Risolvi i problemi di avvio delle VM Linux dovuti a errori di tipo kernel panic
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Questo documento include informazioni per la risoluzione dei problemi relativi a una VM che non risponde a causa di errori di tipo kernel panic.
Prima di iniziare
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Console
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gcloud
Install the Google Cloud CLI.
After installation,
initialize the Google Cloud CLI by running the following command:
Un kernel panic può verificarsi quando il kernel non è in grado di caricare correttamente i moduli initramfs necessari per l'avvio del sistema operativo guest.
Un'altra forma kernel panic può verificarsi in una situazione in cui il kernel non è in grado di gestire una determinata richiesta e si protegge arrestandosi.
Un kernel panic può avere luogo su una VM Compute Engine che esegue RedHat, SUSE, CentOS o Ubuntu.
Messaggi di errore comuni
Di seguito sono riportati alcuni degli eventi kernel panic più comuni:
Kernel panic - not syncing: hung_task: blocked tasks
Kernel Panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)
Kernel panic - not syncing: NMI: Not continuing
Kernel panic - not syncing: out of memory. panic_on_oom is selected
Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal Machine check
Cause comuni
Gli errori di tipo kernel panic possono verificarsi per diversi motivi. Ecco alcuni dei più comuni:
La voce relativa al file initramfs che corrisponde al kernel non esiste nel file grub.cfg.
Il file initramfs non viene generato nella directory /boot durante l'installazione del kernel.
Il file initramfs viene generato solo parzialmente o è danneggiato.
Sintomi
Un sintomo frequente del verificarsi di un kernel panic nell'istanza di una VM è che il kernel non consente di connettersi alla VM, anche se si utilizza la console seriale.
È necessario controllare i log della console seriale per identificare il kernel caricato dal sistema operativo guest, ad esempio:
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
[ 0.000000] Linux version 3.10.0-1160.95.1.el7.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-vm-42.build.eng.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Aug 10 10:46:21 EDT 2023
Controlla anche l'errore di tipo kernel panic. Questo errore si trova normalmente nella riga del kernel che corrisponde all'avvio della VM o alla fine dei log della console seriale con più tracce dello stack delle chiamate.
L'esempio seguente mostra un evento di kernel panic causato da problemi relativi a initramfs:
[ 1.520840] No filesystem could mount root, tried:
[ 1.520840]
[ 1.521964] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)
[ 1.523495] CPU: 1 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 3.10.0-1160.95.1.el7.x86_64 #1
[ 1.524932] Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 10/11/2022
[ 1.526901] Call Trace:
[ 1.527421] dump_stack+0x41/0x60
[ 1.527978] panic+0xe7/0x2ac
[ 1.528578] mount_block_root+0x2be/0x2e6
[ 1.529693] ? do_early_param+0x95/0x95
[ 1.530441] prepare_namespace+0x135/0x16b
[ 1.531237] kernel_init_freeable+0x203/0x22d
[ 1.532081] ? rest_init+0xaa/0xaa
[ 1.532808] kernel_init+0xa/0x103
[ 1.533395] ret_from_fork+0x35/0x40
[ 1.535229] Kernel Offset: 0x23a00000 from 0xffffffff81000000
Risolvi l'errore di tipo kernel panic
Per risolvere l'errore di tipo kernel panic, segui questi passaggi:
Connettiti alla console seriale e accedi alla VM dalla console Google Cloud .
Nella console Google Cloud , fai clic su Reimposta in corrispondenza della VM.
Dopo la visualizzazione della schermata iniziale di GRUB, seleziona il kernel o il kernel di recupero che funzionava prima dell'errore e avvia il sistema. La VM viene avviata con il kernel selezionato.
Quando la VM è accessibile, puoi avviare una connessione SSH alla VM.
Identifica la causa del problema e intervieni di conseguenza.
Ad esempio, se il file initramfs manca o è danneggiato, segui questi passaggi:
Genera il file initramfs corrispondente al kernel originale utilizzando il comando dracut:
[[["Facile da capire","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Il problema è stato risolto","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Altra","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Difficile da capire","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Informazioni o codice di esempio errati","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Mancano le informazioni o gli esempi di cui ho bisogno","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Problema di traduzione","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["Altra","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Ultimo aggiornamento 2025-09-04 UTC."],[[["\u003cp\u003eThis document provides troubleshooting steps for when a virtual machine (VM) becomes unresponsive due to kernel panic errors, which can occur on VMs running operating systems like RedHat, SUSE, CentOS, or Ubuntu.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eKernel panic errors can occur when the kernel fails to load \u003ccode\u003einitramfs\u003c/code\u003e modules, an essential part of guest operating systems booting, or when the kernel cannot manage a request, causing it to shut down.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eCommon symptoms of a kernel panic include an inability to connect to the VM, even via the serial console, and the appearance of error messages in the serial console logs, often including stack call traces.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eTo resolve a kernel panic, you can access the serial console, reset the VM, select a previous or rescue kernel from the GRUB menu to boot from, then initiate an SSH connection to investigate and fix the root cause.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eIf the issue stems from a missing or corrupted \u003ccode\u003einitramfs\u003c/code\u003e file, users can use the \u003ccode\u003edracut\u003c/code\u003e command to regenerate the file and \u003ccode\u003egrub2-mkconfig\u003c/code\u003e to update the \u003ccode\u003egrub2.cfg\u003c/code\u003e, allowing the VM to restart successfully.\u003c/p\u003e\n"]]],[],null,["# Troubleshoot Linux VM boot issues due to kernel panic\n\n*** ** * ** ***\n\nThis document includes troubleshooting information about a VM becoming unresponsive due to kernel panic errors.\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\nBefore you begin\n----------------\n\n- If you want to log serial port output in Cloud Logging, familiarize yourself with [Cloud Logging](/logging).\n- If you haven't already, set up [authentication](/compute/docs/authentication). Authentication verifies your identity for access to Google Cloud services and APIs. To run code or samples from a local development environment, you can authenticate to Compute Engine by selecting one of the following options:\n\n Select the tab for how you plan to use the samples on this page: \n\n ### Console\n\n\n When you use the Google Cloud console to access Google Cloud services and\n APIs, you don't need to set up authentication.\n\n ### gcloud\n\n 1.\n [Install](/sdk/docs/install) the Google Cloud CLI.\n\n After installation,\n [initialize](/sdk/docs/initializing) the Google Cloud CLI by running the following command:\n\n ```bash\n gcloud init\n ```\n\n\n If you're using an external identity provider (IdP), you must first\n [sign in to the gcloud CLI with your federated identity](/iam/docs/workforce-log-in-gcloud).\n | **Note:** If you installed the gcloud CLI previously, make sure you have the latest version by running `gcloud components update`.\n 2. [Set a default region and zone](/compute/docs/gcloud-compute#set_default_zone_and_region_in_your_local_client).\n\n ### REST\n\n\n To use the REST API samples on this page in a local development environment, you use the\n credentials you provide to the gcloud CLI.\n 1. [Install](/sdk/docs/install) the Google Cloud CLI. After installation, [initialize](/sdk/docs/initializing) the Google Cloud CLI by running the following command: \n\n ```bash\n gcloud init\n ```\n 2. If you're using an external identity provider (IdP), you must first [sign in to the gcloud CLI with your federated identity](/iam/docs/workforce-log-in-gcloud).\n\n\n For more information, see\n [Authenticate for using REST](/docs/authentication/rest)\n in the Google Cloud authentication documentation.\n\nKernel panic\n------------\n\nA kernel panic can happen when the kernel is unable to load properly `initramfs`\nmodules, which are required for the guest OS to boot.\n\nAnother form of kernel panic can occur in a situation where the kernel doesn't\nknow how to handle a certain request and protects itself by stopping.\nKernel panic can happen on a Compute Engine VM running RedHat, SUSE, CentOS,\nor Ubuntu.\n\n### Common error messages\n\nBelow are some of the most common kernel panic events for reference: \n\n```\nKernel panic - not syncing: hung_task: blocked tasks\n``` \n\n```\nKernel Panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)\n``` \n\n```\nKernel panic - not syncing: NMI: Not continuing\n``` \n\n```\nKernel panic - not syncing: out of memory. panic_on_oom is selected\n``` \n\n```\nKernel panic - not syncing: Fatal Machine check \n```\n\n### Common causes\n\nThe kernel panic error can occur due to multiple reasons. Some of the\ncommon reasons are:\n\n- The entry related to the `initramfs` file that corresponds to the kernel doesn't exist in the `grub.cfg` file.\n- The `initramfs` file doesn't get generated in the `/boot` directory during kernel installation.\n- The `initramfs` file gets only partially generated or is corrupted.\n\n### Symptoms\n\nWhen you experience kernel panic on a VM instance, a common symptom is that the\nkernel does not allow you to connect to the VM, even when using the serial\nconsole.\n\nYou should check the serial console logs to identify the kernel that was loaded\nby the guest OS, for example: \n\n```\n[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu\n[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct\n[ 0.000000] Linux version 3.10.0-1160.95.1.el7.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-vm-42.build.eng.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Aug 10 10:46:21 EDT 2023\n```\nAlso check the kernel panic error. This error is normally seen either at the kernel line when the VM starts or at the end of the serial console logs with multiple stack call traces.\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\nThe following example shows a kernel panic event due to `initramfs` issues: \n\n```\n[ 1.520840] No filesystem could mount root, tried:\n[ 1.520840]\n[ 1.521964] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)\n[ 1.523495] CPU: 1 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 3.10.0-1160.95.1.el7.x86_64 #1\n[ 1.524932] Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 10/11/2022\n[ 1.526901] Call Trace:\n[ 1.527421] dump_stack+0x41/0x60\n[ 1.527978] panic+0xe7/0x2ac\n[ 1.528578] mount_block_root+0x2be/0x2e6\n[ 1.529693] ? do_early_param+0x95/0x95\n[ 1.530441] prepare_namespace+0x135/0x16b\n[ 1.531237] kernel_init_freeable+0x203/0x22d\n[ 1.532081] ? rest_init+0xaa/0xaa\n[ 1.532808] kernel_init+0xa/0x103\n[ 1.533395] ret_from_fork+0x35/0x40\n[ 1.535229] Kernel Offset: 0x23a00000 from 0xffffffff81000000 \n```\n\nResolve the kernel panic error\n------------------------------\n\nTo resolve the kernel panic error, perform the following steps:\n\n1. Connect to the [serial console](/compute/docs/troubleshooting/troubleshooting-using-serial-console#connectserialconsole)\n and log in to the VM from the Google Cloud console.\n\n2. Click **Reset** for VM in the Google Cloud console.\n\n3. After the GRUB splash screen appears, select the previously working\n kernel or rescue kernel, and then boot the system. This causes the VM\n to start with the selected kernel.\n\n | **Note:** Booting the VM by selecting the previous kernel from the GRUB splash screen doesn't make changes to GRUB configuration file, so this is not a persistent change.\n4. When the VM is accessible, you can initiate an SSH connection to the VM.\n\n5. Identify the cause of the issue and take further action accordingly.\n\n For example, if the `initramfs` file is missing or corrupted,\n complete the following steps:\n 1. Generate the `initramfs` file corresponding to original kernel by using\n the `dracut` command:\n\n ```\n dracut -f /boot/initramfs-KERNEL_VERSION.img KERNEL_VERSION\n ```\n\n Replace \u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eKERNEL_VERSION\u003c/var\u003e with the VM's current\n kernel version. For example, `3.10.0-1160.95.1.el7.x86_64`.\n 2. Update the `grub2.cfg` file using the `grub2-mkconfig` command, for\n example:\n\n ```\n grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg\n ```\n 3. After the `initramfs` file is generated, you can restart the VM without\n any errors."]]