This page discusses the many factors that determine the performance of the block storage volumes that you attach to your virtual machine (VM) instances. Before you begin, consider the following:
Persistent disks are networked storage and generally have higher latency compared to physical disks or local SSDs. To reach the maximum performance limits of your persistent disks, you must issue enough I/O requests in parallel. To check if you're using a high enough queue depth to reach your required performance levels, see I/O queue depth.
Make sure that your application is issuing enough I/Os to saturate your disk.
For workloads that primarily involve small (from 4 KB to 16 KB) random I/Os, the limiting performance factor is random input/output operations per second (IOPS).
For workloads that primarily involve sequential or large (256 KB to 1 MB) random I/Os, the limiting performance factor is throughput.
Choose a storage option
To choose a block storage option that is appropriate for your workload, consider factors such as machine type support, disk size, and performance limits.
Disk types
You can provide several different types of block storage for your instances to use.
When you configure a persistent disk, you can select one of the following disk types:
- Standard persistent disks (
pd-standard
)- Suitable for large data processing workloads that primarily use sequential I/Os.
- Backed by standard hard disk drives (HDD).
- Balanced persistent disks (
pd-balanced
)- An alternative to performance (pd-ssd) persistent disks
- Balance of performance and cost. For most VM shapes, except very large ones, these disks have the same maximum IOPS as SSD persistent disks and lower IOPS per GB. This disk type offers performance levels suitable for most general-purpose applications at a price point between that of standard and performance (pd-ssd) persistent disks.
- Backed by solid-state drives (SSD).
- Performance (SSD) persistent disks (
pd-ssd
)- Suitable for enterprise applications and high-performance databases that require lower latency and more IOPS than standard persistent disks provide.
- Designed for single-digit millisecond latencies; the observed latency is application specific.
- Backed by solid-state drives (SSD).
- Extreme persistent disks (
pd-extreme
)- Offer consistently high performance for both random access workloads and bulk throughput.
- Designed for high-end database workloads, such as Oracle or SAP HANA.
- Allow you to provision the target IOPS .
- Backed by solid-state drives (SSD).
- Available with a limited number of machine types.
If you create a disk in the Google Cloud console, the default disk type is
pd-balanced
. If you create a disk using the gcloud CLI or the
Compute Engine API, the default disk type is pd-standard
.
Performance metrics
Persistent disks have per GB and per instance performance limits for the maximum IOPS and throughput that they can sustain. Balanced and performance (SSD) persistent disks also offer baseline performance for sustained IOPS and throughput.
Performance limits
The following table shows performance limits for persistent disks. For information about local SSD performance limits, see Local SSD performance.
Zonal persistent disks
The following table shows maximum sustained IOPS for zonal persistent disks:
Zonal standard PD |
Zonal balanced PD |
Zonal SSD PD |
Zonal extreme PD |
Zonal SSD PD multi-writer mode |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Read IOPS per GB | 0.75 | 6 | 30 | – | 30 |
Write IOPS per GB | 1.5 | 6 | 30 | – | 30 |
Read IOPS per instance | 7,500* | 80,000* | 100,000* | 120,000* | 100,000* |
Write IOPS per instance | 15,000* | 80,000* | 100,000* | 120,000* | 100,000* |
The following table shows maximum sustained throughput for zonal persistent disks:
Zonal standard PD |
Zonal balanced PD |
Zonal SSD PD |
Zonal extreme PD |
Zonal SSD PD multi-writer mode |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Throughput per GB (MB/s) | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.48 | – | 0.48 |
Read throughput per instance (MB/s) | 1,200* | 1,200* | 1,200* | 4,000‡ | 1,200* |
Write throughput per instance (MB/s) | 400† | 1,200* | 1,200* | 3,000# | 1,200† |
Regional persistent disks
Regional persistent disks are supported on only E2, N1, N2, and N2D machine type VMs. The following table shows maximum sustained IOPS for regional PDs:
Regional standard PD |
Regional balanced PD |
Regional SSD PD |
|
---|---|---|---|
Read IOPS per GB | 0.75 | 6 | 30 |
Write IOPS per GB | 1.5 | 6 | 30 |
Read IOPS per instance | 7,500* | 60,000* | 100,000* ‡ # |
Write IOPS per instance | 15,000* | 30,000* | 80,000* ‡ |
The following table shows maximum sustained throughput for regional persistent disks:
Regional standard PD |
Regional balanced PD |
Regional SSD PD |
|
---|---|---|---|
Throughput per GB (MB/s) | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.48 |
Read throughput per instance | 1,200* | 1,200* | 1,200* |
Write throughput per instance | 200† | 600* | 600* |
Attaching a disk to multiple virtual machine instances in read-only mode mode or in multi-writer mode does not affect aggregate performance or cost. Each machine gets a share of the per-disk performance limit. Persistent disks created in multi-writer mode have specific IOPS and throughput limits. To learn how to share persistent disks between multiple VMs, see Sharing persistent disks between VMs.
Persistent disk I/O operations share a common path with vNIC network traffic within your VM's hypervisor. Therefore, if your VM has significant network traffic, the actual read bandwidth and IOPS consistency might be less than the listed maximum limits. Some variability in the performance limits is to be expected, especially when operating near the maximum IOPS limits with an I/O size of 16 KB. For a summary of bandwidth expectations, see Bandwidth summary table.
Baseline performance
Balanced persistent disks and SSD persistent disks offer baseline IOPS and throughput performance in addition to sustained per GB performance limits. Baseline performance is the same for all disk sizes and doesn't scale based on the number of disks of the same type that are attached to an instance. For example, if you have two zonal balanced persistent disks attached to an instance, they share a baseline performance of 3,000 IOPS.
To calculate the maximum expected performance of a persistent disk type, add the disk type's baseline performance to the per GB performance limit for the disk type, multiplied by the combined size (in GB) of all disks of the same type:
- Maximum expected performance = Baseline performance + (Per GB performance limit * Combined disk size in GB).
For example, the maximum IOPS of two 1000 GB zonal balanced persistent disks attached to the same instance is 15,000:
- 3,000 baseline performance + (6 IOPS performance limit per GB * 2000 GB combined disk size) = 15,000 IOPS
The following table shows the baseline performance for balanced and SSD persistent disks.
Zonal persistent disks
The following table shows the baseline sustained IOPS and throughput for zonal persistent disks:
Zonal balanced PD |
Zonal SSD PD |
|
---|---|---|
Baseline IOPS per instance | 3,000* | 6,000* |
Baseline Throughput (MB/s) per instance | 140* | 240* |
Regional persistent disks
Regional persistent disks are supported on only E2, N1, N2, and N2D machine type VMs. The following table shows the baseline sustained IOPS and throughput for regional persistent disks:
Regional balanced PD |
Regional SSD PD |
|
---|---|---|
Baseline IOPS per instance | 3,000* | 6,000* |
Baseline Throughput (MB/s) per instance | 140* | 240* |
Configure your persistent disks and instances
Persistent disk performance scales with the size of the disk and with the number of vCPUs on your VM instance.
Performance scales until it reaches either the limits of the disk or the limits of the VM instance to which the disk is attached. The machine type and the number of vCPUs on the instance determine the VM instance limits.
The following tables show performance limits for zonal persistent disks.
Performance by machine type and vCPU count
The following tables show how zonal persistent disk performance varies according to the machine type and number of vCPUs on the VM to which the disk is attached.
A2 standard VMs
pd-standard
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a2-highgpu-1g | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
a2-highgpu-2g | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
a2-highgpu-4g | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
a2-highgpu-8g | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
a2-megagpu-16g | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a2-highgpu-1g | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
a2-highgpu-2g | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-highgpu-4g | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-highgpu-8g | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-megagpu-16g | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a2-highgpu-1g | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
a2-highgpu-2g | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-highgpu-4g | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-highgpu-8g | 100,000 | 100,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-megagpu-16g | 100,000 | 100,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
A2 ultra VMs
pd-standard
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a2-ultragpu-1g | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
a2-ultragpu-2g | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
a2-ultragpu-4g | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
a2-ultragpu-8g | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a2-ultragpu-1g | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
a2-ultragpu-2g | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-ultragpu-4g | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-ultragpu-8g | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a2-ultragpu-1g | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
a2-ultragpu-2g | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-ultragpu-4g | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
a2-ultragpu-8g | 100,000 | 100,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
C2 VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 4,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
8 | 4,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
16 | 4,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
30 | 8,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
60 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 240 | 240 |
8 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 240 | 240 |
16 | 4,000 | 8,000 | 480 | 600 |
30 | 8,000 | 15,000 | 480 | 600 |
60 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 240 | 240 |
8 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 240 | 240 |
16 | 4,000 | 8,000 | 480 | 600 |
30 | 8,000 | 15,000 | 480 | 600 |
60 | 15,000 | 30,000 | 800 | 1,200 |
C2D VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 4,590 | 3,060 | 245 | 245 |
4 | 4,590 | 3,060 | 245 | 245 |
8 | 4,590 | 3,060 | 245 | 245 |
16 | 4,590 | 3,060 | 245 | 245 |
32 | 8,160 | 3,060 | 245 | 245 |
56 | 8,160 | 3,060 | 245 | 245 |
112 | 15,300 | 3,060 | 245 | 245 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 4,590 | 4,080 | 245 | 245 |
4 | 4,590 | 4,080 | 245 | 245 |
8 | 4,590 | 4,080 | 245 | 245 |
16 | 4,590 | 8,160 | 245 | 326 |
32 | 8,160 | 15,300 | 245 | 612 |
56 | 8,160 | 15,300 | 245 | 612 |
112 | 15,300 | 30,600 | 408 | 1,224 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 4,590 | 4,080 | 245 | 245 |
4 | 4,590 | 4,080 | 245 | 245 |
8 | 4,590 | 4,080 | 245 | 245 |
16 | 4,590 | 8,160 | 245 | 326 |
32 | 8,160 | 15,300 | 245 | 612 |
56 | 8,160 | 15,300 | 245 | 612 |
112 | 15,300 | 30,600 | 408 | 1,224 |
C3 VMs
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
22 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 800 | 800 |
44 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 800 | 800 |
88 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
176 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
22 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 800 | 800 |
44 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 800 | 800 |
88 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
176 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
E2 VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
e2-medium* | 10,000 | 1,000 | 200 | 200 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
16 or more | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
e2-medium* | 10,000 | 12,000 | 200 | 200 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,000 | 1,200 |
32 or more | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,000 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
e2-medium* | 10,000 | 12,000 | 200 | 200 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,000 | 1,200 |
32 or more | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,000 | 1,200 |
G2 standard VMs
pd-balanced
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
g2-standard-4 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
g2-standard-8 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
g2-standard-12 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
g2-standard-16 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-24 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-32 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-48 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-96 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
g2-standard-4 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
g2-standard-8 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
g2-standard-12 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
g2-standard-16 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-24 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-32 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-48 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
g2-standard-96 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
N1 VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15,000 | Up to 3,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
16 or more | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-63 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
64 or more | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 204 | 240 | |
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 | |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 | |
16-31 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 | |
32-63 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 | |
64 or more | 100,000 | 100,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
N2 VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-7 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
16 or more | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-63 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
64 or more | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-63 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
64 or more | 100,000 | 100,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-extreme
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n2-standard-64 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 | n2-standard-80 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-standard-96 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-standard-128 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-highmem-64 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-highmem-80 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-highmem-96 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-highmem-128 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-highcpu-64 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-highcpu-80 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
n2-highcpu-96 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 |
N2D VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-7 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
16 or more | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-63 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
64 or more | Up to 80,000 | Up to 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-63 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
64 or more | Up to 100,000 | Up to 100,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
M1 VMs
pd-standard
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m1-megamem-96 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-40 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-80 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-160 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m1-megamem-96 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-40 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-80 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-160 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m1-megamem-96 | 90,000 | 90,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-40 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-80 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m1-ultramem-160 | 70,000 | 70,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-extreme
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m1-megamem-96 | 90,000 | 90,000 | 2,200 | 2,200 |
M2 VMs
pd-standard
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m2-megamem-416 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
m2-ultramem-208 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
m2-ultramem-416 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
m2-hypermem-416 | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m2-megamem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m2-ultramem-208 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m2-ultramem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m2-hypermem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m2-megamem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m2-ultramem-208 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m2-ultramem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m2-hypermem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-extreme
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m2-megamem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 2,200 |
m2-ultramem-208 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 2,200 |
m2-ultramem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 2,200 |
m2-hypermem-416 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 2,200 |
M3 VMs
pd-balanced
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m3-megamem-64 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-megamem-128 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-ultramem-32 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-ultramem-64 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-ultramem-128 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m3-megamem-64 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-megamem-128 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-ultramem-32 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-ultramem-64 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
m3-ultramem-128 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-extreme
Machine type | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
m3-megamem-64 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 2,200 |
m3-megamem-128 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,700 | 2,200 |
m3-ultramem-32 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 2,200 |
m3-ultramem-64 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 1,200 | 2,200 |
m3-ultramem-128 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,700 | 2,200 |
T2D VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
16 or more | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-60 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-7 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-60 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
T2A VMs
pd-standard
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15,000 | 1,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-3 | 15,000 | 2,400 | 240 | 240 |
4-7 | 15,000 | 3,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 15,000 | 5,000 | 400 | 800 |
16 or more | 15,000 | 7,500 | 400 | 1,200 |
pd-balanced
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-7 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-47 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
48 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,800 | 1,800 |
pd-ssd
VM vCPU count | Maximum write IOPS | Maximum read IOPS | Maximum write throughput (MB/s) | Maximum read throughput (MB/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 204 | 240 |
2-7 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 240 | 240 |
8-15 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 800 | 800 |
16-31 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
32-47 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 1,200 | 1,200 |
48 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 1,800 | 1,800 |
Example
Consider a 1,000 GB zonal SSD persistent disk attached to a VM with an N2 machine type and 4 vCPUs. The read limit based solely on the size of the disk is 36,000 IOPS (6,000 baseline IOPs + (30 IOPS per GB * 1,000 GB). However, the VM has 4 vCPUs so the read limit is restricted to 15,000 IOPS.
Review performance
You can review persistent disk performance metrics in Cloud Monitoring, Google Cloud's integrated monitoring solution.
To learn more, see Reviewing persistent disk performance metrics.
Optimize disk performance
To increase disk performance, start with the following steps:
Resize your persistent disks to increase the per-disk IOPS and throughput limits. Persistent disks do not have any reserved, unusable capacity, so you can use the full disk without performance degradation. However, certain file system and applications might perform worse as the disk becomes full, so you might need to consider increasing the size of your disk to avoid such situations.
Change the machine type and number of vCPUs on the instance to increase the per-instance IOPS and throughput limits.
After you ensure that any bottlenecks are not due to the disk size or machine type of the VM, your app and operating system might still need some tuning. See Optimizing persistent disk performance and Optimizing local SSD performance.
Other factors that affect performance
What's next
- Benchmark your persistent disks and local SSDs.
- Optimize your persistent disk and local SSD performance.
- Learn about persistent disk and local SSD pricing.
- Learn how to review your project log entries using the Logs Explorer.