compute API.
    Compute compute = new Compute.Builder(httpTransport, JSON_FACTORY, null)
        .setApplicationName(APPLICATION_NAME).setHttpRequestInitializer(cred).build();

    // Get the instance object to gain access to the instance's metadata.
    Instance inst = compute.instances().get(PROJECT_NAME, ZONE_NAME, INSTANCE_NAME).execute();
    Metadata metadata = inst.getMetadata();

    // Generate the public/private key pair for encryption and decryption.
    KeyPair keys = generateKeys();

    // Update metadata from instance with new windows-keys entry.
    replaceMetadata(metadata, buildKeyMetadata(keys));

    // Tell Compute Engine to update the instance metadata with our changes.
    compute.instances().setMetadata(PROJECT_NAME, ZONE_NAME, INSTANCE_NAME, metadata).execute();

    System.out.println("Updating metadata...");

    // Sleep while waiting for metadata to propagate - production code may
    // want to monitor the status of the metadata update operation.
    Thread.sleep(30000);

    System.out.println("Getting serial output...");

    // Request the output from serial port 4.
    // In production code, this operation should be polled.
    SerialPortOutput output = compute.instances()
        .getSerialPortOutput(PROJECT_NAME, ZONE_NAME, INSTANCE_NAME).setPort(4).execute();

    // Get the last line - this will be a JSON string corresponding to the
    // most recent password reset attempt.
    String[] entries = output.getContents().split("\n");
    String outputEntry = entries[entries.length - 1];

    // Parse output using the json-simple library.
    JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();
    JSONObject passwordDict = (JSONObject) parser.parse(outputEntry);

    String encryptedPassword = passwordDict.get("encryptedPassword").toString();

    // Output user name and decrypted password.
    System.out.println("\nUser name: " + passwordDict.get("userName").toString());
    System.out.println("Password: " + decryptPassword(encryptedPassword, keys));
  }

  private String decryptPassword(String message, KeyPair keys) {
    try {
      // Add the bouncycastle provider - the built-in providers don't support RSA
      // with OAEPPadding.
      Security.addProvider(new org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider());

      // Get the appropriate cipher instance.
      Cipher rsa = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/NONE/OAEPPadding", "BC");

      // Add the private key for decryption.
      rsa.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keys.getPrivate());

      // Decrypt the text.
      byte[] rawMessage = Base64.decodeBase64(message);
      byte[] decryptedText = rsa.doFinal(rawMessage);

      // The password was encoded using UTF8. Transform into string.
      return new String(decryptedText, "UTF8");
    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(1);
    }
    return "";
  }

  private void replaceMetadata(Metadata input, JSONObject newMetadataItem) {
    // Transform the JSON object into a string that the API can use.
    String newItemString = newMetadataItem.toJSONString();

    // Get the list containing all of the Metadata entries for this instance.
    List<Items> items = input.getItems();

    // If the instance has no metadata, items can be returned as null.
    if (items == null)
    {
      items = new LinkedList<Items>();
      input.setItems(items);
    }

    // Find the "windows-keys" entry and update it.
    for (Items item : items) {
      if (item.getKey().compareTo("windows-keys") == 0) {
        // Replace item's value with the new entry.
        // To prevent race conditions, production code may want to maintain a
        // list where the oldest entries are removed once the 32KB limit is
        // reached for the metadata entry.
        item.setValue(newItemString);
        return;
      }
    }

    // "windows.keys" entry doesn't exist in the metadata - append it.
    // This occurs when running password-reset for the first time on an instance.
    items.add(new Items().setKey("windows-keys").setValue(newItemString));
  }

  private KeyPair generateKeys() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
    KeyPairGenerator keyGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");

    // Key moduli for encryption/decryption are 2048 bits long.
    keyGen.initialize(2048);

    return keyGen.genKeyPair();
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private JSONObject buildKeyMetadata(KeyPair pair) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException,
      InvalidKeySpecException {
    // Object used for storing the metadata values.
    JSONObject metadataValues = new JSONObject();

    // Encode the public key into the required JSON format.
    metadataValues.putAll(jsonEncode(pair));

    // Add username and email.
    metadataValues.put("userName", USER_NAME);
    metadataValues.put("email", EMAIL);

    // Create the date on which the new keys expire.
    Date now = new Date();
    Date expireDate = new Date(now.getTime() + EXPIRE_TIME);

    // Format the date to match rfc3339.
    SimpleDateFormat rfc3339Format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'");
    rfc3339Format.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
    String dateString = rfc3339Format.format(expireDate);

    // Encode the expiration date for the returned JSON dictionary.
    metadataValues.put("expireOn", dateString);

    return metadataValues;
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private JSONObject jsonEncode(KeyPair keys) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException,
      InvalidKeySpecException {
    KeyFactory factory = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");

    // Get the RSA spec for key manipulation.
    RSAPublicKeySpec pubSpec = factory.getKeySpec(keys.getPublic(), RSAPublicKeySpec.class);

    // Extract required parts of the key.
    BigInteger modulus = pubSpec.getModulus();
    BigInteger exponent = pubSpec.getPublicExponent();

    // Grab an encoder for the modulus and exponent to encode using RFC 3548;
    // Java SE 7 requires an external library (Google's Guava used here)
    // Java SE 8 has a built-in Base64 class that can be used instead. Apache also has an RFC 3548
    // encoder.
    BaseEncoding stringEncoder = BaseEncoding.base64();

    // Strip out the leading 0 byte in the modulus.
    byte[] arr = Arrays.copyOfRange(modulus.toByteArray(), 1, modulus.toByteArray().length);

    JSONObject returnJson = new JSONObject();

    // Encode the modulus, add to returned JSON object.
    String modulusString = stringEncoder.encode(arr).replaceAll("\n", "");
    returnJson.put("modulus", modulusString);

    // Encode exponent, add to returned JSON object.
    String exponentString = stringEncoder.encode(exponent.toByteArray()).replaceAll("\n", "");
    returnJson.put("exponent", exponentString);

    return returnJson;
  }
}

Istruzioni manuali

I passaggi di questa guida manuale utilizzano OpenSSL per le funzioni crittografiche e gli strumenti shell/Linux Bash per alcune altre funzioni, ma sono possibili molte altre implementazioni.

Genera una coppia di chiave RSA a 2048 bit. In OpenSSL, genera questa coppia di chiavi eseguendo:

$ openssl genrsa -out private_key 2048

Viene creato un file della chiave privata denominato private_key con contenuti simili ai seguenti:

$ cat private_key
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Genera una chiave pubblica. Per creare la chiave pubblica, esegui:

$ openssl rsa -pubout -in private_key -out public_key

In questo modo viene creato un file Public_key simile al seguente:

$ cat public_key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAwgsquN4IBNPqIUnu+h/5
Za1kujb2YRhX1vCQVQAkBwnWigcCqOBVfRa5JoZfx6KIvEXjWqa77jPvlsxM4WPq
nDIM2qiK36up3SKkYwFjff6F2ni/ry8vrwXCX3sGZ1hbIHlK0O012HpA3ISeEswV
ZmX2X67naOvJXfY5v0hGPWqCADao+xVxrmxsZD4IWnKl1UaZzI5lhAzr8fw6utHw
x1EZ/MSgsEki6tujcZfN+GUDRnmJGQSnPTXmsf7Q4DKreTZk49cuyB3prV91S0x3
DYjCUpSXrkVy1Ha5XicGD/q+ystuFsJnrrhbNXJbpSjM6sjo/aduAkZJl4FmOt0R
7QIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

Estrai il modulo e l'esponente. Un modulo e un esponente costituiscono le chiavi pubbliche e private. Dalla chiave pubblica, estrai il modulo e l'esponente:

$ openssl rsa -in public_key -pubin -text -noout
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
    00:c2:0b:2a:b8:de:08:04:d3:ea:21:49:ee:fa:1f:
    f9:65:ad:64:ba:36:f6:61:18:57:d6:f0:90:55:00:
    24:07:09:d6:8a:07:02:a8:e0:55:7d:16:b9:26:86:
    5f:c7:a2:88:bc:45:e3:5a:a6:bb:ee:33:ef:96:cc:
    4c:e1:63:ea:9c:32:0c:da:a8:8a:df:ab:a9:dd:22:
    a4:63:01:63:7d:fe:85:da:78:bf:af:2f:2f:af:05:
    c2:5f:7b:06:67:58:5b:20:79:4a:d0:ed:35:d8:7a:
    40:dc:84:9e:12:cc:15:66:65:f6:5f:ae:e7:68:eb:
    c9:5d:f6:39:bf:48:46:3d:6a:82:00:36:a8:fb:15:
    71:ae:6c:6c:64:3e:08:5a:72:a5:d5:46:99:cc:8e:
    65:84:0c:eb:f1:fc:3a:ba:d1:f0:c7:51:19:fc:c4:
    a0:b0:49:22:ea:db:a3:71:97:cd:f8:65:03:46:79:
    89:19:04:a7:3d:35:e6:b1:fe:d0:e0:32:ab:79:36:
    64:e3:d7:2e:c8:1d:e9:ad:5f:75:4b:4c:77:0d:88:
    c2:52:94:97:ae:45:72:d4:76:b9:5e:27:06:0f:fa:
    be:ca:cb:6e:16:c2:67:ae:b8:5b:35:72:5b:a5:28:
    cc:ea:c8:e8:fd:a7:6e:02:46:49:97:81:66:3a:dd:
    11:ed
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)

Codifica il modulo e l'esponente. Devi estrarre e codificare in base64 il modulo e l'esponente. Prima di codificare il modulo, rimuovi il byte zero iniziale dal modulo. Per impostazione predefinita, il file Public_key è già una stringa di byte con codifica Base64 contenente le seguenti informazioni:
- 32 byte di informazioni di intestazione
- 1 byte con lo zero iniziale del modulo
- 256 byte di modulo
- 2 byte dell'intestazione esponente
- 3 byte dell'esponente
Il modulo e l'esponente devono essere estratti e codificati separatamente dal resto dei contenuti del file. Estrai e codifica il modulo e l'esponente utilizzando i seguenti comandi:
```
$ cat public_key | grep -v -- ----- | base64 -d | dd bs=1 skip=33 count=256 2>/dev/null | base64 -w 0; echo
        wgsquN4IBNPqIUnu+h/5Za1kujb2YRhX1vCQVQAkBwnWigcCqOBVfRa5JoZfx6KIvEXjWqa77jPvlsx
M4WPqnDIM2qiK36up3SKkYwFjff6F2ni/ry8vrwXCX3sGZ1hbIHlK0O012HpA3ISeEswVZmX2X67naO
vJXfY5v0hGPWqCADao+xVxrmxsZD4IWnKl1UaZzI5lhAzr8fw6utHwx1EZ/MSgsEki6tujcZfN+GUDR
nmJGQSnPTXmsf7Q4DKreTZk49cuyB3prV91S0x3DYjCUpSXrkVy1Ha5XicGD/q+ystuFsJnrrhbNXJb
pSjM6sjo/aduAkZJl4FmOt0R7Q==
```
```
$ cat public_key | grep -v -- ----- | base64 -d | dd bs=1 skip=291 count=3 2>/dev/null | base64
AQAB
```
Se riscontri problemi di codifica del modulo, assicurati di aver rimosso il byte di zero iniziale dal modulo prima di tentare di codificarlo.
Crea un oggetto JSON con un nome utente e informazioni sulla chiave pubblica. Crea un oggetto JSON con i seguenti dati:
- userName: il nome utente per accedere all'istanza.
- modulus: il modulo con codifica Base64 della chiave pubblica.
- exponent: l'esponente della chiave pubblica con codifica Base64
- email: l'indirizzo email dell'utente che richiede la password. Deve essere l'indirizzo email dell'Account Google autenticato nell'API.
- expireOn: un timestamp codificato in RFC 3399 che indica la scadenza della chiave. Deve essere nel fuso orario UTC, impostato a circa cinque minuti nel futuro. Poiché queste chiavi vengono utilizzate solo per generare il nome utente e la password, non sono più necessarie dopo la creazione della password. L'agente non utilizza chiavi scadute.
Ad esempio:
```
{\"userName\": \"example-user\",  \"modulus\": \"wgsquN4IBNPqIUnu+h/5Za1kujb2YRhX1
vCQVQAkBwnWigcCqOBVfRa5JoZfx6KIvEXjWqa77jPvlsxM4WPqnDIM2qiK36up3SKkYwFjff6F
2ni/ry8vrwXCX3sGZ1hbIHlK0O012HpA3ISeEswVZmX2X67naOvJXfY5v0hGPWqCADao+xVxrmx
sZD4IWnKl1UaZzI5lhAzr8fw6utHwx1EZ/MSgsEki6tujcZfN+GUDRnmJGQSnPTXmsf7Q4DKreT
Zk49cuyB3prV91S0x3DYjCUpSXrkVy1Ha5XicGD/q+ystuFsJnrrhbNXJbpSjM6sjo/aduAkZJl
4FmOt0R7Q==\", \"exponent\": \"AQAB\", \"email\": \"example.user@example.com\",
\"expireOn\": \"2015-04-14T01:37:19Z\"}
```
Tieni presente che la stringa JSON non deve contenere caratteri di nuova riga.

Aggiungi l'oggetto JSON ai metadati dell'istanza. Imposta i metadati dell'istanza utilizzando la chiave di metadati windows-keys e l'oggetto JSON come valore chiave.

Per aggiornare i metadati dell'istanza nell'API, devi fornire un'impronta digitale con la tua richiesta. Ottieni l'impronta attuale dell'istanza effettuando una richiesta GET all'istanza:

GET  https://compute.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/myproject/zones/us-central1-f/instances/test-windows-auth
[..snip..]
"metadata": {
"kind": "compute#metadata",
"fingerprint": "5sFotm8Ee0I=",
"items": [
 {
 …
 }
[..snip]..

A questo punto, effettua una richiesta POST al metodo setMetadata, fornendo l'impronta e l'oggetto JSON che hai creato:

POST https://compute.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/myproject/zones/us-central1-f/instances/test-windows-auth/setMetadata

{
 "fingerprint": "5sFotm8Ee0I=",
 "items": [
  {
   "value": "{\"userName\": \"example-user\",  \"modulus\": \"wgsquN4IBNPqIUnu+h/5Za1kujb2YRhX1vCQVQAkBwnWigcCqOBVfRa5JoZfx6KIvEXjWqa77jPvlsxM4WPqnDIM2qiK36up3SKkYwFjff6F2ni/ry8vrwXCX3sGZ1hbIHlK0O012HpA3ISeEswVZmX2X67naOvJXfY5v0hGPWqCADao+xVxrmxsZD4IWnKl1UaZzI5lhAzr8fw6utHwx1EZ/MSgsEki6tujcZfN+GUDRnmJGQSnPTXmsf7Q4DKreTZk49cuyB3prV91S0x3DYjCUpSXrkVy1Ha5XicGD/q+ystuFsJnrrhbNXJbpSjM6sjo/aduAkZJl4FmOt0R7Q==\", \"exponent\": \"AQAB\", \"email\": \"user@example.com\", \"expireOn': '2015\"04-14T01:37:19Z\"}\n",
   "key": "windows-keys"
  } ]
}

Il nome della chiave deve essere windows-keys e il valore deve essere impostato su una o più stringhe JSON come quella riportata sopra. Più stringhe devono essere separate da caratteri di nuova riga. Quando aggiungi più voci, assicurati che il valore dei metadati non superi i 32 kB.

Leggi l'output dalla porta seriale numero quattro. L'agente sull'istanza acquisirà automaticamente il valore windows-keys e creerà una password criptata. Leggere la password criptata eseguendo una query sulla porta seriale numero quattro. Nell'API, effettua una richiesta GET al metodo getSerialPortOutput, trasmettendo port=4 come parametro di ricerca:

GET https://compute.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/myproject/zones/us-central1-f/instances/test-windows-auth/serialPort?port=4

{
 "kind": "compute#serialPortOutput",
 "selfLink": "https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/myproject/zones/_/instances/test-api-auth/serialPort",
 "contents": "{\"ready\":true,\"version\":\"Microsoft Windows NT 6.1.7601 Service Pack 1\"}\n{\"encryptedPassword\":\"uiHDEhxyvj6lF5GalH
 h9TsMZb4bG6Y9qGmFb9S3XI29yvVsDCLdp4IbUg21MncHcaxP0rFu0kyjxlEXDs8y4L1KOhy6iyB42Lh+vZ4XIMjmvU4rZrjsBZ5TxQo9hL0lBW7o3FRM\\/UIXCeRk39ObUl2A
 jDmQ0mcw1byJI5v9KVJnNMaHdRCy\\/kvN6bx3qqjIhIMu0JExp4UVkAX2Mxb9b+c4o2DiZF5pY6ZfbuEmjSbvGRJXyswkOJ4jTZl+7e6+SZfEal8HJyRfZKiqTjrz+DLjYSlXr
 fIRqlvKeAFGOJq6IRojNWiTOOh8Zorc0iHDTIkf+MY0scfbBUo5m30Bf4w==\",\"exponent\":\"AQAB\",\"modulus\":\"0tiKdO2JmBHss26jnrSAwb583KG\\/ZIw5Jw
 wMPXrCVsFAPwY1OV3RlT1Hp4Xvpibr7rvJbOC+f\\/Gd0cBrK5pccQfccB+OHKpbBof473zEfRbdtFwPn10RfAFj\\/xikW0r\\/XxgG\\/c8tz9bmALBStGqmwOVOLRHxjwgtG
 u4poeuwmFfG6TuwgCadxpllW74mviFd4LZVSuCSni5YJnBM2HSJ8NP6g1fqI17KDXt2XO\\/7kSItubmMk+HGEXdH4qiugHYewaIf1o4XSQROC8xlRl7t\\/RaD4U58hKYkVwg0
 Ir7WzYzAVpG2UR4Co\\/GDG9Hct7HOYekDqVQ+sSZbwzajnVunkw==\",\"passwordFound\":true,\"userName\":\"example-user\"}\n"
}

L'output della porta seriale può contenere più risposte, separate da caratteri di nuova riga. Per trovare la risposta corretta, associa il modulo che hai trasmesso all'output della porta seriale. Ogni risposta è una stringa JSON codificata con i seguenti campi:

userName: il nome utente passato all'istanza.
passwordFound: un valore booleano che indica se la generazione della password è riuscita.
encryptedPassword: una password criptata con codifica Base64.
modulus: il modulo trasmesso in precedenza.
exponent: l'esponente passato in precedenza.

Per informazioni sulla conservazione dell'output della porta seriale, consulta la pagina relativa alla visualizzazione dell'output della porta seriale.

Decripta la password. Per ottenere la password, utilizza la chiave privata creata in precedenza per decriptare la password criptata. La password deve essere decriptata con OAEP (Ottimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding). Per OpenSSL, il comando per decriptare i dati di input è:
```
$ openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey private_key -oaep
```
Per decriptare la password indicata sopra, fornisci il valore encryptedPassword. Ricorda di rimuovere in anticipo i caratteri di escape \\ dalla stringa, altrimenti la decrittografia non andrà a buon fine:
```
$ echo 'uiHDEhxyvj6lF5GalHh9TsMZb4bG6Y9qGmFb9S3XI291MncHcaxP0rFu0kyjxlEXDs8y4L1KOhy6iyB42Lh+vZ4XIMjmvU4rZrjsBZ5Tx
Qo9hL0lBW7o3FRM/UIXCeRk39ObUl2AjDmQ0mcw1byJI5v9KVJnNMaHdRCy/kvN6bx3qqjIhIMu0JExp4UVkAX2Mxb9b+c4o2DiZF5pY6ZfbuEmjS
bvGRJXyswkOJ4jTZl+7e6+SZfEal8HJyRfZKiqTjrz+DLjYSlXrfIRqlvKeAFGOJq6IRojNWiTOOh8Zorc0iHDTIkf+MY0scfbBUo5m30Bf4w==' |
base64 -d | openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey private_key -oaep
```
Il comando stampa la password decriptata:
```
dDkJ_3]*QYS-#>X
```
Il nome utente e la password per questo account sarebbero:
```
username: example-user
password: dDkJ_3]*QYS-#>X
```
Porta via le chiavi. A differenza delle chiavi SSH, le chiavi utilizzate per recuperare/reimpostare le password di Windows sono pensate per essere temporanee. Il riutilizzo delle coppie di chiave pubblica/privata non è consigliato e potrebbe non funzionare come previsto. Se la chiave è stata salvata su disco, i file devono essere eliminati alla fine del processo. Meglio ancora, se possibile, tenere la chiave in memoria e eliminarla al termine del processo.

Generazione automatica delle password Windows

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