OS Login lets you use Compute Engine IAM roles to manage SSH access to Linux instances and is an alternative to manually managing instance access by adding and removing SSH keys in metadata.
This topic covers the basic steps for setting up OS Login. When you set up OS Login, you can add a layer of security by using two-factor authentication. For more information, see Setting up OS Login with two-factor authentication.
To configure OS Login and connect to your instances, use the following process:
- Enable the OS Login feature on your project or on individual instances.
- Grant the necessary IAM roles to yourself, your project members, or your organization members.
- Optionally, complete any of the following steps:
- Add custom SSH keys to user accounts for yourself, your project member, or organization members. Alternatively, Compute Engine can automatically generate these keys for you when you connect to instances.
- If your project is part of an organization, review Managing OS Login in an organization.
- Connect to instances.
- Review the expected login behaviors.
Before you begin
- If you want to use the command-line examples in this guide:
- Install or update to the latest version of the gcloud command-line tool.
- Set a default region and zone.
- If you want to use the API examples in this guide, set up API access.
Limitations
OS Login is not currently supported in Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). GKE cluster nodes continue to use metadata SSH keys when OS Login is enabled.
Windows Server and SQL Server image families do not yet support OS Login.
Enabling or disabling OS Login
Before you can manage instance access using IAM roles, you must enable the
OS Login feature by
setting a metadata key-value pair
in your project or in your instance's metadata: enable-oslogin=TRUE
. To
disable OS Login, set the metadata value to FALSE
. For example, you might
enable the feature across your entire project using enable-oslogin=TRUE
at the
project level, but set enable-oslogin=FALSE
on specific instances that can't
use it yet.
You can apply the enable-oslogin
metadata value on your projects or instances
by using one of the following options:
Console
Set enable-oslogin
in project-wide metadata so that it applies to
all of the instances in your project:
- In the Google Cloud Console, go to the Metadata page.
- Click Edit.
- Add a metadata entry where the key is
enable-oslogin
and the value isTRUE
. Alternatively, set the value toFALSE
to disable the feature. - Click Save to apply the changes.
For VMs that are not running CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect. To restart, perform a stop and then start operation on your instances.
Set enable-oslogin
in the metadata of an existing instance:
- In the Google Cloud Console, go to the VM instances page.
- Click the name of the instance on which you want to set the metadata value.
- At the top of the instance details page, click Edit to edit the instance settings.
- Under Custom metadata, add a metadata entry where the key is
enable-oslogin
and the value isTRUE
. Alternatively, set the value toFALSE
to exclude the instance from the feature. - At the bottom of the instance details page, click Save to apply your changes to the instance.
For all operating systems except CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect. To restart, perform a stop and then start operation on your instances.
Set enable-oslogin
in instance metadata when you create an instance:
- In the Cloud Console, go to the VM Instances page.
- Click Create instance.
- On the Create a new instance page, fill in the properties for your instance.
- In the
Metadata section, add a metadata entry where the key is
enable-oslogin
and the value isTRUE
. Alternatively, set the value toFALSE
to exclude the instance from the feature. - Click Create to create the instance.
gcloud
Set enable-oslogin
in project-wide metadata so that it applies to
all of the instances in your project:
Use the
project-info add-metadata
command in the gcloud
command-line tool and set oslogin=TRUE
to enable
OS Login:
gcloud compute project-info add-metadata
--metadata enable-oslogin=TRUE
Alternatively, you can set enable-oslogin
to FALSE
to disable OS Login.
For VMs that are not running CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect.
Set enable-oslogin
in metadata of an existing instance:
Use the
instances add-metadata
command in the gcloud
command-line tool and set oslogin=TRUE
to enable
OS Login. Replace instance-name
with the name of
your instance.
gcloud compute instances add-metadata instance-name --metadata enable-oslogin=TRUE
Alternatively, you can set enable-oslogin
to FALSE
to exclude your
instance from using OS Login.
For all operating systems except CoreOS, this change is applied instantaneously; you do not need to restart your instance. For CoreOS distributions, reboot or restart the instance for the change to take effect.
Set enable-oslogin
in instance metadata when you create an instance:
Use the
instances create
command in the gcloud
command-line tool and set oslogin=TRUE
to enable
OS Login. Replace instance-name
with the name of
your instance.
gcloud compute instances create instance-name --metadata enable-oslogin=TRUE
Alternatively, you can set enable-oslogin
to FALSE
to exclude your
instance from using OS Login.
In addition to the required metadata values, your instance must have the latest version of the guest environment installed. If you have instances that run custom images that you imported, install the guest environment on those instances to enable OS Login.
After you enable OS Login on the instances in your project, grant users permission to connect to those instances.
Configuring OS Login roles on user accounts
Granting OS Login IAM roles
After you enable OS Login on one or more instances in your project, those instances accept connections only from user accounts that have the necessary IAM roles in your project or organization:
For example, you might grant instance access to users with the following process:
Grant the necessary instance access roles to the user. Users must have the following roles:
roles/iam.serviceAccountUser
.One of the following login roles:
roles/compute.osLogin
, which does not grant administrator permissionsroles/compute.osAdminLogin
, which grants administrator permissions
You can grant either of these roles at the instance level by using the
gcloud beta compute instances add-iam-policy-binding
command.
If you are an organization admin who wants to allow members outside of your organization to access your instances, grant
roles/compute.osLoginExternalUser
to that user at the organization level.
Users cannot view details about your instances or the external IP addresses
for those instances unless you provide those details directly to them.
To allow users to view the details of your instances, they require additional
IAM roles. For example, the
roles/compute.viewer
role allows users to view all of the resources in your project, including
instance details.
Granting SSH access to a service account
You can use OS Login roles to allow service accounts to establish SSH connections to your instances. This is useful for the following tasks:
- If your applications require SSH access to your Compute Engine instances, you can provide that access through a service account. For more information, see Connecting apps to instances using SSH.
- For information about how to assume the permissions of a service account and use them to chain-SSH between instances manually, read Manually connecting between instances as a service account.
You can grant SSH access to your service accounts by using the following process:
- Create a service account.
- Grant the necessary OS Login roles to your service account. Service accounts require the same roles as user accounts. To learn how to configure roles and permissions for service accounts, see Granting roles to service accounts.
- Provide Application Default Credentials
to your service account so that it can authorize requests to the necessary
APIs. Provide Application Default Credentials using one of the following
options:
- Create an instance that is associated with your service account. The instance provides Application Default Credentials to your service account.
- Manually provide service account credentials to your app if you run your app outside of the Compute Engine environment.
After you grant SSH access to your service accounts, you can configure your apps to create SSH keys and establish SSH connections to other instances on your VPC networks. Read the Connecting applications to instances using SSH tutorial to see an example app for service account SSH.
Revoking OS Login IAM roles
To revoke user access to instances that are enabled to use OS Login, remove the user roles from that user account. For information about removing an IAM role for a user, see Granting, changing, and revoking access to resources.
When a user's access is revoked, the user will still have public SSH keys associated with their account, but those keys no longer function on the VM instances.
Connect to instances
After you configure the necessary roles, connect to an instance using Compute Engine tools. Compute Engine automatically generates SSH keys and associates them with your user account.
Alternatively, if you create your own SSH keys and add the public keys to your user account, you can connect to instances using third-party tools. The instance obtains your public key from your user account and lets you connect to the instance if you provide the correct user name and matching private SSH key.
After you connect to your instance, review the expected login behaviors.
Expected login behaviors
On some instances using OS Login, you might receive the following error message after the connection is established:
/usr/bin/id: cannot find name for group ID 123456789
Ignore this error message. This error does not affect your instances.
If a username is not set by a G Suite administrator, OS Login generates a default Linux username by combining the username and domain from the email associated with the user's Google profile. This naming convention ensures uniqueness. For example, if the user email associated with the Google profile is
user@example.com
, then their generated username isuser_example_com
.This generated username is based on domains associated with a G Suite account. If a user is from a separate G Suite organization, the generated username is prefixed with 'ext_'. For example, if
user@example.com
is accessing a VM in a different organization, then their generated username isext_user_example_com
.When you log in to an instance by using the
gcloud compute ssh
command, the following message displays:Using OS Login user [user_example_com] instead of default user [user]
This message confirms that you are logging in with your OS Login profile.
Adding SSH keys to a user account
You can associate public SSH keys with the following user account types:
- Managed user accounts that are part of an organization resource:
- Consumer Google accounts, such as
gmail.com
accounts
You can use the gcloud
command-line tool, or
the OS Login API to add SSH keys to your own
account. Alternatively, if you are a domain admin for an organization,
you can use the
Directory API,
to add SSH keys to the user account in your organization.
gcloud
The gcloud compute os-login
commands are available only on
Cloud SDK version 184 and later.
Use the gcloud
command-line tool to associate public SSH keys with an
account.
gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add \ --key-file key-file-path \ --ttl expire-time
Replace the following:
key-file-path
: The path to the public SSH key on your local workstation. Ensure that the public SSH key is properly formatted. If you use PuTTYgen on Linux systems to generate your public keys, you must use thepublic-openssh
format.expire-time
: An optional flag to set an expiration time for the public SSH key. For example, you can specify30m
and the SSH key will expire after 30 minutes. This flag uses the following units:s
for secondsm
for minutesh
for hoursd
for days Set the value to0
to indicate no expiration time.
OS Login API
Use the OS Login API to associate public SSH keys with an account:
POST https://oslogin.googleapis.com/v1/users/account-email:importSshPublicKey { "key": "ssh-key", "expirationTimeUsec": "expiration-timestamp" }
Replace the following:
account-email
: The email address that represents your managed user account.ssh-key
: The public key that you want to apply to the account. Ensure that the public SSH key is properly formatted. If you use PuTTYgen on Linux systems to generate your public keys, you must use thepublic-openssh
format.expiration-timestamp
: The expiration time for the key, in microseconds since epoch.
Directory API
If you are a domain admin for an organization, you can use the
Directory API reference
to add SSH keys to the account of another user in your organization.
For example, create a PUT request to the
directory.users.update
method
with one or more SSH sshPublicKeys
entries:
PUT https://www.googleapis.com/admin/directory/v1/users/user-id-key { "sshPublicKeys": [ { "key": "ssh-key", "expirationTimeUsec": "expiration-timestamp" }, { "key": "ssh-key", "expirationTimeUsec": "expiration-timestamp" } ] }
Replace the following:
user-id-key
: An immutable ID for the user.ssh-key
: A public key that you want to apply to the account. Ensure that the public SSH key is properly formatted. If you use PuTTYgen on Linux systems to generate your public keys, you must use thepublic-openssh
format.expiration-timestamp
: The expiration time for a key, in microseconds since epoch.
To remove all keys from an account, specify "sshPublicKeys": null
as the body, replacing user-id-key with an immutable ID for
the user:
PUT https://www.googleapis.com/admin/directory/v1/users/user-id-key { "sshPublicKeys": null }
After you add your keys to your account, you can
connect to instances using third-party tools
and the username associated with your account.
Your organization admin can change this username. You can find the username for
your account by running the gcloud compute os-login describe-profile
command:
gcloud compute os-login describe-profile
name: account-email
posixAccounts:
⋮
username: user-name
⋮
Replace the following:
account-email
: The email address that represents your managed user account.user-name
: The username for establishing SSH connections. By default, this is generated from youraccount-email
.
What's next
- Connect to instances.
- Learn more about Compute Engine access control.
- Read about service accounts.
- Read the Connecting apps to instances using SSH tutorial to see an example app for service account SSH.
- Read about Google Cloud project access.