Introduction to materialized views

This document provides an overview of BigQuery support for materialized views. Before you read this document, familiarize yourself with BigQuery and BigQuery's logical views.

Overview

In BigQuery, materialized views are precomputed views that periodically cache the results of a query for increased performance and efficiency. BigQuery leverages precomputed results from materialized views and whenever possible reads only delta changes from the base tables to compute up-to-date results. Materialized views can be queried directly or can be used by the BigQuery optimizer to process queries to the base tables.

Queries that use materialized views are generally faster and consume fewer resources than queries that retrieve the same data only from the base tables. Materialized views can significantly improve the performance of workloads that have the characteristic of common and repeated queries.

The following are key characteristics of materialized views:

Zero maintenance. Materialized views are precomputed in the background when the base tables change. Any incremental data changes from the base tables are automatically added to the materialized views, with no user action required.
Fresh data. Materialized views return fresh data. If changes to base tables might invalidate the materialized view, then data is read directly from the base tables. If the changes to the base tables do not invalidate the materialized view, then rest of the data is read from the materialized view and only the changes are read from the base tables.
Smart tuning. If any part of a query against the base table can be resolved by querying the materialized view, then BigQuery reroutes the query to use the materialized view for better performance and efficiency.

Use cases

Materialized views can optimize queries with high computation cost and small dataset results. Processes that benefit from materialized views include online analytical processing (OLAP) operations that require significant processing with predictable and repeated queries like those in from extract, transform, load (ETL) processes or business intelligence (BI) pipelines.

The following use cases highlight the value of materialized views. Materialized views can improve query performance if you frequently require the following:

Pre-aggregate data. Aggregation of streaming data.
Pre-filter data. Run queries that only read a particular subset of the table.
Pre-join data. Query joins, especially between large and small tables.
Recluster data. Run queries that would benefit from a clustering scheme that differs from the base tables.

Comparison to other BigQuery techniques

The following table summarizes the similarities and differences between BigQuery caching, scheduled queries, logical views, and materialized views.

Component	Caching	Scheduled queries	Logical views	Materialized views
Optimize compute	Yes	No	No	Yes
Query support	All	All	All	Limited¹
Partitioning and clustering	No	Yes	N/A	Yes
Incremental refresh	No	No	No	Yes
Additional storage	No	Yes	No	Yes
Query rewrite	No	No	No	Yes
Maintenance costs	No	Yes	N/A	Yes
Data staleness	Never	Yes	Never	Optional ²

¹ The --allow_non_incremental_definition option (preview) supports an expanded range of SQL queries to create materialized views.

² The --max_staleness option (preview) provides consistently high performance with controlled costs when processing large, frequently changing datasets.

Interaction with other BigQuery features

The following BigQuery features work transparently with materialized views:

Query plan explanation: The query plan reflects which materialized views are scanned (if any), and shows how many bytes are read from the materialized views and base tables combined.
Query caching: The results of a query that BigQuery rewrites using a materialized view can be cached subject to the usual limitations (using of deterministic functions, no streaming into the base tables, etc.).
Cost restriction: If you have set a value for maximum bytes billed, and a query would read a number of bytes beyond the limit, the query fails without incurring a charge, whether the query uses materialized views, the base tables, or both.
Cost estimation using dry run: A dry run repeats query rewrite logic using the available materialized views and provides a cost estimate. You can use this feature as a way to test whether a specific query uses any materialized views.

BigLake metadata cache-enabled tables

Materialized views over BigLake metadata cache-enabled tables can reference structured data stored in Cloud Storage. These materialized views function like materialized views over BigQuery-managed storage tables, including the benefits of automatic refresh and smart tuning. Other benefits include the pre-aggregating, pre-filtering, and pre-joining of data stored outside of BigQuery. Materialized views over BigLake tables are stored in and have all of the characteristics of BigQuery managed storage.

Limitations

The data of a materialized view cannot be updated or manipulated directly using operations such as COPY, EXPORT, LOAD, WRITE, or data manipulation language (DML) statements.
You cannot replace an existing materialized view with a materialized view of the same name.
The view SQL cannot be updated after the materialized view is created.
A materialized view must reside in the same organization as its base tables, or in the same project if the project does not belong to an organization.
Each base table can be referenced by a limited number of materialized views. For more information, see materialized views limits.
Only materialized views from the same dataset are considered for smart tuning.
Materialized views use a restricted SQL syntax and a limited set of aggregation functions. For more information, see Supported materialized views.
Materialized views cannot be nested on other materialized views.
Materialized views cannot query external or wildcard tables, views, snapshots, or change data capture-enabled tables.
Only the GoogleSQL dialect is supported for materialized views.
You can set descriptions for materialized views, but you cannot set descriptions for the individual columns in the materialized view.
If you delete a base table without first deleting the materialized view, queries and refreshes of the materialized view fail. If you recreate the base table, you must also recreate the materialized view.

Limitations of materialized views over BigLake tables

Partitioning of the materialized view is not supported. The base tables can use hive partitioning but the materialized view storage cannot be partitioned in BigQuery-managed storage. This means that any deletion in a base table causes a full refresh of the materialized view. For more details see Incremental updates.
The -max_staleness option value of the materialized view must be greater than that of the BigLake base table.
Joins between BigQuery managed tables and BigLake tables are not supported in a single materialized view definition.

Materialized views pricing

Costs are associated with the following aspects of materialized views:

Querying materialized views.
Maintaining materialized views, such as when materialized views are refreshed. The cost for automatic refresh is billed to the project where the view resides. The cost for manual refresh is billed to the project in which the manual refresh job is run. For more information about controlling maintenance cost, see Refresh job maintenance.
Storing materialized view tables.

Component	On-demand pricing	Capacity-based pricing
Querying	Bytes processed by materialized views and any necessary portions of the base tables.¹	Slots are consumed during query time.
Maintenance	Bytes processed during refresh time.	Slots are consumed during refresh time.
Storage	Bytes stored in materialized views.	Bytes stored in materialized views.

¹Where possible, BigQuery reads only the changes since the last time the view was refreshed. For more information, see Incremental updates.

Storage cost details

For AVG, ARRAY_AGG, and APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT aggregate values in a materialized view, the final value is not directly stored. Instead, BigQuery internally stores a materialized view as an intermediate sketch, which is used to produce the final value.

As an example, consider a materialized view that's created with the following command:

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW project-id.my_dataset.my_mv_table AS
SELECT date, AVG(net_paid) AS avg_paid
FROM project-id.my_dataset.my_base_table
GROUP BY date

While the avg_paid column is rendered as NUMERIC or FLOAT64 to the user, internally it is stored as BYTES, with its content being an intermediate sketch in proprietary format. For data size calculation, the column is treated as BYTES.