This page provides an overview of Cloud Identity and Access Management (Cloud IAM) and its use with controlling access to buckets and objects in Cloud Storage. To learn how to set and manage Cloud IAM permissions for Cloud Storage buckets and projects, see Using Cloud IAM Permissions. To learn about other ways of controlling access to buckets and objects, see Overview of Access Control.
This page focuses on aspects of Cloud IAM that are relevant specifically to Cloud Storage. For a detailed discussion of Cloud IAM and its features generally, see the Cloud Identity and Access Management developer's guide. In particular, see the Managing Cloud IAM Policies section.
Overview
Cloud Identity and Access Management (Cloud IAM) allows you to control who has access to the resources in your Google Cloud project. Resources include Cloud Storage buckets and objects stored within buckets, as well as other Google Cloud entities such as Compute Engine instances.
The set of access rules you apply to a resource is called a Cloud IAM policy. A Cloud IAM policy applied to your project defines the actions that users can take on all objects or buckets within your project. A Cloud IAM policy applied to a single bucket defines the actions that users can take on that specific bucket and objects within it.
For example, you can create a Cloud IAM policy for one of your buckets that gives one user administrative control of that bucket. Meanwhile, you can add another user to your project-wide Cloud IAM policy that gives that user the ability to view objects in any bucket of your project.
Members are the "who" of Cloud IAM. Members can be individual users, groups, domains, or even the public as a whole. Members are assigned roles, which grant members the ability to perform actions in Cloud Storage as well as Google Cloud more generally. Each role is a collection of one or more permissions. Permissions are the basic units of Cloud IAM: each permission allows you to perform a certain action.
For example, the storage.objects.create
permission allows you to create
objects. This permission is found in roles such as
roles/storage.objectCreator
, where it is the only permission, and
roles/storage.objectAdmin
, where many permissions are bundled together.
If you give the roles/storage.objectCreator
role to a member for a
specific bucket, they can only create objects in that bucket. If you give
another member the roles/storage.objectAdmin
role for the bucket,
they can do additional tasks, such as deleting objects, but still only within
that bucket. If these two users are assigned these roles and no others,
they won't have knowledge of any other buckets in your project.
If you give a third member the roles/storage.objectAdmin
role, but do
so for your project and not just a single bucket, they have access to any
object in any bucket of your project.
Using Cloud IAM with Cloud Storage makes it easy to limit a member's permissions without having to modify each bucket or object permission individually.
Permissions
Permissions allow members to perform specific actions on buckets or objects
in Cloud Storage. For example, the storage.buckets.list
permission allows a
member to list the buckets in your project. You don't directly give
members permissions; instead, you assign roles, which have one
or more permissions bundled within them.
For a reference list of the Cloud IAM permissions that apply to Cloud Storage, see Cloud IAM Permissions for Cloud Storage.
Roles
Roles are a bundle of one or more permissions. For example,
roles/storage.objectViewer
contains the permissions storage.objects.get
and storage.objects.list
. You assign roles to members, which allows
them to perform actions on the buckets and objects in your project.
For a reference list of the Cloud IAM roles that apply to Cloud Storage, see Cloud IAM Roles for Cloud Storage.
Project-level roles vs. bucket-level roles
Granting roles at the bucket level does not affect any existing roles that
you granted at the project level, and vice versa. Thus, you can use these two
levels of granularity to customize your permissions. For example, say you want
to give a user permission to read objects in any bucket but create objects only
in one specific bucket. To achieve this, give the user the
roles/storage.objectViewer
role at the project level, thus allowing the user
to read any object stored in any bucket in your project, and give the user
roles/storage.objectCreator
role at the bucket level for a specific
bucket, thus allowing the user to create objects only in that bucket.
Some roles can be used at both the project level and the bucket level. When
used at the project level, the permissions they contain apply to all buckets
and objects in the project. When used at the bucket level, the permissions
only apply to a specific bucket and the objects within it. Examples of such
roles are roles/storage.admin
, roles/storage.objectViewer
, and
roles/storage.objectCreator
.
Some roles can only be applied at one level. For example, you can only apply
the Viewer
role at the project level, while you can only apply the
roles/storage.legacyObjectOwner
role at the bucket level.
Relation to ACLs
Legacy Bucket Cloud IAM roles work in tandem with bucket ACLs: when you add or remove a Legacy Bucket role, the ACLs associated with the bucket reflect your changes. Similarly, changing a bucket-specific ACL updates the corresponding Legacy Bucket role for the bucket.
Legacy Bucket role | Equivalent ACL |
---|---|
roles/storage.legacyBucketReader |
Bucket Reader |
roles/storage.legacyBucketWriter |
Bucket Writer |
roles/storage.legacyBucketOwner |
Bucket Owner |
All other bucket-level Cloud IAM roles, and all project-level Cloud IAM roles, work independently from ACLs. For example, if you give a user the Storage Object Viewer role, the ACLs remain unchanged. This means you can use bucket-level Cloud IAM roles to grant broad access to all objects within a bucket and use the fine-grained object ACLs to customize access to specific objects within the bucket.
Cloud IAM permission for changing ACLs
You can use Cloud IAM to grant members the permission needed to change
ACLs on objects. The following storage.buckets
permissions together allow
users to work with bucket ACLs and default object ACLs: .get
, .getIamPolicy
,
.setIamPolicy
, and .update
.
Similarly, the following storage.objects
permissions together allow users to
work with object ACLs: .get
, .getIamPolicy
, .setIamPolicy
, and .update
.
Custom roles
While Cloud IAM has many predefined roles that cover common use cases, you may wish to define your own roles which contain bundles of permissions that you specify. To support this, Cloud IAM offers custom roles.
Member types
There are a number of different types of members. For example, Google accounts
and Google groups represent two general types, while allAuthenticatedUsers
and allUsers
are two specialized types. For a list of typical
member types in Cloud IAM, see Concepts related to identity. In
addition to the types listed there, Cloud IAM supports the following
member types, which can be applied specifically to your Cloud Storage bucket
Cloud IAM policies:
projectOwner:[PROJECT_ID]
projectEditor:[PROJECT_ID]
projectViewer:[PROJECT_ID]
Where [PROJECT_ID]
is the ID of a specific project.
When you grant one of the above member types a role, all members with the
specified permission for the specified project get the role you select. For
example, say you want to give all members who have the Viewer
role for the
project my-example-project
the roles/storage.objectCreator
role for one
of your buckets. To do so, give the member projectViewer:my-example-project
the roles/storage.objectCreator
role for that bucket.
Using with Cloud Storage tools
Although Cloud IAM permissions can't be set through the XML API, users granted Cloud IAM permissions can still use the XML API, as well as any other tool for accessing Cloud Storage.
For references of which Cloud IAM permissions allow users to perform actions with different Cloud Storage tools, see Cloud IAM with the Cloud Console, Cloud IAM with gsutil, Cloud IAM with JSON, and Cloud IAM with XML.
Best practices
Cloud IAM, like any other administrative settings, requires active management to be effective. Before you make a bucket or object accessible to other users, be sure you know who you want to share the bucket or object with and what roles you want each of those people to play. Over time, changes in project management, usage patterns, and organizational ownership may require you to modify Cloud IAM settings on buckets and projects, especially if you manage Cloud Storage in a large organization or for a large group of users. As you evaluate and plan your access control settings, keep the following best practices in mind:
Use the principle of least privilege when granting access.
The principle of least privilege is a security guideline for granting privileges or rights. When you grant access based on the principle of least privilege, you grant the minimum privilege that's necessary for a user to accomplish their assigned task. For example, if you want to share a file with someone, grant them the
storage.objectReader
role and not thestorage.admin
role.Avoid granting roles with
setIamPolicy
permission to people you do not know.Granting
setIamPolicy
permission allows a user to change permissions and take control of data. You should use roles withsetIamPolicy
permission only when you want to delegate administrative control over objects and buckets.Be careful how you grant permissions for anonymous users.
The
allUsers
andallAuthenticatedUsers
member types should only be used when it is acceptable for anyone on the Internet to read and analyze your data. While these scopes are useful for some applications and scenarios, it is usually not a good idea to grant all users certain permissions such assetIamPolicy
,update
,create
, ordelete
.Understand the
Viewer
/Editor
/Owner
project roles in Cloud StorageThe
Viewer
/Editor
/Owner
project-level roles effectively grant the access their names imply within Cloud Storage; however they do so indirectly through additional access that is provided at the bucket and object levels, using member types unique to Cloud Storage. While the access is added by default, you can revoke it.For example, the
Viewer
role, by itself, only gives a memberstorage.buckets.list
permission, but new buckets, by default, grant theroles/storage.legacyBucketReader
role to all members with theViewer
role for the project. This bucket role is what allows aViewer
to view a bucket. Additionally, the bucket has a default object ACL ofprojectPrivate
, which means objects added to the bucket gain, by default, theprojectPrivate
ACL. This ACL is what allows aViewer
to view the object.Similarly, the
Editor
andOwner
project roles have limited Cloud Storage access by themselves, but members assigned these roles gainroles/storage.legacyBucketOwner
for new buckets, and ownership of objects through theprojectPrivate
ACL.Note that because some bucket and object access is not inherent to the
Viewer
/Editor
/Owner
project roles, it is possible to revoke access that members might otherwise expect they have.Avoid setting permissions that result in inaccessible buckets and objects.
A bucket or object becomes inaccessible when there is no one with permission to read it. This can happen for a bucket when all Cloud IAM permissions on the bucket get removed. This can happen for an object when the object's owner leaves a project and there are no bucket or project-level Cloud IAM policies that grant access to objects. In both cases, you can regain access by assigning an appropriate role, such as
roles/storage.admin
, to yourself or another member at the project level. Note that doing so gives access to all buckets and objects in the project, so you may want to revoke the role once you've reset access to the affected bucket or object.Be sure you delegate administrative control of your buckets.
By default, members with the project-level
Owner
role are the only entities that have theroles/legacyBucketOwner
role on a newly created bucket. You should have at least two members with theOwner
role at any given time so that if a team member leaves the group, your buckets can still be managed by the other members.