Quotas and limits

This document lists the quotas and limits that apply to BigQuery.

A quota restricts how much of a particular shared Google Cloud resource your Cloud project can use, including hardware, software, and network components.

Quotas are part of a system that does the following:

• Monitors your use or consumption of Google Cloud products and services.
• Restricts your consumption of those resources for reasons including ensuring fairness and reducing spikes in usage.
• Maintains configurations that automatically enforce prescribed restrictions.
• Provides a means to make or request changes to the quota.

When a quota is exceeded, in most cases, the system immediately blocks access to the relevant Google resource, and the task that you're trying to perform fails. In most cases, quotas apply to each Cloud project and are shared across all applications and IP addresses that use that Cloud project.

There are also limits on BigQuery resources. These limits are unrelated to the quota system. Limits cannot be changed unless otherwise stated.

By default, BigQuery quotas and limits apply on a per-project basis. Quotas and limits that apply on a different basis are indicated as such; for example, the maximum number of columns per table, or the maximum number of concurrent API requests per user. Specific policies vary depending on resource availability, user profile, Service Usage history, and other factors, and are subject to change without notice.

Quota replenishment

Daily quotas are replenished at regular intervals throughout the day, reflecting their intent to guide rate limiting behaviors. Intermittent refresh is also done to avoid long disruptions when quota is exhausted. More quota is typically made available within minutes rather than globally replenished once daily.

Request a quota increase

To increase or decrease most quotas, use the Google Cloud console. For more information, see Requesting a higher quota.

For step-by-step guidance through the process of requesting a quota increase in Google Cloud console, click Guide me:

Guide me

Cap quota usage

To learn how you can limit usage of a particular resource by specifying a smaller quota than the default, see Capping usage.

Required permissions

To view and update your BigQuery quotas in the Google Cloud console, you need the same permissions as for any Google Cloud quota. For more information, see Google Cloud quota permissions.

Troubleshoot

For information about troubleshooting errors related to quotas and limits, see Troubleshooting BigQuery quota errors.

Jobs

Quotas and limits apply to jobs that BigQuery runs on your behalf whether they are run by using Google Cloud console, the bq command-line tool, or programmatically using the REST API or client libraries.

Query jobs

The following quotas apply to query jobs created automatically by running interactive queries, scheduled queries, and jobs submitted by using the jobs.query and query-type jobs.insert API methods:

Quota	Default	Notes
Query usage per day	Unlimited	There is no limit to the number of bytes that can be processed by queries in a project. View quota in Google Cloud console
Query usage per day per user	Unlimited	There is no limit to the number of bytes that a user's queries can process each day. View quota in Google Cloud console
Cloud SQL federated query cross-region bytes per day	1 TB	If the BigQuery query processing location and the Cloud SQL instance location are different, then your query is a cross-region query. Your project can run up to 1 TB in cross-region queries per day. See Cloud SQL federated queries. View quota in Google Cloud console
Cross-cloud transferred bytes per day	1 TB	You can transfer up to 1 TB of data per day from an Amazon S3 bucket or from Azure Blob Storage. For more information, see Cross-cloud transfer from Amazon S3 and Azure. View quota in Google Cloud console

The following limits apply to query jobs created automatically by running interactive queries, scheduled queries, and jobs submitted by using the jobs.query and query-type jobs.insert API methods:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of concurrent interactive queries	100 queries	Your project can run up to 100 concurrent interactive queries. Queries with results that are returned from the query cache count against this limit for the duration it takes for BigQuery to determine that it is a cache hit. Dry-run queries don't count against this limit. You can specify a dry-run query by using the --dry_run flag. For information about strategies to stay within this limit, see Troubleshooting quota errors. To change this limit, enable query queues (preview).
Maximum number of queued interactive queries	2,000 queries	If query queues (preview) are enabled, your project can queue up to 2,000 interactive queries. Additional interactive queries that exceed this limit return a quota error.
Maximum number of concurrent batch queries	10 queries	Your project can run up to 10 concurrent batch queries.
Maximum number of queued batch queries	20,000 queries	Your project can queue up to 20,000 batch queries. Additional batch queries that exceed this limit return a quota error.
Maximum number of concurrent interactive queries against Cloud Bigtable external data sources	4 queries	Your project can run up to four concurrent queries against a Bigtable external data source.
Maximum number of concurrent queries that contain remote functions	10 queries	You can run up to ten concurrent queries with remote functions per project.
Maximum number of concurrent multi-statement queries	1,000 multi-statement queries	Your project can run up to 1,000 concurrent multi-statement queries.
Maximum number of concurrent legacy SQL queries that contain UDFs	6 queries	Your project can run up to six concurrent legacy SQL queries with user-defined functions (UDFs). This limit includes both interactive and batch queries. Interactive queries that contain UDFs also count toward the concurrent limit for interactive queries. This limit does not apply to Standard SQL queries.
Daily query size limit	Unlimited	By default, there is no daily query size limit. However, you can set limits on the amount of data users can query by creating custom quotas.
Daily destination table update limit	See Maximum number of table operations per day.	Updates to destination tables in a query job count toward the limit on the maximum number of table operations per day for the destination tables. Destination table updates include append and overwrite operations that are performed by queries that you run by using the Google Cloud console, using the bq command-line tool, or calling the jobs.query and query-type jobs.insert API methods.
Query/multi-statement query execution-time limit	6 hours	A query or multi-statement query can execute for up to six hours, and then it fails. However, sometimes queries are retried. A query can be tried up to three times, and each attempt can run for up to six hours. As a result, it's possible for a query to have a total runtime of more than six hours.
Maximum number of resources referenced per query	1,000 resources	A query can reference up to 1,000 total of unique tables, unique views, unique user-defined functions (UDFs), and unique table functions after full expansion. This limit includes the following: Tables, views, UDFs, and table functions directly referenced by the query. Tables, views, UDFs, and table functions referenced by other views/UDFs/table functions referenced in the query. Tables resulting from the expansion of wildcard tables used in the query or the other referenced views/UDFs/table functions.
Maximum unresolved legacy SQL query length	256 KB	An unresolved legacy SQL query can be up to 256 KB long. If your query is longer, you receive the following error: The query is too large. To stay within this limit, consider replacing large arrays or lists with query parameters.
Maximum unresolved Standard SQL query length	1 MB	An unresolved Standard SQL query can be up to 1 MB long. If your query is longer, you receive the following error: The query is too large. To stay within this limit, consider replacing large arrays or lists with query parameters.
Maximum resolved legacy and Standard SQL query length	12 MB	The limit on resolved query length includes the length of all views and wildcard tables referenced by the query.
Maximum number of Standard SQL query parameters	10,000 parameters	A Standard SQL query can have up to 10,000 parameters.
Maximum request size	10 MB	The request size can be up to 10 MB, including additional properties like query parameters.
Maximum response size	10 GB compressed	Sizes vary depending on compression ratios for the data. The actual response size might be significantly larger than 10 GB. The maximum response size is unlimited when writing large query results to a destination table.
BigQuery Omni maximum query result size	20 GiB uncompressed	The maximum result size is 20 GiB logical bytes when querying Azure or AWS data. For more information, see BigQuery Omni Limitations.
Maximum row size	100 MB	The maximum row size is approximate, because the limit is based on the internal representation of row data. The maximum row size limit is enforced during certain stages of query job execution.
Maximum columns in a table, query result, or view definition	10,000 columns	A table, query result, or view definition can have up to 10,000 columns.
BigQuery Omni query result size	1 TB	The total query result sizes for a project is 1 TB per day. For more information, see BigQuery Omni limitations.
Maximum concurrent slots for on-demand pricing	2,000 slots	With on-demand pricing, your project can have up to 2,000 concurrent slots. BigQuery slots are shared among all queries in a single project. BigQuery might burst beyond this limit to accelerate your queries. To check how many slots you're using, see Monitoring BigQuery using Cloud Monitoring.
Maximum CPU usage per scanned data for on-demand pricing	256 CPU seconds per MiB scanned	With on-demand pricing, your query can use up to approximately 256 CPU seconds per MiB of scanned data. If your query is too CPU-intensive for the amount of data being processed, the query fails with a billingTierLimitExceeded error. For more information, see billingTierLimitExceeded.
Multi-statement transaction table mutations	100 tables	A transaction can mutate data in at most 100 tables.
Multi-statement transaction partition modifications	100,000 partition modifications	A transaction can perform at most 100,000 partition modifications.

Although scheduled queries use features of the BigQuery Data Transfer Service, scheduled queries are not transfers, and are not subject to load job limits.

Export jobs

The following limits apply to jobs that export data from BigQuery by using the bq command-line tool, Google Cloud console, or the export-type jobs.insert API method.

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of exported bytes per day	50 TB	You can export up to 50 TB of data per day from a project for free using the shared slot pool. To export more than 50 TB of data per day, do one of the following: Create a slot reservation and specify PIPELINE as the assignment type. We will bill you using flat-rate pricing. Use the EXPORT DATA SQL statement. We will bill you using either on-demand or flat-rate pricing, depending on how your project is configured. Use the Storage Read API. We will bill you using the price for streaming reads. The expiration time is guaranteed to be at least 6 hours from session creation time.
Maximum number of exports per day	100,000 exports	You can run up to 100,000 exports per day in a project. To run more than 100,000 exports per day, do one of the following: Create a slot reservation and specify PIPELINE as the assignment type. We will bill you using flat-rate pricing. Use the EXPORT DATA SQL statement. We will bill you using either on-demand or flat-rate pricing, depending on how your project is configured. Use the Storage Read API. We will bill you using the price for streaming reads. The expiration time is guaranteed to be at least 6 hours from session creation time.
Maximum table size exported to a single file	1 GB	You can export up to 1 GB of table data to a single file. To export more than 1 GB of data, use a wildcard to export the data into multiple files. When you export data to multiple files, the size of the files varies. In some cases, the size of the output files is more than 1 GB.
Wildcard URIs per export	500 URIs	An export can have up to 500 wildcard URIs.

Load jobs

The following limits apply when you load data into BigQuery, using the Google Cloud console, the bq command-line tool, or the load-type jobs.insert API method.

Limit	Default	Notes
Load jobs per table per day		Load jobs, including failed load jobs, count toward the limit on the number of table operations per day for the destination table. For information about limits on the number of table operations per day for standard tables and partitioned tables, see Tables.
Load jobs per day	100,000 jobs	Your project can run up to 100,000 load jobs per day. Failed load jobs count toward this limit.
Maximum columns per table	10,000 columns	A table can have up to 10,000 columns.
Maximum size per load job	15 TB	The total size for all of your CSV, JSON, Avro, Parquet, and ORC input files can be up to 15 TB.
Maximum number of source URIs in job configuration	10,000 URIs	A job configuration can have up to 10,000 source URIs.
Maximum number of files per load job	10,000,000 files	A load job can have up to 10 million total files, including all files matching all wildcard URIs.
Load job execution-time limit	6 hours	A load job fails if it executes for longer than six hours.
Avro: Maximum size for file data blocks	16 MB	The size limit for Avro file data blocks is 16 MB.
CSV: Maximum cell size	100 MB	CSV cells can be up to 100 MB in size.
CSV: Maximum row size	100 MB	CSV rows can be up to 100 MB in size.
CSV: Maximum file size - compressed	4 GB	The size limit for a compressed CSV file is 4 GB.
CSV: Maximum file size - uncompressed	5 TB	The size limit for an uncompressed CSV file is 5 TB.
JSON: Maximum row size	100 MB	JSON rows can be up to 100 MB in size.
JSON: Maximum file size - compressed	4 GB	The size limit for a compressed JSON file is 4 GB.
JSON: Maximum file size - uncompressed	5 TB	The size limit for an uncompressed JSON file is 5 TB.

If you regularly exceed the load job limits due to frequent updates, consider streaming data into BigQuery instead.

BigQuery Data Transfer Service load job quota considerations

Load jobs created by BigQuery Data Transfer Service transfers are included in BigQuery's quotas on load jobs. It's important to consider how many transfers you enable in each project to prevent transfers and other load jobs from producing quotaExceeded errors.

You can use the following equation to estimate how many load jobs are required by your transfers:

Number of daily jobs = Number of transfers x Number of tables x Schedule frequency x Refresh window

Where:

• Number of transfers is the number of transfer configurations you enable in your project.

• Number of tables is the number of tables created by each specific transfer type. The number of tables varies by transfer type:

  • Campaign Manager transfers create approximately 25 tables.
  • Google Ads transfers create approximately 60 tables.
  • Google Ad Manager transfers create approximately 40 tables.
  • Google Play transfers create approximately 25 tables.
  • Search Ads 360 transfers create approximately 50 tables.
  • YouTube transfers create approximately 50 tables.

• Schedule frequency describes how often the transfer runs. Transfer run schedules are provided for each transfer type:

  • Campaign Manager
  • Google Ads
  • Google Ad Manager
  • Google Merchant Center (beta)
  • Google Play
  • Search Ads 360 (beta)
  • YouTube Channel
  • YouTube Content Owner

• Refresh window is the number of days to include in the data transfer. If you enter 1, there is no daily backfill.

Copy jobs

The following limits apply to BigQuery jobs for copying tables, including jobs that create a copy, clone, or snapshot of a standard table, table clone, or table snapshot. The limits apply to jobs created by using the Google Cloud console, the bq command-line tool, or the copy-type jobs.insert API method. Copy jobs count toward these limits whether they succeed or fail.

Limit	Default	Notes
Copy jobs per destination table per day		See Table operations per day.
Copy jobs per day	100,000 jobs	Your project can run up to 100,000 copy jobs per day.
Cross-region copy jobs per destination table per day	100 jobs	Your project can run up to 100 cross-region copy jobs for a destination table per day.
Cross-region copy jobs per day	2,000 jobs	Your project can run up to 2,000 cross-region copy jobs per day.

The following limits apply to copying datasets:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of tables in the source dataset	20,000 tables	A source dataset can have up to 20,000 tables.
Maximum number of tables that can be copied per run to a destination dataset in the same region	20,000 tables	Your project can copy 20,000 tables per run to a destination dataset that is in the same region.
Maximum number of tables that can be copied per run to a destination dataset in a different region	1,000 tables	Your project can copy 1,000 tables per run to a destination dataset that is in a different region. For example, if you configure a cross-region copy of a dataset with 8,000 tables in it, then BigQuery Data Transfer Service automatically creates eight runs in a sequential manner. The first run copies 1,000 tables. Twenty-four hours later, the second run copies 1,000 tables. This process continues until all tables in the dataset are copied, up to the maximum of 20,000 tables per dataset.

Reservations

The following quotas apply to reservations:

Quota	Default	Notes
Total number of slots for the EU region	2,000 slots	The maximum number of BigQuery slots you can purchase in the EU multi-region by using the Google Cloud console. View quotas in Google Cloud console
Total number of slots for the US region	4,000 slots	The maximum number of BigQuery slots you can purchase in the US multi-region by using the Google Cloud console. View quotas in Google Cloud console
Total number of slots for the following regions: asia-northeast1, asia-northeast3, australia-southeast1, europe-west2, and northamerica-northeast1	1000 slots	The maximum number of BigQuery slots you can purchase in each of the listed regions by using the Google Cloud console. View quotas in Google Cloud console
Total number of slots for Omni regions (aws-us-east-1 and azure-eastus2)	100 slots	The maximum number of BigQuery slots you can purchase in the Omni regions by using the Google Cloud console. View quotas in Google Cloud console
Total number of slots for all other regions	500 slots	The maximum number of BigQuery slots you can purchase in each other region by using the Google Cloud console. View quotas in Google Cloud console

The following limits apply to reservations:

Limit	Value	Notes
Number of administration projects for slot reservations	5 projects per organization	The maximum number of projects within an organization that can contain an active commitment for slots for a given location / region.

Datasets

The following limits apply to BigQuery datasets:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of datasets	Unlimited	There is no limit on the number of datasets that a project can have.
Number of tables per dataset	Unlimited	When you use an API call, enumeration performance slows as you approach 50,000 tables in a dataset. The Google Cloud console can display up to 50,000 tables for each dataset.
Number of authorized resources in a dataset's access control list	2,500 resources	A dataset's access control list can have up to 2,500 total authorized resources, including authorized views, authorized datasets, and authorized functions. If you exceed this limit due to a large number of authorized views, consider grouping the views into authorized datasets.
Number of dataset update operations per dataset per 10 seconds	5 operations	Your project can make up to five dataset update operations every 10 seconds. The dataset update limit includes all metadata update operations performed by the following: Google Cloud console The bq command-line tool BigQuery client libraries The following API methods: datasets.insert datasets.patch datasets.update datasets.delete The following DDL statements: CREATE SCHEMA ALTER SCHEMA
Maximum length of a dataset description	16,384 characters	When you add a description to a dataset, the text can be at most 16,384 characters.

Tables

All tables

The following limits apply to all BigQuery tables.

Note: Quotas and limits are associated with table names. Therefore, when you truncate the table, or drop the table and then recreate it, the quota/limit doesn't reset, because the table name hasn't changed.

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum length of a column description	1,024 characters	When you add a description to a column, the text can be at most 1,024 characters.
Maximum depth of nested records	15 levels	Columns of type RECORD can contain nested RECORD types, also called child records. The maximum nested depth limit is 15 levels. This limit is independent of whether the records are scalar or array-based (repeated).

Standard tables

The following limits apply to BigQuery standard (built-in) tables:

Limit	Default	Notes
Table modifications per day	1,500 modifications	Your project can make up to 1,500 table modifications per table per day, whether the modification appends data, updates data, or truncates the table. This limit includes the combined total of all load jobs, copy jobs, and query jobs that append to or overwrite a destination table or that use a DML DELETE, INSERT, MERGE, TRUNCATE TABLE, or UPDATE statement to write data to a table. DML statements count toward the number of table modifications per day, but are not constrained by this limit. For more information about DML limits, see Data manipulation language statements.
Maximum rate of table metadata update operations per table	5 operations per 10 seconds	Your project can make up to five table metadata update operations per 10 seconds per table. This limit applies to all table metadata update operations, performed by the following: Google Cloud console The bq command-line tool BigQuery client libraries The following API methods: tables.insert tables.patch tables.update DDL statements on tables This limit also includes the combined total of all load jobs, copy jobs, and query jobs that append to or overwrite a destination table. This limit doesn't apply to DML operations. If you exceed this limit, you get an error message like Exceeded rate limits: too many table update operations for this table. This error is transient; you can retry with an exponential backoff. To identify the operations that count toward this limit, you can Inspect your logs.
Maximum number of columns per table	10,000 columns	Each table, query result, or view definition can have up to 10,000 columns.

External tables

The following limits apply to BigQuery tables with data stored on Cloud Storage in Parquet, ORC, Avro, CSV, or JSON format:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of source URIs per external table	10,000 URIs	Each external table can have up to 10,000 source URIs.
Maximum number of files per external table	10,000,000 files	An external table can have up to 10 million files, including all files matching all wildcard URIs.
Maximum size of stored data on Cloud Storage per external table	600 TB	An external table can have up to 600 terabytes across all input files. This limit applies to the file sizes as stored on Cloud Storage; this size is not the same as the size used in the query pricing formula. For externally partitioned tables, the limit is applied after partition pruning.

Partitioned tables

The following limits apply to BigQuery partitioned tables.

Partition limits apply to the combined total of all load jobs, copy jobs, and query jobs that append to or overwrite a destination partition, or that use a DML DELETE, INSERT, MERGE, TRUNCATE TABLE, or UPDATE statement to affect data in a table.

DML statements count toward partition limits, but aren't limited by them. For more information about DML limits, see Data manipulation language statements.

A single job can affect multiple partitions. For example, a DML statement can update data in multiple partitions (for both ingestion-time and partitioned tables). Query jobs and load jobs can also write to multiple partitions, but only for partitioned tables.

BigQuery uses the number of partitions affected by a job when determining how much of the limit the job consumes. Streaming inserts do not affect this limit.

For information about strategies to stay within the limits for partitioned tables, see Troubleshooting quota errors.

Limit	Default	Notes
Number of partitions per partitioned table	4,000 partitions	Each partitioned table can have up to 4,000 partitions. If you exceed this limit, consider using clustering in addition to, or instead of, partitioning.
Number of partitions modified by a single job	4,000 partitions	Each job operation (query or load) can affect up to 4,000 partitions. BigQuery rejects any query or load job that attempts to modify more than 4,000 partitions.
Number of partition modifications per ingestion-time partitioned table per day	5,000 modifications	Your project can make up to 5,000 partition modifications per day, whether the modification appends data, updates data, or truncates an ingestion-time partitioned table. DML statements count toward the number of partition modifications per day, but are not constrained by this limit. For more information about DML limits, see Data manipulation language statements.
Number of partition modifications per column-partitioned table per day	30,000 modifications	Your project can make up to 30,000 partition modifications per day for a column-partitioned table.
Number of modifications per 10 seconds per table	50 modifications	Your project can run up to 50 modifications per partitioned table every 10 seconds.
Number of possible ranges for range partitioning	10,000 ranges	A range-partitioned table can have up to 10,000 possible ranges. This limit applies to the partition specification when you create the table. After you create the table, the limit also applies to the actual number of partitions.

Table snapshots

The following limits apply to BigQuery table snapshots:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of concurrent table snapshot jobs	100 jobs	Your project can run up to 100 concurrent table snapshot jobs.
Maximum number of table snapshot jobs per day	50,000 jobs	Your project can run up to 50,000 table snapshot jobs per day.
Maximum number of jobs per table snapshot per day	50 jobs	Your project can run up to 50 jobs per day per table snapshot.
Maximum number of metadata updates per table snapshot per 10 seconds	5 updates	Your project can update a table snapshot's metadata up to five times every 10 seconds.

Views

The following quotas and limits apply to views and materialized views.

Standard views

The following limits apply to BigQuery standard views:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of nested view levels	16 levels	BigQuery supports up to 16 levels of nested views. If there are more than 16 levels, an INVALID_INPUT error is returned.
Maximum length of a standard SQL query used to define a view	256 K characters	The text of a standard SQL query that defines a view can be up to 256 K characters.
Maximum number of authorized views per dataset		See Datasets.

Materialized views

The following limits apply to BigQuery materialized views:

Limit	Default	Notes
Base table references (same dataset)	20 materialized views	Each base table can be referenced by up to 20 materialized views from the same dataset.
Base table references (same project)	100 materialized views	Each base table can be referenced by up to 100 materialized views from the same project.
Base table references (entire organization)	500 materialized views	Each base table can be referenced by up to 500 materialized views from the entire organization.

Indexes

The following limits apply to BigQuery indexes:

Limit	Default	Notes
Number of CREATE INDEX DDL statements per project per region per day	500 operations	Your project can issue up to 500 CREATE INDEX DDL operations every day within a region.
Number of index DDL statements per table per day	20 operations	Your project can issue up to 20 CREATE INDEX or DROP INDEX DDL operations per table per day.
Maximum total size of table data per organization allowed for index creation that does not run in a reservation	100 TB in multi-regions; 20 TB in all other regions	You can create an index for a table if the overall size of tables with indexes in your organization is below your region’s limit: 100 TB for the US and EU multi-regions, and 20 TB for all other regions. If your index-management jobs run in your own reservation, then this limit does not apply.

Routines

The following quotas and limits apply to routines.

User-defined functions

The following limits apply to both temporary and persistent user-defined functions (UDFs) in Google Standard SQL queries.

Note: UDFs and the tables they reference count toward the limit on the number of resources referenced in a query.

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum output per row	5 MB	The maximum amount of data that your JavaScript UDF can output when processing a single row is approximately 5 MB.
Maximum concurrent legacy SQL queries with Javascript UDFs	6 queries	Your project can have up to six concurrent legacy SQL queries that contain UDFs in JavaScript. This limit includes both interactive and batch queries. Interactive queries that contain UDFs also count toward the concurrent rate limit for interactive queries. This limit does not apply to standard SQL queries.
Maximum JavaScript UDF resources per query	50 resources	A query job can have up to 50 JavaScript UDF resources, such as inline code blobs or external files.
Maximum size of inline code blob	32 KB	An inline code blob in a UDF can be up to 32 KB in size.
Maximum size of each external code resource	1 MB	The maximum size of each JavaScript code resource is one MB.

The following limits apply to persistent UDFs:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum length of a UDF name	256 characters	A UDF name can be up to 256 characters long.
Maximum number of arguments	256 arguments	A UDF can have up to 256 arguments.
Maximum length of an argument name	128 characters	A UDF argument name can be up to 128 characters long.
Maximum depth of a UDF reference chain	16 references	A UDF reference chain can be up to 16 references deep.
Maximum depth of a STRUCT type argument or output	15 levels	A STRUCT type UDF argument or output can be up to 15 levels deep.
Maximum number of fields in STRUCT type arguments or output per UDF	1,024 fields	A UDF can have up to 1024 fields in STRUCT type arguments and output.
Maximum number of JavaScript libraries in a CREATE FUNCTION statement	50 libraries	A CREATE FUNCTION statement can have up to 50 JavaScript libraries.
Maximum length of included JavaScript library paths	5,000 characters	The path for a JavaScript library included in a UDF can be up to 5,000 characters long.
Maximum update rate per UDF per 10 seconds	5 updates	Your project can update a UDF up to five times every 10 seconds.
Maximum number of authorized UDFs per dataset		See Datasets.

Remote functions

The following limits apply to remote functions in BigQuery.

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of concurrent queries that contain remote functions	10 queries	You can run up to ten concurrent queries with remote functions per project.
Maximum input size	5 MB	The maximum total size of all input arguments from a single row is 5 MB.
HTTP response size limit (Cloud Functions 1st gen)	10 MB	HTTP response body from your Cloud Function 1st gen is up to 10 MB. Exceeding this value causes query failures.
HTTP response size limit (Cloud Functions 2nd gen or Cloud Run)	15 MB	HTTP response body from your Cloud Function 2nd gen or Cloud Run is up to 15 MB. Exceeding this value causes query failures.
Max HTTP invocation time limit (Cloud Functions 1st gen	9 minutes	You can set your own time limit for your Cloud Function 1st gen for an individual HTTP invocation, but the max time limit is 9 minutes. Exceeding the time limit set for your Cloud Function 1st gen may cause HTTP invocation failures and query failure after a limited number of retries.
HTTP invocation time limit (Cloud Functions 2nd gen or Cloud Run)	20 minutes	The time limit for an individual HTTP invocation to your Cloud Function 2nd gen or Cloud Run. Exceeding this value may cause HTTP invocation failures and query failure after a limited number of retries.

Table functions

The following limits apply to BigQuery table functions:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum length of a table function name	256 characters	The name of a table function can be up to 256 characters in length.
Maximum length of an argument name	128 characters	The name of a table function argument can be up to 128 characters in length.
Maximum number of arguments	256 arguments	A table function can have up to 256 arguments.
Maximum depth of a table function reference chain	16 references	A table function reference chain can be up to 16 references deep.
Maximum depth of argument or output of type STRUCT	15 levels	A STRUCT argument for a table function can be up to 15 levels deep. Similarly, a STRUCT record in a table function's output can be up to 15 levels deep.
Maximum number of fields in argument or return table of type STRUCT per table function	1,024 fields	A STRUCT argument for a table function can have up to 1,024 fields. Similarly, a STRUCT record in a table function's output can have up to 1,024 fields.
Maximum number of columns in return table	1,024 columns	A table returned by a table function can have up to 1,024 columns.
Maximum length of return table column names	128 characters	Column names in returned tables can be up to 128 characters long.
Maximum number of updates per table function per 10 seconds	5 updates	Your project can update a table function up to five times every 10 seconds.

Stored procedures for Apache Spark

The following limits apply for BigQuery stored procedures for Apache Spark:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of concurrent stored procedure queries	180	You can run up to 180 concurrent stored procedure queries for each project.
Maximum number of concurrent CPUs	12,000	You can use up to 12,000 concurrent CPUs for each project. You can use up to 2,400 concurrent CPUs for each location for each project, except in the following locations: asia-south2 australia-southeast2 europe-central2 europe-west8 northamerica-northeast2 southamerica-west1 In these locations, you can use up to 500 concurrent CPUs for each location for each project. If you run concurrent queries in a multi-region location and a single region location that is in the same geographic area, then your queries might consume the same concurrent CPU quota.
Maximum total size of standard persistent disks	204.8 TB	You can use up to 204.8 TB standard persistent disks for each location for each project. If you run concurrent queries in a multi-region location and a single region location that is in the same geographic area, then your queries might consume the same standard persistent disk quota.

Data manipulation language

The following limits apply for BigQuery data manipulation language (DML) statements:

Limit	Default	Notes
DML statements per day	Unlimited	DML statements count toward the number of table modifications per day (or the number of partitioned table modifications per day for partitioned tables). However, the number of DML statements your project can run per day is unlimited and is not constrained by the table modifications per day quota (or partitioned modifications quota). After the daily limit for table modifications (or partitioned table modifications) is used up, you'll receive errors for non-DML modifications like load jobs or copy jobs, but you can continue to execute DML statements without getting errors. For example, assume you have an ingestion-time partitioned table named mytable. If you run 3,000 copy jobs that append data to mytable$20210720 and 2,000 query DML jobs that use INSERT to append data to mytable$20210720, you'll reach the daily limit for partition modifications. Once you reach this limit, any further copy jobs will fail, but query jobs based on DML, such as DELETE, INSERT, MERGE, TRUNCATE TABLE, or UPDATE statements will continue to succeed. DML statements have the following limitations to be aware of.
Concurrent mutating DML statements per table	2 statements	BigQuery runs up to two concurrent mutating DML statements (UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE) for each table. Additional mutating DML statements for a table are queued.
Queued mutating DML statements per table	20 statements	A table can have up to 20 mutating DML statements in the queue waiting to run. If you submit additional mutating DML statements for the table, then those statements fail.
Maximum time in queue for DML statement	6 hours	An interactive priority DML statement can wait in the queue for up to six hours. If the statement has not run after six hours, it fails.

For more information about mutating DML statements, see INSERT DML concurrency and UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE DML concurrency.

Multi-statement queries

The following limits apply to multi-statement queries in BigQuery.

Limit	Default	Notes
Cumulative time limit	24 hours	The cumulative time limit for a multi-statement query is 24 hours.
Statement time limit	6 hours	The time limit for an individual statement within a multi-statement query is 6 hours.

Streaming inserts

The following quotas and limits apply when you stream data into BigQuery by using the legacy streaming API. For information about strategies to stay within these limits, see Troubleshooting quota errors. If you exceed these quotas, you get quotaExceeded errors.

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum bytes per second per project in the us and eu multi-regions	1 GB per second	Your project can stream up to 1 GB per second. This quota is cumulative within a given multi-region. In other words, the sum of bytes per second streamed to all tables for a given project within a multi-region is limited to 1 GB. Exceeding this limit causes quotaExceeded errors. If necessary, you can request a quota increase by contacting Cloud Customer Care. Request any increase as early as possible, at minimum two weeks before you need it. Quota increase takes time to become available, especially in the case of a significant increase.
Maximum bytes per second per project in all other locations	300 MB per second	Your project can stream up to 300 MB per second in all locations except the us and eu multi-regions. This quota is cumulative within a given multi-region. In other words, the sum of bytes per second streamed to all tables for a given project within a region is limited to 300 MB. Exceeding this limit causes quotaExceeded errors. If necessary, you can request a quota increase by contacting Cloud Customer Care. Request any increase as early as possible, at minimum two weeks before you need it. Quota increase takes time to become available, especially in the case of a significant increase.
Maximum row size	10 MB	Exceeding this value causes invalid errors.
HTTP request size limit	10 MB	Exceeding this value causes invalid errors. Internally the request is translated from HTTP JSON into an internal data structure. The translated data structure has its own enforced size limit. It's hard to predict the size of the resulting internal data structure, but if you keep your HTTP requests to 10 MB or less, the chance of hitting the internal limit is low.
Maximum rows per request	50,000 rows	A maximum of 500 rows is recommended. Batching can increase performance and throughput to a point, but at the cost of per-request latency. Too few rows per request and the overhead of each request can make ingestion inefficient. Too many rows per request and the throughput can drop. Experiment with representative data (schema and data sizes) to determine the ideal batch size for your data.
insertId field length	128 characters	Exceeding this value causes invalid errors.

For additional streaming quota, see Request a quota increase.

Row-level security

The following limits apply for BigQuery row-level access policies:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of row access policies per table	100 policies	A table can have up to 100 row access policies.
Maximum number of row access policies per query	100 policies	A query can access up to a total of 100 row access policies.
Maximum number of CREATE / DROP DDL statements per policy per 10 seconds	5 statements	Your project can make up to five CREATE or DROP statements per row access policy resource every 10 seconds.
DROP ALL ROW ACCESS POLICIES statements per table per 10 seconds	5 statements	Your project can make up to five DROP ALL ROW ACCESS POLICIES statements per table every 10 seconds.

Data policies

The following limits apply for column-level dynamic data masking:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of data policies per policy tag.	3

BI Engine

The following limits apply to BigQuery BI Engine.

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum reservation size per project per location (SQL Interface)	250 GB	Applies when using BI Engine with business intelligence (BI) tools other than Looker Studio. You can request an increase of the maximum reservation capacity for your projects. Reservation increases are available in most regions, and might take from 3 days to one week to process.
Maximum reservation size per project per location (Looker Studio)	100 GB	Applies when using BI Engine with Looker Studio. This limit does not affect the size of the tables that you query as BI Engine loads in-memory only the columns used in your queries, not the entire table.
Maximum data model size per table (Looker Studio)	10 GB	Applies when using BI Engine with Looker Studio. If you have a 100 GB reservation per project per location, BI Engine limits the reservation per table to 10 GB. The rest of the available reservation is used for other tables in the project.
Maximum partitions per table (Looker Studio)	500 partitions	BI Engine for Looker Studio supports up to a maximum of 500 partitions per table.
Maximum rows per query (Looker Studio)	150 million	BI Engine for Looker Studio supports up to 150 million rows of queried data, depending on query complexity.

Analytics Hub

The following limits apply to Analytics Hub:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of data exchanges per project	500 exchanges	You can create up to 500 data exchanges in a project.
Maximum number of listings per data exchange	1,000 listings	You can create up to 1,000 listings in a data exchange.
Maximum number of linked datasets per shared dataset	1,000 linked datasets	All Analytics Hub subscribers, combined, can have a maximum of 1,000 linked datasets per shared dataset.

API quotas and limits

These quotas and limits apply to BigQuery API requests.

BigQuery API

The following quotas apply to BigQuery API (core) requests:

Quota	Default	Notes
Requests per day	Unlimited	Your project can make an unlimited number of BigQuery API requests per day. View quota in Google Cloud console
Maximum tabledata.list bytes per minute	3.6 GB	Your project can return a maximum of 3.6 GB of table row data per minute via tabledata.list. This quota applies to the project that contains the table being read. Other APIs including jobs.getQueryResults and fetching results from jobs.query and jobs.insert can also consume this quota. View quota in Google Cloud console

The following limits apply to BigQuery API (core) requests:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of API requests per second per user per method	100 requests	A user can make up to 100 API requests per second to an API method. If a user makes more than 100 requests per second to a method, then throttling can occur. This limit does not apply to streaming inserts.
Maximum number of concurrent API requests per user	300 requests	If a user makes more than 300 concurrent requests, throttling can occur. This limit does not apply to streaming inserts.
Maximum request header size	16 KiB	Your BigQuery API request can be up to 16 KiB, including the request URL and all headers. This limit does not apply to the request body, such as in a POST request.
Maximum jobs.get requests per second	1,000 requests	Your project can make up to 1,000 jobs.get requests per second.
Maximum jobs.query response size	20 MB	By default, there is no maximum row count for the number of rows of data returned by jobs.query per page of results. However, you are limited to the 20-MB maximum response size. You can alter the number of rows to return by using the maxResults parameter.
Maximum projects.list requests per second	2 requests	Your project can make up to two projects.list requests per second.
Maximum number of tabledata.list requests per second	1,000 requests	Your project can make up to 1,000 tabledata.list requests per second.
Maximum rows returned by tabledata.list requests per second	150,000 rows	Your project can return up to 150,000 rows per second by using tabledata.list requests. This limit applies to the project that contains the table being read.
Maximum rows per tabledata.list response	100,000 rows	A tabledata.list call can return up to 100,000 table rows. For more information, see Paging through results using the API.
Maximum tables.insert requests per second	10 requests	Your project can make up to 10 tables.insert requests per second. The tables.insert method creates a new, empty table in a dataset. The limit includes SQL statements that create tables, such as CREATE TABLE and queries that write results to destination tables.

BigQuery Connection API

The following quotas apply to BigQuery Connection API requests:

Quota	Default	Notes
Read requests per minute	1,000 requests per minute	Your project can make up to 1,000 requests per minute to BigQuery Connection API methods that read connection data. View quota in Google Cloud console
Write requests per minute	100 requests per minute	Your project can make up to 100 requests per minute to BigQuery Connection API methods that create or update connections. View quota in Google Cloud console

BigQuery Migration API

The following limits apply to the BigQuery Migration API:

Limit	Default	Notes
Individual file size for batch SQL translation	10 MB	Each individual source and metadata file can be up to 10 MB. This limit does not apply to the metadata zip file produced by the dwh-migration-dumper command-line tool.
Total size of source files for batch SQL translation	1 GB	The total size of all input files uploaded to Cloud Storage can be up to 1 GB. This includes all source files, and all metadata files if you choose to include them.
Input string size for interactive SQL translation	< 1 MB	The string that you enter for interactive SQL translation must be less than 1 MB.

The following quotas apply to the BigQuery Migration API. The following default values apply in most cases. The defaults for your project might be different:

Quota	Default	Notes
EDWMigration Service List Requests per minute EDWMigration Service List Requests per minute per user	12,000 requests 2,500 requests	Your project can make up to 12,000 Migration API List requests per minute. Each user can make up to 2,500 Migration API List requests per minute. View quotas in Google Cloud console
EDWMigration Service Get Requests per minute EDWMigration Service Get Requests per minute per user	25,000 requests 2,500 requests	Your project can make up to 25,000 Migration API Get requests per minute. Each user can make up to 2,500 Migration API Get requests per minute. View quotas in Google Cloud console
EDWMigration Service Other Requests per minute EDWMigration Service Other Requests per minute per user	25 requests 5 requests	Your project can make up to 25 other Migration API requests per minute. Each user can make up to 5 other Migration API requests per minute. View quotas in Google Cloud console
Interactive SQL translation requests per minute Interactive SQL translation requests per minute per user	200 requests 50 requests	Your project can make up to 200 SQL translation service requests per minute. Each user can make up to 50 other SQL translation service requests per minute. View quotas in Google Cloud console

BigQuery Reservation API

The following quotas apply to BigQuery Reservation API requests:

Quota	Default	Notes
Requests per minute per region	100 requests	Your project can make a total of up to 100 calls to BigQuery Reservation API methods per minute per region. View quotas in Google Cloud console
Number of SearchAllAssignments calls per minute per region	100 requests	Your project can make up to 100 calls to the SearchAllAssignments method per minute per region. View quotas in Google Cloud console
Requests for SearchAllAssignments per minute per region per user	10 requests	Each user can make up to 10 calls to the SearchAllAssignments method per minute per region. View quotas in Google Cloud console (In the Google Cloud console search results, search for per user.)

BigQuery Data Policy API

The following limits apply for the Data Policy API (preview):

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum number of dataPolicy.list calls.	400 requests per minute per project 600 requests per minute per organization
Maximum number of dataPolicy.testIamPermissions calls.	400 requests per minute per project 600 requests per minute per organization
Maximum number of read requests.	1200 requests per minute per project 1800 requests per minute per organization	This includes calls to dataPolicy.get and dataPolicy.getIamPolicy.
Maximum number of write requests.	600 requests per minute per project 900 requests per minute per organization	This includes calls to: dataPolicy.create dataPolicy.delete dataPolicy.setIamPolicy dataPolicy.patch

IAM API

The following quotas apply when you use Identity and Access Management functionality in BigQuery to retrieve and set IAM policies, and to test IAM permissions.

Quota	Default	Notes
IamPolicy requests per minute	3,000 requests	Your project can make up to 3,000 IAM requests per second. View quota in Google Cloud console
IamPolicy requests minute per user	1,500 requests	Each user can make up to 1,500 IAM requests per minute per project. View quota in Google Cloud console

Storage Read API

The following quotas apply to BigQuery Storage Read API requests:

Quota	Default	Notes
Read data plane requests per minute per user	25,000 requests	Each user can make up to 25,000 ReadRows calls per minute per project. View quota in Google Cloud console
Read control plane requests per minute per user	5,000 requests	Each user can make up to 5,000 Storage Read API metadata operation calls per minute per project. The metadata calls include the CreateReadSession and SplitReadStream methods. View quota in Google Cloud console

The following limits apply to BigQuery Storage Read API requests:

Limit	Default	Notes
Maximum row/filter length	1 MB	When you use the Storage Read API CreateReadSession call, you are limited to a maximum length of 1 MB for each row or filter.
Maximum serialized data size	128 MB	When you use the Storage Read API ReadRows call, the serialized representation of the data in an individual ReadRowsResponse message cannot be larger than 128 MB.
Maximum concurrent connections	2,000 in multi-regions; 400 in regions	You can open a maximum of 2,000 concurrent ReadRows connections per project in the us and eu multi-regions, and 400 concurrent ReadRows connections in other regions. In some cases you may be limited to fewer concurrent connections than this limit.

Storage Write API

The following quotas apply to Storage Write API requests.

Quota	Default	Notes
Concurrent connections	10,000 in multi-regions; 1000 in regions	The concurrent connections quota is based on the client project that initiates the Storage Write API request, not the project containing the BigQuery dataset resource. The initiating project is the project associated with the API key or the service account. Your project can operate on 10,000 concurrent connections in the us and eu multi-regions, and 1000 in other regions. View quota in Google Cloud console You can view usage quota and limits metrics for your projects in Cloud Monitoring. Select the concurrent connections limit name based on your region. The options are ConcurrentWriteConnectionsPerProject, ConcurrentWriteConnectionsPerProjectEU, and ConcurrentWriteConnectionsPerProjectRegion for us, eu, and other regions, respectively. You can also set up alerts to monitor your quota usage and limits.
Throughput	3 GB per second throughput in multi-regions; 300 MB per second in regions	You can stream up to 3 GBps in the us and eu multi-regions, and 300 MBps in other regions per project. View quota in Google Cloud console You can view usage quota and limits metrics for your projects in Cloud Monitoring. Select the throughput limit name based on your region. The options are AppendBytesThroughputPerProject, AppendBytesThroughputPerProjectEU, and AppendBytesThroughputPerProjectRegion for us, eu, and other regions, respectively. You can also set up alerts to monitor your quota usage and limits.
CreateWriteStream requests	30,000 streams every 4 hours, per project	You can call CreateWriteStream up to 30,000 times per 4 hours per project. Consider using the default stream if you don't really need exactly once semantics. View quota in Google Cloud console
Pending stream bytes	10 TB in multi-regions; 1 TB in regions	For every commit that you trigger, you can commit up to 10 TB in the us and eu multi-regions, and 1 TB in other regions. View quota in Google Cloud console

The following limits apply to Storage Write API requests:

Limit	Default	Notes
Batch commits	10,000 streams per table	You can commit up to 10,000 streams in each BatchCommitWriteStream call.
AppendRows request size	10 MB	The maximum request size is 10 MB.