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Linux
Neste documento, descrevemos como se conectar a instâncias de máquina virtual (VM) do Linux
como usuário raiz, o que ativa privilégios de superusuário na VM. Por padrão,
as VMs do Compute Engine criadas com base em imagens públicas
e na maioria dos sistemas operacionais comuns não permitem login raiz com senha por
SSH.
Uma alternativa à conexão com as VMs como usuário raiz é executar comandos usando
sudo. Recomendamos que isso seja feito em vez de ativar o login raiz.
Sistemas operacionais compatíveis
Esses métodos de conexão são compatíveis com todas as
imagens públicas do Linux disponíveis no
Compute Engine. Para imagens do Fedora
CoreOS, é necessário
configurar o acesso SSH
antes de usar esses métodos.
Ativar login raiz
Por padrão, as VMs do Compute Engine definem o parâmetro PermitRootLogin como
prohibit-password ou no no arquivo
de configuração SSH /etc/ssh/sshd_config. Ative o login raiz seguindo as instruções da sua VM:
Altere PermitRootLogin no para PermitRootLogin prohibit-password no
arquivo /etc/ssh/sshd_config executando o seguinte comando:
sudo sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin no/PermitRootLogin prohibit-password/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Crie o diretório /root/.ssh usando o seguinte comando:
sudo mkdir /root/.ssh
Defina permissões no diretório .ssh executando o seguinte comando:
sudo chmod 700 /root/.ssh
Crie o arquivo authorized_keys executando o seguinte
comando:
sudo touch /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
Defina permissões no arquivo authorized_keys executando o seguinte
comando:
sudo chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
Cole a chave SSH pública no arquivo /root/.ssh/authorized_keys.
Reinicie o daemon sshd reiniciando a VM ou executando o comando
de reinicialização para o sistema operacional da VM. Aguarde a VM ser reinicializada e
conecte-se como o usuário raiz.
Altere PermitRootLogin no para PermitRootLogin prohibit-password no
arquivo /etc/ssh/sshd_config executando o seguinte comando:
sudo sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin no/PermitRootLogin prohibit-password/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Reinicie o daemon sshd reiniciando a VM ou executando o comando
de reinicialização para o sistema operacional da VM. Aguarde a VM ser reinicializada e
conecte-se como o usuário raiz.
Conectar-se como usuário raiz
Depois de ativar o login raiz, conecte-se à VM como usuário raiz. Se
você se conectar a uma VM com o Login do SO ativado, será preciso usar
ferramentas de terceiros em vez da gcloud CLI.
gcloud
Observação: use ferramentas de terceiros para se conectar como o usuário raiz se a VM
a que você está se conectando tiver o login do SO ativado.
Conecte-se às VMs como o usuário raiz usando o
comando gcloud compute ssh com
root@ especificado antes do nome da VM:
In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.
At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a
Cloud Shell
session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment
with the Google Cloud CLI
already installed and with values already set for
your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.
[[["Fácil de entender","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Meu problema foi resolvido","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Outro","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Difícil de entender","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Informações incorretas ou exemplo de código","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Não contém as informações/amostras de que eu preciso","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Problema na tradução","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["Outro","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Última atualização 2025-05-07 UTC."],[[["\u003cp\u003eThis document details how to enable and use root login for Linux virtual machines (VMs) on Compute Engine, although using \u003ccode\u003esudo\u003c/code\u003e is recommended as a more secure alternative.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eBy default, Compute Engine VMs prevent root login via password over SSH, requiring modifications to the \u003ccode\u003e/etc/ssh/sshd_config\u003c/code\u003e file, setting \u003ccode\u003ePermitRootLogin\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003eprohibit-password\u003c/code\u003e, and creating and adding keys to the \u003ccode\u003eauthorized_keys\u003c/code\u003e file for root.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eThe process for enabling root login differs slightly between OS Login and Non-OS Login VMs, with OS Login VMs requiring the creation of an SSH key, while Non-OS Login VMs need to change SSH configuration settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eConnecting as the root user can be done via the \u003ccode\u003egcloud compute ssh\u003c/code\u003e command for VMs that do not have OS Login enabled, or through third-party tools for both OS Login and Non-OS Login VMs by using the root user key.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eTroubleshooting SSH connections and managing access and file transfers to VMs are also linked, and are relevant to the overall context of connecting to Linux VMs.\u003c/p\u003e\n"]]],[],null,["# Connect to Linux VMs as the root user\n\nLinux\n\n*** ** * ** ***\n\nThis document describes how to connect to Linux virtual machine (VM) instances\nas the root user, which enables superuser privileges on the VM. By default,\nCompute Engine VMs built from [public images](/compute/docs/images#os-details)\nand most common operating systems don't allow root login with a password over\nSSH.\n\nAn alternative to connecting to VMs as the root user is to run commands through\n`sudo`, which we recommend instead of enabling root login.\n\nSupported operating systems\n---------------------------\n\nThese connection methods are supported for all\n[public Linux images](/compute/docs/images/os-details) that are available on\nCompute Engine. For Fedora CoreOS images, you must\n[set up SSH access](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-coreos/tutorial-containers/)\nbefore you can use these methods.\n\nEnable root login\n-----------------\n\n| **Note:** We recommend running commands through `sudo` instead of enabling root login.\n\nBy default, Compute Engine VMs, set the `PermitRootLogin` parameter to\n`prohibit-password` or `no` in the `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` SSH configuration\nfile. Enable root login by following the instructions for your VM: \n\n### OS Login VMs\n\nEnable root login by doing the following:\n\n1. [Create an SSH key](/compute/docs/connect/create-ssh-keys). Copy the\n public SSH key for later.\n\n2. [Connect to the VM](/compute/docs/instances/connecting-to-instance) as\n you usually do.\n\n3. Change `PermitRootLogin no` to `PermitRootLogin prohibit-password` in the\n `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file, by running the following command:\n\n ```\n sudo sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin no/PermitRootLogin prohibit-password/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config\n ```\n4. Create the `/root/.ssh` directory using the following command:\n\n ```\n sudo mkdir /root/.ssh\n ```\n5. Set permissions on the `.ssh` directory, by running the following command:\n\n ```\n sudo chmod 700 /root/.ssh\n ```\n6. Create the `authorized_keys` file by running the following\n command:\n\n ```\n sudo touch /root/.ssh/authorized_keys\n ```\n7. Set permissions on the `authorized_keys` file, by running the following\n command:\n\n ```\n sudo chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys\n ```\n8. Paste the public SSH key into the `/root/.ssh/authorized_keys` file.\n\n9. Restart the `sshd` daemon by restarting the VM, or running the restart\n command for your VM's operating system. Wait for the VM to reboot, then\n connect as the root user.\n\n### Non-OS Login VMs\n\nEnable root login by doing the following:\n\n1. [Connect to the VM](/compute/docs/instances/connecting-to-instance) as\n you usually do.\n\n2. Change `PermitRootLogin no` to `PermitRootLogin prohibit-password` in the\n `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file, by running the following command:\n\n ```\n sudo sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin no/PermitRootLogin prohibit-password/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config\n ```\n3. Restart the `sshd` daemon by restarting the VM, or running the restart\n command for your VM's operating system. Wait for the VM to reboot, then\n connect as the root user.\n\nConnect as the root user\n------------------------\n\nAfter you enable root login, connect to the VM as the root user. If\nyou're connecting to a VM that has OS Login enabled, you must use third-party\ntools instead of the gcloud CLI. \n\n### gcloud\n\n\nNote: You must use third-party tools to connect as the root user if the VM\nyou're connecting to has OS Login enabled.\n\nConnect to VMs as the root user by using the\n[`gcloud compute ssh` command](/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/ssh) with\n`root@` specified before the VM name:\n\n1. In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.\n\n [Activate Cloud Shell](https://console.cloud.google.com/?cloudshell=true)\n\n\n At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a\n [Cloud Shell](/shell/docs/how-cloud-shell-works)\n session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment\n with the Google Cloud CLI\n already installed and with values already set for\n your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.\n2. Connect to the VM by running the following command:\n\n ```\n gcloud compute ssh \\\n --project=PROJECT_ID \\\n --zone=ZONE \\\n root@VM_NAME\n ```\n\n Replace the following:\n - \u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003ePROJECT_ID\u003c/var\u003e: the ID of the project that contains the VM\n - \u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eZONE\u003c/var\u003e: the name of the zone in which the VM is located\n - \u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eVM_NAME\u003c/var\u003e: the name of the VM\n\n### Third-party tools\n\n\nConnect to VMs as the root user by following the instructions for your VM:\n\n- **OS Login VMs**\n\n [Connect using third-party tools](/compute/docs/connect/ssh-using-third-party-tools)\n and specify the following:\n - **Private key** : the private key that corresponds with the public key that you added to the `authorized_keys` file\n - **Username** : the username must be `root`\n- **Non-OS Login VMs**\n\n 1. [Create an SSH key](/compute/docs/connect/create-ssh-keys) for the\n root user. The username for the key must be `root`.\n\n 2. [Add the key for the root user to metadata](/compute/docs/connect/add-ssh-keys#metadata).\n\n 3. [Connect using third-party tools](/compute/docs/connect/ssh-using-third-party-tools)\n and specify the following:\n\n - **Private key**: the private key for the root user\n\n - **Username** : the username must be `root`\n\nTroubleshooting\n---------------\n\nTo find methods for diagnosing and resolving failed SSH connections, see\n[Troubleshooting SSH](/compute/docs/troubleshooting/troubleshooting-ssh).\n\nWhat's next\n-----------\n\n- Learn how to [manage access to VMs](/compute/docs/instances/access-overview).\n- Learn how to [transfer files to VMs](/compute/docs/instances/transfer-files).\n- Learn how [SSH connections to Linux VMs](/compute/docs/instances/ssh) work on Compute Engine."]]
