创建运行自定义机器类型的虚拟机

---

Compute Engine 提供了预定义机器类型，可供您在创建虚拟机实例时使用。预定义机器类型中的 vCPU 数量和内存量是预先设置的，按固定价格计费。 如果预定义虚拟机不能满足您的需求，您可以使用自定义虚拟化硬件设置创建虚拟机实例。具体来说，您可以创建具有自定义 vCPU 数量和内存量的虚拟机实例，实际上就是使用自定义机器类型。只有 N 和 E 机器系列的通用机器家族提供了自定义机器类型。自定义机器类型不适用于 C 和 Tau 机器系列。您可以在 N4、N2、N2D、E2 或 N1 机器类型上创建自定义虚拟机。

自定义虚拟机非常适合以下场景：

• 不适合使用预定义虚拟机类型的工作负载。
• 工作负载需要更高的处理能力或更多的内存，但又不需要更高级别的机器类型所提供的全面升级。

准备工作

• 阅读机器系列文档。
• 如果您尚未设置身份验证，请进行设置。身份验证是通过其进行身份验证以访问 Google Cloud 服务和 API 的过程。如需从本地开发环境运行代码或示例，您可以按如下方式向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证。
  

  Select the tab for how you plan to use the samples on this page:

  Console

  When you use the Google Cloud console to access Google Cloud services and APIs, you don't need to set up authentication.

  gcloud

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI, then initialize it by running the following command:

     gcloud init

     Note: If you installed the gcloud CLI previously, make sure you have the latest version by running gcloud components update.
  2. Set a default region and zone.

  Terraform

  如需在本地开发环境中使用本页面上的 Terraform 示例，请安装并初始化 gcloud CLI，然后使用您的用户凭据设置应用默认凭据。

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

  2. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

     gcloud init

  3. If you're using a local shell, then create local authentication credentials for your user account:

     gcloud auth application-default login

     You don't need to do this if you're using Cloud Shell.

  如需了解详情，请参阅 Set up authentication for a local development environment。

  Go

  如需在本地开发环境中使用本页面上的 Go 示例，请安装并初始化 gcloud CLI，然后使用您的用户凭据设置应用默认凭据。

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

  2. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

     gcloud init

  3. If you're using a local shell, then create local authentication credentials for your user account:

     gcloud auth application-default login

     You don't need to do this if you're using Cloud Shell.

  如需了解详情，请参阅 Set up authentication for a local development environment。

  Java

  如需在本地开发环境中使用本页面上的 Java 示例，请安装并初始化 gcloud CLI，然后使用您的用户凭据设置应用默认凭据。

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

  2. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

     gcloud init

  3. If you're using a local shell, then create local authentication credentials for your user account:

     gcloud auth application-default login

     You don't need to do this if you're using Cloud Shell.

  如需了解详情，请参阅 Set up authentication for a local development environment。

  Node.js

  如需在本地开发环境中使用本页面上的 Node.js 示例，请安装并初始化 gcloud CLI，然后使用您的用户凭据设置应用默认凭据。

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

  2. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

     gcloud init

  3. If you're using a local shell, then create local authentication credentials for your user account:

     gcloud auth application-default login

     You don't need to do this if you're using Cloud Shell.

  如需了解详情，请参阅 Set up authentication for a local development environment。

  PHP

  如需在本地开发环境中使用本页面上的 PHP 示例，请安装并初始化 gcloud CLI，然后使用您的用户凭据设置应用默认凭据。

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

  2. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

     gcloud init

  3. If you're using a local shell, then create local authentication credentials for your user account:

     gcloud auth application-default login

     You don't need to do this if you're using Cloud Shell.

  如需了解详情，请参阅 Set up authentication for a local development environment。

  Python

  如需在本地开发环境中使用本页面上的 Python 示例，请安装并初始化 gcloud CLI，然后使用您的用户凭据设置应用默认凭据。

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

  2. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

     gcloud init

  3. If you're using a local shell, then create local authentication credentials for your user account:

     gcloud auth application-default login

     You don't need to do this if you're using Cloud Shell.

  如需了解详情，请参阅 Set up authentication for a local development environment。

  REST

  如需在本地开发环境中使用本页面上的 REST API 示例，请使用您提供给 gcloud CLI 的凭据。

  Install the Google Cloud CLI, then initialize it by running the following command:

  gcloud init

  如需了解详情，请参阅 Google Cloud 身份验证文档中的使用 REST 时进行身份验证。

所需的角色

如需获得创建具有自定义机器类型的虚拟机所需的权限，请让您的管理员为您授予项目的 Compute Instance Admin (v1) (roles/compute.instanceAdmin.v1) IAM 角色。如需详细了解如何授予角色，请参阅管理访问权限。

此预定义角色可提供创建具有自定义机器类型的虚拟机所需的权限。如需查看所需的确切权限，请展开所需权限部分：

所需权限

创建具有自定义机器类型的虚拟机需要以下权限：

• 为现有虚拟机添加扩展内存：针对虚拟机的 compute.instances.setMachineType 权限
• 创建具有自定义机器类型的虚拟机：
  • 针对项目的 compute.instances.create 权限
  • 使用自定义映像创建虚拟机：针对映像的 compute.images.useReadOnly 权限
  • 使用快照创建虚拟机：针对快照的 compute.snapshots.useReadOnly 权限
  • 使用实例模板创建虚拟机：针对实例模板的 compute.instanceTemplates.useReadOnly 权限
  • 为虚拟机分配旧版网络：针对项目的 compute.networks.use 权限
  • 为虚拟机指定静态 IP 地址：针对项目的 compute.addresses.use 权限
  • 使用旧版网络时为虚拟机分配外部 IP 地址：针对项目的 compute.networks.useExternalIp 权限
  • 为虚拟机指定子网：针对项目或所选子网的 compute.subnetworks.use 权限
  • 在使用 VPC 网络时为虚拟机分配外部 IP 地址：针对项目或所选子网的 compute.subnetworks.useExternalIp 权限
  • 为虚拟机设置虚拟机实例元数据：针对项目的 compute.instances.setMetadata 权限
  • 为虚拟机设置标记：针对虚拟机的 compute.instances.setTags 权限
  • 为虚拟机设置标签：针对虚拟机的 compute.instances.setLabels 权限
  • 为虚拟机设置要使用的服务账号：针对虚拟机的 compute.instances.setServiceAccount 权限
  • 为虚拟机创建新磁盘：针对项目的 compute.disks.create 权限
  • 以只读或读写模式挂接现有磁盘：针对磁盘的 compute.disks.use 权限
  • 以只读模式挂接现有磁盘：针对磁盘的 compute.disks.useReadOnly 权限

您也可以使用自定义角色或其他预定义角色来获取这些权限。

限制

• 如果您的虚拟机具有本地 SSD 磁盘，则无法更改 vCPU 和内存配置。
• 扩展内存仅适用于自定义机器类型。不能向预定义机器类型添加。
• 您可以向每种机器类型添加的内存量存在上限。
• 您必须以 256 MB 为增量指定内存。
• 扩展内存不符合承诺使用折扣的条件。
• N4 和 N2D 机器类型仅在部分区域和可用区中提供。

自定义机器类型价格

Google 根据虚拟机使用的 vCPU 数量和内存时长收取自定义虚拟机的使用费用。这与预定义机器类型的计费方式不同。自定义机器类型的按需价格还包含相当于预定义机器类型按需价格 5% 的附加费。

• 使用自定义机器类型时，如果每个 vCPU 的内存量不超过默认数量，则按照机器家族自定义机器类型的价格收费。E2 自定义机器类型和 E2 共享核心自定义机器类型具有相同的价格方案。

• 如果您使用您的承诺来运行自定义机器类型，则 Compute Engine 会按承诺价格收取 5% 的附加费。Compute Engine 会根据您运行这些自定义机器类型虚拟机的那部分和持续时间在承诺的基础上收取此附加费。

如需了解相关信息，请参阅各机器系列的虚拟机实例价格。

自定义虚拟机与其他实例一样，最低按 1 分钟收取起步费，但针对自定义机器类型的持续使用折扣的计算方式有所不同。如需了解详情，请参阅自定义虚拟机的持续使用折扣。

扩展内存价格

对于高于默认量的内存，Compute Engine 会根据机器家族扩展自定义内存价格对扩展内存收费。扩展内存的价格不同于低于默认阈值的内存价格。

扩展内存的价格会因区域而异。使用扩展内存运行的实例与其他实例一样，也按 1 分钟收取起步费。扩展内存也符合持续使用折扣的条件。

向机器类型添加扩展内存

默认情况下，每种机器类型都具有特定数量的内存，具体取决于机器系列。对于某些工作负载，此内存量可能不够用。您可以支付额外的费用，为每个 vCPU 提供超出默认限制的更多内存。这称为扩展内存。

借助扩展内存，您可以为自定义机器类型指定内存量，而不受每个 vCPU 的限制。您可以指定扩展内存量，最高可达机器系列的上限，而不是使用基于指定的 vCPU 数量的默认内存大小。

机器系列	vCPU 限制	内存上限
N4	80	640 GB
N2	128	640 GB
N2D	224	768 GB
E2	32	128 GB
N1	96	624 GB

如果您需要更多内存，则必须使用其中一种内存优化机器类型，以便您创建的虚拟机中每个虚拟机的总内存最高可达 12 TB。

确定您是否需要扩展内存

某些工作负载需要超出每个 vCPU 的默认容量的内存，才能实现最佳效果。基于内存中高性能分析数据库的工作负载，包括关系型数据库和 NoSQL 数据库，如 MS SQL Server、MongoDB 和 MemcacheD/Redis，都属于这一类。操作系统和软件堆栈的基于 vCPU 的许可也使得选择最佳虚拟机内存配置对于预定义的机器类型更具挑战性。使用扩展内存，您可以添加虚拟机所需的尽可能多的内存，以实现最佳性价比。

以 GB 或 MB 为单位表示内存

在 Google Cloud 工具和文档中，机器类型的内存以千兆字节 (GB) 为单位计算，其中 1 GB 为 2³⁰ 个字节。此计量单位也称为吉比字节 (GiB)。将内存从 GB 转换成 MB 时，1 GB = 1024 MB。

在 API 中，内存必须以 MB 为单位提供。如果您使用 Google Cloud CLI，则可以 GB 或 MB 为单位提供虚拟机的总内存。但是，gcloud CLI 要求内存值必须为整数，因此您不能提供浮点值。例如，如需表示 5.75 GB 内存，请将其转换为以 MB 为单位的数值。在此例中，5.75 GB 为 5888 MB。

创建运行自定义机器类型的虚拟机

在创建自定义虚拟机实例之前，请确保阅读用于创建此机器类型的自定义规范。

控制台

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到创建实例页面。

   转到“创建实例”

2. 选择要在其中托管虚拟机的区域和可用区。

3. 在机器配置部分中，选择通用。

   1. 在系列列表中，选择一个机器系列以创建自定义机器；N4、N2、N2D、E2 和 N1 提供自定义机器类型。
   2. 在机器类型部分中，选择自定义。
   3. 如需指定虚拟机实例的 vCPU 数量和内存量，请拖动滑块或在文本框中输入值。在您更改 vCPU 数量和内存量时，控制台会显示虚拟机的预估费用。

4. 继续创建虚拟机。

gcloud

使用带有 --machine-type 选项的 gcloud compute instances create 命令创建自定义机器。

  gcloud compute instances create INSTANCE_NAME \
    --machine-type=MACHINE_TYPE-NUMBER_OF_VCPUS-AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB

替换以下内容：

• INSTANCE_NAME：实例名称
• MACHINE_TYPE：机器类型，例如 N2
• NUMBER_OF_VCPUS：vCPU 的数量
• AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB：内存量（以 MB 或 GB 为单位）

以下示例在可用区 us-central1-a 中使用配备了 48 个 vCPU 和 310 GB 内存的 N2 机器类型：

  gcloud compute instances create example-instance \
    --zone=us-central1-a --machine-type=n2-custom-48-317440

或者，您可以使用以下自定义选项指定自定义机器类型：--custom-cpu、--custom-memory、--custom-vm-type 和 --custom-extensions。如需配置扩展内存（允许您指定比内存与 vCPU 最大比率还要高的内存量），请增加 AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB 的值并将 -ext 附加到机器类型名称中。

  gcloud compute instances create INSTANCE_NAME \
        --custom-cpu=NUMBER_OF_VCPUS \
        --custom-memory=NUMBER_OF_MB \
        --custom-vm-type=MACHINE_TYPE \
        --custom-extension

替换以下内容：

• INSTANCE_NAME：实例名称
• NUMBER_OF_VCPUS：vCPU 的数量
• NUMBER_OF_MB：内存量（以 MB 或 GB 为单位）
• MACHINE_TYPE：机器类型，例如 N2

以下示例是具有 48 个 vCPU 和 310 GB 内存的 N2 自定义机器类型（使用 Google Cloud CLI 选项）。

  gcloud compute instances create example-instance \
    --custom-cpu=48 --custom-memory=317440 --custom-extension --custom-vm-type=n2

如果使用 --custom-memory 选项，请以 GB 或 MB 为单位指定总内存量。该属性必须是整数，因此，如果要指定 0.25 GB 的内存增量，请将该值转换为以 MB 为单位的数值。

对于 E2 共享核心自定义机器类型，请使用相同的 gcloud compute instances create 命令并添加共享核心机器大小：micro、small 或 medium。 vCPU 和内存有限。

  gcloud compute instances create INSTANCE_NAME\
    --machine-type=MACHINE_TYPE-AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB

替换以下内容：

• INSTANCE_NAME：实例名称
• MACHINE_TYPE：E2 small
• AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB：内存量（以 MB 或 GB 为单位）

以下示例是配备 0.5 个 vCPU 和 2.25 GB 内存的 E2 共享核心小型自定义机器类型。

  gcloud compute instances create example-instance \
    --machine-type=e2-custom-small-2304

Terraform

如需生成 Terraform 代码，您可以使用 Google Cloud 控制台中的等效代码组件。

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到虚拟机实例页面。

   转到“虚拟机实例”

2. 点击创建实例。
3. 指定所需的参数。
4. 在页面顶部或底部，点击等效代码，然后点击 Terraform 标签页以查看 Terraform 代码。

Go

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Go 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Go API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	compute "cloud.google.com/go/compute/apiv1"
	computepb "cloud.google.com/go/compute/apiv1/computepb"
	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
)

func customMachineTypeURI(zone, cpuSeries string, coreCount, memory int) (string, error) {
	const (
		n1       = "custom"
		n2       = "n2-custom"
		n2d      = "n2d-custom"
		e2       = "e2-custom"
		e2Micro  = "e2-custom-micro"
		e2Small  = "e2-custom-small"
		e2Medium = "e2-custom-medium"
	)

	type typeLimit struct {
		allowedCores     []int
		minMemPerCore    int
		maxMemPerCore    int
		allowExtraMemory bool
		extraMemoryLimit int
	}

	makeRange := func(start, end, step int) []int {
		if step <= 0 || end < start {
			return []int{}
		}
		s := make([]int, 0, 1+(end-start)/step)
		for start <= end {
			s = append(s, start)
			start += step
		}
		return s
	}

	containsString := func(s []string, str string) bool {
		for _, v := range s {
			if v == str {
				return true
			}
		}

		return false
	}

	containsInt := func(nums []int, n int) bool {
		for _, v := range nums {
			if v == n {
				return true
			}
		}

		return false
	}

	var (
		cpuSeriesE2Limit = typeLimit{
			allowedCores:  makeRange(2, 33, 2),
			minMemPerCore: 512,
			maxMemPerCore: 8192,
		}
		cpuSeriesE2MicroLimit  = typeLimit{minMemPerCore: 1024, maxMemPerCore: 2048}
		cpuSeriesE2SmallLimit  = typeLimit{minMemPerCore: 2048, maxMemPerCore: 4096}
		cpuSeriesE2MeidumLimit = typeLimit{minMemPerCore: 4096, maxMemPerCore: 8192}
		cpuSeriesN2Limit       = typeLimit{
			allowedCores:  append(makeRange(2, 33, 2), makeRange(36, 129, 4)...),
			minMemPerCore: 512, maxMemPerCore: 8192,
			allowExtraMemory: true,
			extraMemoryLimit: 624 << 10,
		}
		cpuSeriesN2DLimit = typeLimit{
			allowedCores:  []int{2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96},
			minMemPerCore: 512, maxMemPerCore: 8192,
			allowExtraMemory: true,
			extraMemoryLimit: 768 << 10,
		}
		cpuSeriesN1Limit = typeLimit{
			allowedCores:     append([]int{1}, makeRange(2, 97, 2)...),
			minMemPerCore:    922,
			maxMemPerCore:    6656,
			allowExtraMemory: true,
			extraMemoryLimit: 624 << 10,
		}
	)

	typeLimitsMap := map[string]typeLimit{
		n1:       cpuSeriesN1Limit,
		n2:       cpuSeriesN2Limit,
		n2d:      cpuSeriesN2DLimit,
		e2:       cpuSeriesE2Limit,
		e2Micro:  cpuSeriesE2MicroLimit,
		e2Small:  cpuSeriesE2SmallLimit,
		e2Medium: cpuSeriesE2MeidumLimit,
	}

	if !containsString([]string{e2, n1, n2, n2d}, cpuSeries) {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("incorrect cpu type: %v", cpuSeries)
	}

	tl := typeLimitsMap[cpuSeries]

	// Check whether the requested parameters are allowed.
	// Find more information about limitations of custom machine types at:
	// https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/general-purpose-machines#custom_machine_types

	// Check the number of cores
	if len(tl.allowedCores) > 0 && !containsInt(tl.allowedCores, coreCount) {
		return "", fmt.Errorf(
			"invalid number of cores requested. Allowed number of cores for %v is: %v",
			cpuSeries,
			tl.allowedCores,
		)
	}

	// Memory must be a multiple of 256 MB
	if memory%256 != 0 {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("requested memory must be a multiple of 256 MB")
	}

	// Check if the requested memory isn't too little
	if memory < coreCount*tl.minMemPerCore {
		return "", fmt.Errorf(
			"requested memory is too low. Minimal memory for %v is %v MB per core",
			cpuSeries,
			tl.minMemPerCore,
		)
	}

	// Check if the requested memory isn't too much
	if memory > coreCount*tl.maxMemPerCore && !tl.allowExtraMemory {
		return "", fmt.Errorf(
			"requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for %v is %v MB per core",
			cpuSeries,
			tl.maxMemPerCore,
		)
	}
	if memory > tl.extraMemoryLimit && tl.allowExtraMemory {
		return "", fmt.Errorf(
			"requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for %v is %v MB",
			cpuSeries,
			tl.extraMemoryLimit,
		)
	}

	// Return the custom machine type in form of a string acceptable by Compute Engine API.
	if containsString([]string{e2Small, e2Micro, e2Medium}, cpuSeries) {
		return fmt.Sprintf("zones/%v/machineTypes/%v-%v", zone, cpuSeries, memory), nil
	}

	if memory > coreCount*tl.maxMemPerCore {
		return fmt.Sprintf(
			"zones/%v/machineTypes/%v-%v-%v-ext",
			zone,
			cpuSeries,
			coreCount,
			memory,
		), nil
	}

	return fmt.Sprintf("zones/%v/machineTypes/%v-%v-%v", zone, cpuSeries, coreCount, memory), nil
}

// createInstanceWithCustomMachineTypeWithHelper creates a new VM instance with a custom machine type.
func createInstanceWithCustomMachineTypeWithHelper(
	w io.Writer,
	projectID, zone, instanceName, cpuSeries string,
	coreCount, memory int,
) error {
	// projectID := "your_project_id"
	// zone := "europe-central2-b"
	// instanceName := "your_instance_name"
	// cpuSeries := "e2-custom-micro" // the type of CPU you want to use"
	// coreCount := 2 // number of CPU cores you want to use.
	// memory := 256 // the amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.

	machineType, err := customMachineTypeURI(zone, cpuSeries, coreCount, memory)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create custom machine type string: %w", err)
	}

	ctx := context.Background()
	instancesClient, err := compute.NewInstancesRESTClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("NewInstancesRESTClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer instancesClient.Close()

	req := &computepb.InsertInstanceRequest{
		Project: projectID,
		Zone:    zone,
		InstanceResource: &computepb.Instance{
			Name: proto.String(instanceName),
			Disks: []*computepb.AttachedDisk{
				{
					InitializeParams: &computepb.AttachedDiskInitializeParams{
						DiskSizeGb: proto.Int64(10),
						SourceImage: proto.String(
							"projects/debian-cloud/global/images/family/debian-10",
						),
					},
					AutoDelete: proto.Bool(true),
					Boot:       proto.Bool(true),
				},
			},
			MachineType: proto.String(machineType),
			NetworkInterfaces: []*computepb.NetworkInterface{
				{
					Name: proto.String("global/networks/default"),
				},
			},
		},
	}

	op, err := instancesClient.Insert(ctx, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create instance: %w", err)
	}

	if err = op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to wait for the operation: %w", err)
	}

	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Instance created\n")

	return nil
}

Java

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Java 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Java API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.AttachedDisk;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.AttachedDiskInitializeParams;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.InsertInstanceRequest;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.Instance;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.InstancesClient;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.NetworkInterface;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.Operation;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

public class CreateWithHelper {

  // This class defines the configurable parameters for a custom VM.
  static final class TypeLimits {

    int[] allowedCores;
    int minMemPerCore;
    int maxMemPerCore;
    int extraMemoryLimit;
    boolean allowExtraMemory;

    TypeLimits(int[] allowedCores, int minMemPerCore, int maxMemPerCore, boolean allowExtraMemory,
        int extraMemoryLimit) {
      this.allowedCores = allowedCores;
      this.minMemPerCore = minMemPerCore;
      this.maxMemPerCore = maxMemPerCore;
      this.allowExtraMemory = allowExtraMemory;
      this.extraMemoryLimit = extraMemoryLimit;
    }
  }

  public enum CpuSeries {
    N1("custom"),
    N2("n2-custom"),
    N2D("n2d-custom"),
    E2("e2-custom"),
    E2_MICRO("e2-custom-micro"),
    E2_SMALL("e2-custom-small"),
    E2_MEDIUM("e2-custom-medium");

    private static final Map<String, CpuSeries> ENUM_MAP;

    static {
      ENUM_MAP = init();
    }

    // Build an immutable map of String name to enum pairs.
    public static Map<String, CpuSeries> init() {
      Map<String, CpuSeries> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
      for (CpuSeries instance : CpuSeries.values()) {
        map.put(instance.getCpuSeries(), instance);
      }
      return Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
    }

    private final String cpuSeries;

    CpuSeries(String cpuSeries) {
      this.cpuSeries = cpuSeries;
    }

    public static CpuSeries get(String name) {
      return ENUM_MAP.get(name);
    }

    public String getCpuSeries() {
      return this.cpuSeries;
    }
  }

  // This enum correlates a machine type with its limits.
  // The limits for various CPU types are described in:
  // https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/general-purpose-machines
  enum Limits {
    CPUSeries_E2(new TypeLimits(getNumsInRangeWithStep(2, 33, 2), 512, 8192, false, 0)),
    CPUSeries_E2MICRO(new TypeLimits(new int[]{}, 1024, 2048, false, 0)),
    CPUSeries_E2SMALL(new TypeLimits(new int[]{}, 2048, 4096, false, 0)),
    CPUSeries_E2MEDIUM(new TypeLimits(new int[]{}, 4096, 8192, false, 0)),
    CPUSeries_N2(
        new TypeLimits(concat(getNumsInRangeWithStep(2, 33, 2), getNumsInRangeWithStep(36, 129, 4)),
            512, 8192, true, gbToMb(624))),
    CPUSeries_N2D(
        new TypeLimits(new int[]{2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96}, 512, 8192, true, gbToMb(768))),
    CPUSeries_N1(
        new TypeLimits(concat(new int[]{1}, getNumsInRangeWithStep(2, 97, 2)), 922, 6656, true,
            gbToMb(624)));

    private final TypeLimits typeLimits;

    Limits(TypeLimits typeLimits) {
      this.typeLimits = typeLimits;
    }

    public TypeLimits getTypeLimits() {
      return typeLimits;
    }
  }

  static ImmutableMap<String, Limits> typeLimitsMap = ImmutableMap.<String, Limits>builder()
      .put("N1", Limits.CPUSeries_N1)
      .put("N2", Limits.CPUSeries_N2)
      .put("N2D", Limits.CPUSeries_N2D)
      .put("E2", Limits.CPUSeries_E2)
      .put("E2_MICRO", Limits.CPUSeries_E2MICRO)
      .put("E2_SMALL", Limits.CPUSeries_E2SMALL)
      .put("E2_MEDIUM", Limits.CPUSeries_E2SMALL)
      .build();

  // Returns the array of integers within the given range, incremented by the specified step.
  // start (inclusive): starting number of the range
  // stop (inclusive): ending number of the range
  // step : increment value
  static int[] getNumsInRangeWithStep(int start, int stop, int step) {
    return IntStream.range(start, stop).filter(x -> (x - start) % step == 0).toArray();
  }

  static int gbToMb(int value) {
    return value << 10;
  }

  static int[] concat(int[] a, int[] b) {
    int[] result = new int[a.length + b.length];
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, result, 0, a.length);
    System.arraycopy(b, 0, result, a.length, b.length);
    return result;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args)
      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    // Project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
    String projectId = "your-google-cloud-project-id";
    // Name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b".
    String zone = "google-cloud-zone";
    // Name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
    String instanceName = "instance-name";
    String cpuSeries = "N1";
    // Number of CPU cores you want to use.
    int coreCount = 2;
    // The amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.
    int memory = 256;

    createInstanceWithCustomMachineTypeWithHelper(
        projectId, zone, instanceName, cpuSeries, coreCount, memory);
  }

  // Create a VM instance with a custom machine type.
  public static void createInstanceWithCustomMachineTypeWithHelper(
      String project, String zone, String instanceName, String cpuSeries, int coreCount, int memory)
      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
    // Construct the URI string identifying the machine type.
    String machineTypeUri = customMachineTypeUri(zone, cpuSeries, coreCount, memory);

    // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
    // once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
    // the `instancesClient.close()` method on the client to safely
    // clean up any remaining background resources.
    try (InstancesClient instancesClient = InstancesClient.create()) {

      AttachedDisk attachedDisk = AttachedDisk.newBuilder()
          .setInitializeParams(
              // Describe the size and source image of the boot disk to attach to the instance.
              // The list of public images available in Compute Engine can be found here:
              // https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/images#list_of_public_images_available_on
              AttachedDiskInitializeParams.newBuilder()
                  .setSourceImage(
                      String.format("projects/%s/global/images/family/%s", "debian-cloud",
                          "debian-11"))
                  .setDiskSizeGb(10)
                  .build()
          )
          // Remember to set auto_delete to True if you want the disk to be deleted when you delete
          // your VM instance.
          .setAutoDelete(true)
          .setBoot(true)
          .build();

      // Create the Instance object with the relevant information.
      Instance instance = Instance.newBuilder()
          .setName(instanceName)
          .addDisks(attachedDisk)
          .setMachineType(machineTypeUri)
          .addNetworkInterfaces(
              NetworkInterface.newBuilder().setName("global/networks/default").build())
          .build();

      // Create the insert instance request object.
      InsertInstanceRequest insertInstanceRequest = InsertInstanceRequest.newBuilder()
          .setProject(project)
          .setZone(zone)
          .setInstanceResource(instance)
          .build();

      // Invoke the API with the request object and wait for the operation to complete.
      Operation response = instancesClient.insertAsync(insertInstanceRequest)
          .get(3, TimeUnit.MINUTES);

      // Check for errors.
      if (response.hasError()) {
        throw new Error("Instance creation failed!!" + response);
      }
      System.out.printf("Instance created : %s", instanceName);
      System.out.println("Operation Status: " + response.getStatus());
    }
  }

  public static String customMachineTypeUri(String zone, String cpuSeries, int coreCount,
      int memory) {

    if (!Arrays.asList(CpuSeries.E2.cpuSeries, CpuSeries.N1.cpuSeries, CpuSeries.N2.cpuSeries,
        CpuSeries.N2D.cpuSeries).contains(cpuSeries)) {
      throw new Error(String.format("Incorrect cpu type: %s", cpuSeries));
    }

    TypeLimits typeLimit = Objects.requireNonNull(
        typeLimitsMap.get(CpuSeries.get(cpuSeries).name())).typeLimits;

    // Perform the following checks to verify if the requested parameters are allowed.
    // Find more information about limitations of custom machine types at:
    // https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/general-purpose-machines#custom_machine_types

    // 1. Check the number of cores and if the coreCount is present in allowedCores.
    if (typeLimit.allowedCores.length > 0 && Arrays.stream(typeLimit.allowedCores)
        .noneMatch(x -> x == coreCount)) {
      throw new Error(String.format(
          "Invalid number of cores requested. "
              + "Number of cores requested for CPU %s should be one of: %s",
          cpuSeries,
          Arrays.toString(typeLimit.allowedCores)));
    }

    // 2. Memory must be a multiple of 256 MB
    if (memory % 256 != 0) {
      throw new Error("Requested memory must be a multiple of 256 MB");
    }

    // 3. Check if the requested memory isn't too little
    if (memory < coreCount * typeLimit.minMemPerCore) {
      throw new Error(
          String.format("Requested memory is too low. Minimum memory for %s is %s MB per core",
              cpuSeries, typeLimit.minMemPerCore));
    }

    // 4. Check if the requested memory isn't too much
    if (memory > coreCount * typeLimit.maxMemPerCore && !typeLimit.allowExtraMemory) {
      throw new Error(String.format(
          "Requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for %s is %s MB per core",
          cpuSeries, typeLimit.extraMemoryLimit));
    }

    // 5. Check if the requested memory isn't too large
    if (memory > typeLimit.extraMemoryLimit && typeLimit.allowExtraMemory) {
      throw new Error(
          String.format("Requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for %s is %s MB",
              cpuSeries, typeLimit.extraMemoryLimit));
    }

    // Check if the CPU Series is E2 and return the custom machine type in the form of a string
    // acceptable by Compute Engine API.
    if (Arrays.asList(CpuSeries.E2_SMALL.cpuSeries, CpuSeries.E2_MICRO.cpuSeries,
        CpuSeries.E2_MEDIUM.cpuSeries).contains(cpuSeries)) {
      return String.format("zones/%s/machineTypes/%s-%s", zone, cpuSeries, memory);
    }

    // Check if extended memory was requested and return the extended custom machine type
    // in the form of a string acceptable by Compute Engine API.
    if (memory > coreCount * typeLimit.maxMemPerCore) {
      return String.format("zones/%s/machineTypes/%s-%s-%s-ext", zone, cpuSeries, coreCount,
          memory);
    }

    // Return the custom machine type in the form of a standard string
    // acceptable by Compute Engine API.
    return String.format("zones/%s/machineTypes/%s-%s-%s", zone, cpuSeries, coreCount, memory);
  }
}

Node.js

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Node.js 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Node.js API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment and replace these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'YOUR_PROJECT_ID';
// const zone = 'europe-central2-b';
// const instanceName = 'YOUR_INSTANCE_NAME';
// const cpuSeries = 'N1';
// const coreCount = 2
// const memory = 256

const compute = require('@google-cloud/compute');

function range(from, to, step) {
  return [...Array(Math.floor((to - from) / step) + 1)].map(
    (_, i) => from + i * step
  );
}

class CustomMachineType {
  constructor(zone, cpuSeries, coreCount, memory) {
    this.zone = zone;
    this.cpuSeries = cpuSeries;
    this.coreCount = coreCount;
    this.memory = memory;

    this.N1 = 'custom';
    this.N2 = 'n2-custom';
    this.N2D = 'n2d-custom';
    this.E2 = 'e2-custom';
    this.E2Micro = 'e2-custom-micro';
    this.E2Small = 'e2-custom-small';
    this.E2Medium = 'e2-custom-medium';

    this.CpuSeriesE2Limit = {
      allowedCores: range(2, 33, 2),
      minMemPerCore: 512,
      maxMemPerCore: 8192,
      allowExtraMemory: false,
      extraMemoryLimit: 0,
    };

    this.CpuSeriesE2MicroLimit = {
      allowedCores: [],
      minMemPerCore: 1024,
      maxMemPerCore: 2048,
      allowExtraMemory: false,
      extraMemoryLimit: 0,
    };

    this.CpuSeriesE2SmallLimit = {
      allowedCores: [],
      minMemPerCore: 2048,
      maxMemPerCore: 4096,
      allowExtraMemory: false,
      extraMemoryLimit: 0,
    };

    this.CpuSeriesE2MediumLimit = {
      allowedCores: [],
      minMemPerCore: 4096,
      maxMemPerCore: 8192,
      allowExtraMemory: false,
      extraMemoryLimit: 0,
    };

    this.CpuSeriesN2Limit = {
      allowedCores: [...range(2, 33, 2), ...range(36, 129, 4)],
      minMemPerCore: 512,
      maxMemPerCore: 8192,
      allowExtraMemory: true,
      extraMemoryLimit: 624 << 10,
    };

    this.CpuSeriesN2DLimit = {
      allowedCores: [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96],
      minMemPerCore: 512,
      maxMemPerCore: 8192,
      allowExtraMemory: true,
      extraMemoryLimit: 768 << 10,
    };

    this.CpuSeriesN1Limit = {
      allowedCores: [1, range(2, 97, 2)],
      minMemPerCore: 922,
      maxMemPerCore: 6656,
      allowExtraMemory: true,
      extraMemoryLimit: 624 << 10,
    };

    this.TYPE_LIMITS = {
      [this.N1]: this.CpuSeriesN1Limit,
      [this.N2]: this.CpuSeriesN2Limit,
      [this.N2D]: this.CpuSeriesN2DLimit,
      [this.E2]: this.CpuSeriesE2Limit,
      [this.E2Micro]: this.CpuSeriesE2MicroLimit,
      [this.E2Small]: this.CpuSeriesE2SmallLimit,
      [this.E2Medium]: this.CpuSeriesE2MediumLimit,
    };

    if (![this.E2, this.N1, this.N2, this.N2D].includes(cpuSeries)) {
      throw new Error(`Incorrect CPU type: ${this.cpuSeries}`);
    }

    this.typeLimit = this.TYPE_LIMITS[this.cpuSeries];

    // Check whether the requested parameters are allowed.
    // Find more information about limitations of custom machine types at:
    // https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/general-purpose-machines#custom_machine_types

    // Check the number of cores
    if (
      this.typeLimit.allowedCores.length > 0 &&
      !this.typeLimit.allowedCores.includes(coreCount)
    ) {
      throw new Error(
        `Invalid number of cores requested. Allowed number of cores for ${this.cpuSeries} is: ${this.typeLimit.allowedCores}`
      );
    }

    // Memory must be a multiple of 256 MB
    if (this.memory % 256 !== 0) {
      throw new Error('Requested memory must be a multiple of 256 MB');
    }

    // Check if the requested memory isn't too little
    if (this.memory < this.coreCount * this.typeLimit.minMemPerCore) {
      throw new Error(
        `Requested memory is too low. Minimal memory for ${this.cpuSeries} is ${this.typeLimit.minMemPerCore} MB per core`
      );
    }

    // Check if the requested memory isn't too much
    if (
      this.memory > this.coreCount * this.typeLimit.maxMemPerCore &&
      !this.typeLimit.allowExtraMemory
    ) {
      throw new Error(
        `Requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for ${this.cpuSeries} is ${this.typeLimit.maxMemPerCore} MB per core`
      );
    }

    if (
      this.memory > this.typeLimit.extraMemoryLimit &&
      this.typeLimit.allowExtraMemory
    ) {
      throw new Error(
        `Requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for ${this.cpuSeries} is ${this.typeLimit.extraMemoryLimit} MB`
      );
    }
  }

  // Returns the custom machine type in form of a string acceptable by Compute Engine API.
  getMachineTypeURI() {
    if (
      [this.E2Small, this.E2Micro, this.E2Medium].includes(this.cpuSeries)
    ) {
      return `zones/${this.zone}/machineTypes/${this.cpuSeries}-${this.memory}`;
    }

    if (this.memory > this.coreCount * this.typeLimit.maxMemPerCore) {
      return `zones/${this.zone}/machineTypes/${this.cpuSeries}-${this.coreCount}-${this.memory}-ext`;
    }

    return `zones/${zone}/machineTypes/${this.cpuSeries}-${this.coreCount}-${this.memory}`;
  }
}

async function createInstanceWithCustomMachineTypeWithHelper() {
  const instancesClient = new compute.InstancesClient();

  const machineType = new CustomMachineType(
    zone,
    cpuSeries,
    coreCount,
    memory
  ).getMachineTypeURI();

  const [response] = await instancesClient.insert({
    instanceResource: {
      name: instanceName,
      disks: [
        {
          initializeParams: {
            diskSizeGb: '64',
            sourceImage:
              'projects/debian-cloud/global/images/family/debian-11/',
          },
          autoDelete: true,
          boot: true,
        },
      ],
      machineType,
      networkInterfaces: [
        {
          name: 'global/networks/default',
        },
      ],
    },
    project: projectId,
    zone,
  });
  let operation = response.latestResponse;
  const operationsClient = new compute.ZoneOperationsClient();

  // Wait for the create operation to complete.
  while (operation.status !== 'DONE') {
    [operation] = await operationsClient.wait({
      operation: operation.name,
      project: projectId,
      zone: operation.zone.split('/').pop(),
    });
  }

  console.log('Instance created.');
}

createInstanceWithCustomMachineTypeWithHelper();

Python

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Python 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Python API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

from __future__ import annotations

from collections import namedtuple
from enum import Enum
from enum import unique
import re
import sys
from typing import Any
import warnings

from google.api_core.extended_operation import ExtendedOperation
from google.cloud import compute_v1


def gb_to_mb(value: int) -> int:
    return value << 10


class CustomMachineType:
    """
    Allows to create custom machine types to be used with the VM instances.
    """

    @unique
    class CPUSeries(Enum):
        N1 = "custom"
        N2 = "n2-custom"
        N2D = "n2d-custom"
        E2 = "e2-custom"
        E2_MICRO = "e2-custom-micro"
        E2_SMALL = "e2-custom-small"
        E2_MEDIUM = "e2-custom-medium"

    TypeLimits = namedtuple(
        "TypeLimits",
        [
            "allowed_cores",
            "min_mem_per_core",
            "max_mem_per_core",
            "allow_extra_memory",
            "extra_memory_limit",
        ],
    )

    # The limits for various CPU types are described on:
    # https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/general-purpose-machines
    LIMITS = {
        CPUSeries.E2: TypeLimits(frozenset(range(2, 33, 2)), 512, 8192, False, 0),
        CPUSeries.E2_MICRO: TypeLimits(frozenset(), 1024, 2048, False, 0),
        CPUSeries.E2_SMALL: TypeLimits(frozenset(), 2048, 4096, False, 0),
        CPUSeries.E2_MEDIUM: TypeLimits(frozenset(), 4096, 8192, False, 0),
        CPUSeries.N2: TypeLimits(
            frozenset(range(2, 33, 2)).union(set(range(36, 129, 4))),
            512,
            8192,
            True,
            gb_to_mb(624),
        ),
        CPUSeries.N2D: TypeLimits(
            frozenset({2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96}), 512, 8192, True, gb_to_mb(768)
        ),
        CPUSeries.N1: TypeLimits(
            frozenset({1}.union(range(2, 97, 2))), 922, 6656, True, gb_to_mb(624)
        ),
    }

    def __init__(
        self, zone: str, cpu_series: CPUSeries, memory_mb: int, core_count: int = 0
    ):
        self.zone = zone
        self.cpu_series = cpu_series
        self.limits = self.LIMITS[self.cpu_series]
        # Shared machine types (e2-small, e2-medium and e2-micro) always have
        # 2 vCPUs: https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/general-purpose-machines#e2_limitations
        self.core_count = 2 if self.is_shared() else core_count
        self.memory_mb = memory_mb
        self._checked = False
        self._check_parameters()
        self.extra_memory_used = self._check_extra_memory()

    def is_shared(self):
        return self.cpu_series in (
            CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.E2_SMALL,
            CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.E2_MICRO,
            CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.E2_MEDIUM,
        )

    def _check_extra_memory(self) -> bool:
        if self._checked:
            return self.memory_mb > self.core_count * self.limits.max_mem_per_core
        else:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "You need to call _check_parameters() before calling _check_extra_memory()"
            )

    def _check_parameters(self):
        """
        Check whether the requested parameters are allowed. Find more information about limitations of custom machine
        types at: https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/general-purpose-machines#custom_machine_types
        """
        # Check the number of cores
        if (
            self.limits.allowed_cores
            and self.core_count not in self.limits.allowed_cores
        ):
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"Invalid number of cores requested. Allowed number of cores for {self.cpu_series.name} is: {sorted(self.limits.allowed_cores)}"
            )

        # Memory must be a multiple of 256 MB
        if self.memory_mb % 256 != 0:
            raise RuntimeError("Requested memory must be a multiple of 256 MB.")

        # Check if the requested memory isn't too little
        if self.memory_mb < self.core_count * self.limits.min_mem_per_core:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"Requested memory is too low. Minimal memory for {self.cpu_series.name} is {self.limits.min_mem_per_core} MB per core."
            )

        # Check if the requested memory isn't too much
        if self.memory_mb > self.core_count * self.limits.max_mem_per_core:
            if self.limits.allow_extra_memory:
                if self.memory_mb > self.limits.extra_memory_limit:
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        f"Requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for {self.cpu_series.name} is {self.limits.extra_memory_limit} MB."
                    )
            else:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"Requested memory is too large.. Maximum memory allowed for {self.cpu_series.name} is {self.limits.max_mem_per_core} MB per core."
                )

        self._checked = True

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """
        Return the custom machine type in form of a string acceptable by Compute Engine API.
        """
        if self.cpu_series in {
            self.CPUSeries.E2_SMALL,
            self.CPUSeries.E2_MICRO,
            self.CPUSeries.E2_MEDIUM,
        }:
            return f"zones/{self.zone}/machineTypes/{self.cpu_series.value}-{self.memory_mb}"

        if self.extra_memory_used:
            return f"zones/{self.zone}/machineTypes/{self.cpu_series.value}-{self.core_count}-{self.memory_mb}-ext"

        return f"zones/{self.zone}/machineTypes/{self.cpu_series.value}-{self.core_count}-{self.memory_mb}"

    def short_type_str(self) -> str:
        """
        Return machine type in a format without the zone. For example, n2-custom-0-10240.
        This format is used to create instance templates.
        """
        return str(self).rsplit("/", maxsplit=1)[1]

    @classmethod
    def from_str(cls, machine_type: str):
        """
        Construct a new object from a string. The string needs to be a valid custom machine type like:
         - https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/diregapic-mestiv/zones/us-central1-b/machineTypes/e2-custom-4-8192
         - zones/us-central1-b/machineTypes/e2-custom-4-8192
         - e2-custom-4-8192 (in this case, the zone parameter will not be set)
        """
        zone = None
        if machine_type.startswith("http"):
            machine_type = machine_type[machine_type.find("zones/") :]

        if machine_type.startswith("zones/"):
            _, zone, _, machine_type = machine_type.split("/")

        extra_mem = machine_type.endswith("-ext")

        if machine_type.startswith("custom"):
            cpu = cls.CPUSeries.N1
            _, cores, memory = machine_type.rsplit("-", maxsplit=2)
        else:
            if extra_mem:
                cpu_series, _, cores, memory, _ = machine_type.split("-")
            else:
                cpu_series, _, cores, memory = machine_type.split("-")
            if cpu_series == "n2":
                cpu = cls.CPUSeries.N2
            elif cpu_series == "n2d":
                cpu = cls.CPUSeries.N2D
            elif cpu_series == "e2":
                cpu = cls.CPUSeries.E2
                if cores == "micro":
                    cpu = cls.CPUSeries.E2_MICRO
                    cores = 2
                elif cores == "small":
                    cpu = cls.CPUSeries.E2_SMALL
                    cores = 2
                elif cores == "medium":
                    cpu = cls.CPUSeries.E2_MEDIUM
                    cores = 2
            else:
                raise RuntimeError("Unknown CPU series.")

        cores = int(cores)
        memory = int(memory)

        return cls(zone, cpu, memory, cores)


def get_image_from_family(project: str, family: str) -> compute_v1.Image:
    """
    Retrieve the newest image that is part of a given family in a project.

    Args:
        project: project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to get image from.
        family: name of the image family you want to get image from.

    Returns:
        An Image object.
    """
    image_client = compute_v1.ImagesClient()
    # List of public operating system (OS) images: https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/images/os-details
    newest_image = image_client.get_from_family(project=project, family=family)
    return newest_image


def disk_from_image(
    disk_type: str,
    disk_size_gb: int,
    boot: bool,
    source_image: str,
    auto_delete: bool = True,
) -> compute_v1.AttachedDisk:
    """
    Create an AttachedDisk object to be used in VM instance creation. Uses an image as the
    source for the new disk.

    Args:
         disk_type: the type of disk you want to create. This value uses the following format:
            "zones/{zone}/diskTypes/(pd-standard|pd-ssd|pd-balanced|pd-extreme)".
            For example: "zones/us-west3-b/diskTypes/pd-ssd"
        disk_size_gb: size of the new disk in gigabytes
        boot: boolean flag indicating whether this disk should be used as a boot disk of an instance
        source_image: source image to use when creating this disk. You must have read access to this disk. This can be one
            of the publicly available images or an image from one of your projects.
            This value uses the following format: "projects/{project_name}/global/images/{image_name}"
        auto_delete: boolean flag indicating whether this disk should be deleted with the VM that uses it

    Returns:
        AttachedDisk object configured to be created using the specified image.
    """
    boot_disk = compute_v1.AttachedDisk()
    initialize_params = compute_v1.AttachedDiskInitializeParams()
    initialize_params.source_image = source_image
    initialize_params.disk_size_gb = disk_size_gb
    initialize_params.disk_type = disk_type
    boot_disk.initialize_params = initialize_params
    # Remember to set auto_delete to True if you want the disk to be deleted when you delete
    # your VM instance.
    boot_disk.auto_delete = auto_delete
    boot_disk.boot = boot
    return boot_disk


def wait_for_extended_operation(
    operation: ExtendedOperation, verbose_name: str = "operation", timeout: int = 300
) -> Any:
    """
    Waits for the extended (long-running) operation to complete.

    If the operation is successful, it will return its result.
    If the operation ends with an error, an exception will be raised.
    If there were any warnings during the execution of the operation
    they will be printed to sys.stderr.

    Args:
        operation: a long-running operation you want to wait on.
        verbose_name: (optional) a more verbose name of the operation,
            used only during error and warning reporting.
        timeout: how long (in seconds) to wait for operation to finish.
            If None, wait indefinitely.

    Returns:
        Whatever the operation.result() returns.

    Raises:
        This method will raise the exception received from `operation.exception()`
        or RuntimeError if there is no exception set, but there is an `error_code`
        set for the `operation`.

        In case of an operation taking longer than `timeout` seconds to complete,
        a `concurrent.futures.TimeoutError` will be raised.
    """
    result = operation.result(timeout=timeout)

    if operation.error_code:
        print(
            f"Error during {verbose_name}: [Code: {operation.error_code}]: {operation.error_message}",
            file=sys.stderr,
            flush=True,
        )
        print(f"Operation ID: {operation.name}", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
        raise operation.exception() or RuntimeError(operation.error_message)

    if operation.warnings:
        print(f"Warnings during {verbose_name}:\n", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
        for warning in operation.warnings:
            print(f" - {warning.code}: {warning.message}", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)

    return result


def create_instance(
    project_id: str,
    zone: str,
    instance_name: str,
    disks: list[compute_v1.AttachedDisk],
    machine_type: str = "n1-standard-1",
    network_link: str = "global/networks/default",
    subnetwork_link: str = None,
    internal_ip: str = None,
    external_access: bool = False,
    external_ipv4: str = None,
    accelerators: list[compute_v1.AcceleratorConfig] = None,
    preemptible: bool = False,
    spot: bool = False,
    instance_termination_action: str = "STOP",
    custom_hostname: str = None,
    delete_protection: bool = False,
) -> compute_v1.Instance:
    """
    Send an instance creation request to the Compute Engine API and wait for it to complete.

    Args:
        project_id: project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
        zone: name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b"
        instance_name: name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
        disks: a list of compute_v1.AttachedDisk objects describing the disks
            you want to attach to your new instance.
        machine_type: machine type of the VM being created. This value uses the
            following format: "zones/{zone}/machineTypes/{type_name}".
            For example: "zones/europe-west3-c/machineTypes/f1-micro"
        network_link: name of the network you want the new instance to use.
            For example: "global/networks/default" represents the network
            named "default", which is created automatically for each project.
        subnetwork_link: name of the subnetwork you want the new instance to use.
            This value uses the following format:
            "regions/{region}/subnetworks/{subnetwork_name}"
        internal_ip: internal IP address you want to assign to the new instance.
            By default, a free address from the pool of available internal IP addresses of
            used subnet will be used.
        external_access: boolean flag indicating if the instance should have an external IPv4
            address assigned.
        external_ipv4: external IPv4 address to be assigned to this instance. If you specify
            an external IP address, it must live in the same region as the zone of the instance.
            This setting requires `external_access` to be set to True to work.
        accelerators: a list of AcceleratorConfig objects describing the accelerators that will
            be attached to the new instance.
        preemptible: boolean value indicating if the new instance should be preemptible
            or not. Preemptible VMs have been deprecated and you should now use Spot VMs.
        spot: boolean value indicating if the new instance should be a Spot VM or not.
        instance_termination_action: What action should be taken once a Spot VM is terminated.
            Possible values: "STOP", "DELETE"
        custom_hostname: Custom hostname of the new VM instance.
            Custom hostnames must conform to RFC 1035 requirements for valid hostnames.
        delete_protection: boolean value indicating if the new virtual machine should be
            protected against deletion or not.
    Returns:
        Instance object.
    """
    instance_client = compute_v1.InstancesClient()

    # Use the network interface provided in the network_link argument.
    network_interface = compute_v1.NetworkInterface()
    network_interface.network = network_link
    if subnetwork_link:
        network_interface.subnetwork = subnetwork_link

    if internal_ip:
        network_interface.network_i_p = internal_ip

    if external_access:
        access = compute_v1.AccessConfig()
        access.type_ = compute_v1.AccessConfig.Type.ONE_TO_ONE_NAT.name
        access.name = "External NAT"
        access.network_tier = access.NetworkTier.PREMIUM.name
        if external_ipv4:
            access.nat_i_p = external_ipv4
        network_interface.access_configs = [access]

    # Collect information into the Instance object.
    instance = compute_v1.Instance()
    instance.network_interfaces = [network_interface]
    instance.name = instance_name
    instance.disks = disks
    if re.match(r"^zones/[a-z\d\-]+/machineTypes/[a-z\d\-]+$", machine_type):
        instance.machine_type = machine_type
    else:
        instance.machine_type = f"zones/{zone}/machineTypes/{machine_type}"

    instance.scheduling = compute_v1.Scheduling()
    if accelerators:
        instance.guest_accelerators = accelerators
        instance.scheduling.on_host_maintenance = (
            compute_v1.Scheduling.OnHostMaintenance.TERMINATE.name
        )

    if preemptible:
        # Set the preemptible setting
        warnings.warn(
            "Preemptible VMs are being replaced by Spot VMs.", DeprecationWarning
        )
        instance.scheduling = compute_v1.Scheduling()
        instance.scheduling.preemptible = True

    if spot:
        # Set the Spot VM setting
        instance.scheduling.provisioning_model = (
            compute_v1.Scheduling.ProvisioningModel.SPOT.name
        )
        instance.scheduling.instance_termination_action = instance_termination_action

    if custom_hostname is not None:
        # Set the custom hostname for the instance
        instance.hostname = custom_hostname

    if delete_protection:
        # Set the delete protection bit
        instance.deletion_protection = True

    # Prepare the request to insert an instance.
    request = compute_v1.InsertInstanceRequest()
    request.zone = zone
    request.project = project_id
    request.instance_resource = instance

    # Wait for the create operation to complete.
    print(f"Creating the {instance_name} instance in {zone}...")

    operation = instance_client.insert(request=request)

    wait_for_extended_operation(operation, "instance creation")

    print(f"Instance {instance_name} created.")
    return instance_client.get(project=project_id, zone=zone, instance=instance_name)


def create_custom_instance(
    project_id: str,
    zone: str,
    instance_name: str,
    cpu_series: CustomMachineType.CPUSeries,
    core_count: int,
    memory: int,
) -> compute_v1.Instance:
    """
    Create a new VM instance with a custom machine type.

    Args:
        project_id: project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
        zone: name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b"
        instance_name: name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
        cpu_series: the type of CPU you want to use. Select one value from the CustomMachineType.CPUSeries enum.
            For example: CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.N2
        core_count: number of CPU cores you want to use.
        memory: the amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.

    Return:
        Instance object.
    """
    assert cpu_series in (
        CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.E2,
        CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.N1,
        CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.N2,
        CustomMachineType.CPUSeries.N2D,
    )
    custom_type = CustomMachineType(zone, cpu_series, memory, core_count)

    newest_debian = get_image_from_family(project="debian-cloud", family="debian-10")
    disk_type = f"zones/{zone}/diskTypes/pd-standard"
    disks = [disk_from_image(disk_type, 10, True, newest_debian.self_link)]

    return create_instance(project_id, zone, instance_name, disks, str(custom_type))

REST

使用 instances.insert 方法，构建一个实例创建请求并指定自定义 machineType 值。 请以 MB 为单位提供内存。

• 对于 N1 机器系列，请从自定义开始。
• 对于 E2 共享核心，NUMBER_OF_CPU 为 micro、small 或 medium。
• 如需启用扩展内存，请在机器类型的末尾添加 -ext。

POST https://compute.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/zones/ZONE/instances

请求正文示例

      {
    "name": "exampleinstance",
    "machineType": "zones/us-central1-a/machineTypes/n2-custom-16-107520",
    "disks": [
      {
        "boot": true,
        "diskSizeGb": 10,
        "initializeParams": {
          "sourceImage": "projects/debian-cloud/global/images/family/debian-11"
        }
      }
    ],
    "networkInterfaces": [
      {
        "network": "global/networks/default"
      }
    ]
  }
```

类似地，您可以使用自定义机器类型创建抢占式实例和实例组。

在创建实例期间添加扩展内存

如需创建具有扩展内存的虚拟机实例，请执行以下操作：

控制台

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到创建实例页面。

   转到“创建实例”

2. 在可用区列表中，选择您要在其中托管此虚拟机的可用区。系列列表已过滤，以仅包含所选可用区中可用的机器类型系列。

3. 在机器配置部分中，选择通用。

   1. 在系列列表中，选择 N4、N2、N2D、E2 或N1 以创建自定义机器类型。
   2. 如需指定 vCPU 数量，请拖动核心滑块或在字段中输入值。对于 E2 共享核心，请选中此复选框。
   3. 如需添加扩展内存，请选择扩展内存。如需为机器类型指定内存量，请拖动内存滑块或在字段中输入值。在您修改 vCPU 数量和内存量时，控制台会显示虚拟机的预估费用。

4. 继续创建虚拟机。

gcloud

使用带有 --machine-type 选项的 gcloud compute instances create 命令创建自定义机器。

  gcloud compute instances create  INSTANCE_NAME\
    --machine-type=MACHINE_TYPE-NUMBER_OF_VCPUS-AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB

替换以下内容：

• INSTANCE_NAME：实例名称
• MACHINE_TYPE：机器类型，例如 N2
• NUMBER_OF_VCPUS：vCPU 的数量
• AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB：内存量（以 MB 或 GB 为单位）

以下示例在可用区 us-central1-a 中使用配备了 48 个 vCPU 和 310 GB 内存的 N2 机器类型：

  gcloud compute instances create example-instance \
    --zone=us-central1-a --machine-type=n2-custom-48-317440

对于自定义 E2 共享核心机器类型，请使用 --machine-type 选项，并指明机器类型（micro、small 或 medium），然后输入内存量（以 MB 或 GB 为单位）。

Go

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Go 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Go API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	compute "cloud.google.com/go/compute/apiv1"
	computepb "cloud.google.com/go/compute/apiv1/computepb"
	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
)

// createInstanceWithExtraMemWithoutHelper сreates new VM instances with extra memory
// without using a CustomMachineType struct.
func createInstanceWithExtraMemWithoutHelper(
	w io.Writer,
	projectID, zone, instanceName, cpuSeries string,
	coreCount, memory int,
) error {
	// projectID := "your_project_id"
	// zone := "europe-central2-b"
	// instanceName := "your_instance_name"
	// cpuSeries := "N1"
	// coreCount := 2 // number of CPU cores you want to use.
	// memory := 256 // the amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.

	// The coreCount and memory values are not validated anywhere and can be rejected by the API.

	ctx := context.Background()
	instancesClient, err := compute.NewInstancesRESTClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("NewInstancesRESTClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer instancesClient.Close()

	mt := fmt.Sprintf("zones/%s/machineTypes/%v-%v-%v-ext", zone, cpuSeries, coreCount, memory)
	inst := &computepb.Instance{
		Name: proto.String(instanceName),
		Disks: []*computepb.AttachedDisk{
			{
				InitializeParams: &computepb.AttachedDiskInitializeParams{
					DiskSizeGb: proto.Int64(10),
					SourceImage: proto.String(
						"projects/debian-cloud/global/images/family/debian-10",
					),
				},
				AutoDelete: proto.Bool(true),
				Boot:       proto.Bool(true),
			},
		},
		MachineType: proto.String(mt),
		NetworkInterfaces: []*computepb.NetworkInterface{
			{
				Name: proto.String("global/networks/default"),
			},
		},
	}

	req := &computepb.InsertInstanceRequest{
		Project:          projectID,
		Zone:             zone,
		InstanceResource: inst,
	}

	op, err := instancesClient.Insert(ctx, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create instance: %w", err)
	}

	if err = op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to wait for the operation: %w", err)
	}

	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Instance created\n")

	return nil
}

Java

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Java 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Java API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.AttachedDisk;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.AttachedDiskInitializeParams;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.InsertInstanceRequest;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.Instance;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.InstancesClient;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.NetworkInterface;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.Operation;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class ExtraMemoryWithoutHelper {

  public static void main(String[] args)
      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    // Project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
    String projectId = "your-google-cloud-project-id";
    // Name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b".
    String zone = "google-cloud-zone";
    // Name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
    String instanceName = "instance-name";
    String cpuSeries = "N1";
    // Number of CPU cores you want to use.
    int coreCount = 2;
    // The amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.
    int memory = 256;

    createInstanceWithExtraMemoryWithoutHelper(projectId, zone, instanceName, cpuSeries, coreCount,
        memory);
  }

  // Create VM instances with extra memory without using a CustomMachineType class and
  // return the created Instance.
  public static void createInstanceWithExtraMemoryWithoutHelper(
      String project, String zone, String instanceName, String cpuSeries, int coreCount, int memory)
      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
    // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
    // once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
    // the `instancesClient.close()` method on the client to safely
    // clean up any remaining background resources.
    try (InstancesClient instancesClient = InstancesClient.create()) {

      // The coreCount and memory values are not validated anywhere and can be rejected by the API.
      String machineType = String.format("zones/%s/machineTypes/%s-%s-%s-ext", zone, cpuSeries,
          coreCount, memory);

      AttachedDisk attachedDisk = AttachedDisk.newBuilder()
          .setInitializeParams(
              // Describe the size and source image of the boot disk to attach to the instance.
              // The list of public images available in Compute Engine can be found here:
              // https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/images#list_of_public_images_available_on
              AttachedDiskInitializeParams.newBuilder()
                  .setSourceImage(
                      String.format("projects/%s/global/images/family/%s", "debian-cloud",
                          "debian-11"))
                  .setDiskSizeGb(10)
                  .build()
          )
          // Remember to set auto_delete to True if you want the disk to be deleted when you delete
          // your VM instance.
          .setAutoDelete(true)
          .setBoot(true)
          .build();

      // Create the Instance object with the relevant information.
      Instance instance = Instance.newBuilder()
          .setName(instanceName)
          .addDisks(attachedDisk)
          .setMachineType(machineType)
          .addNetworkInterfaces(
              NetworkInterface.newBuilder().setName("global/networks/default").build())
          .build();

      // Create the insert instance request object.
      InsertInstanceRequest insertInstanceRequest = InsertInstanceRequest.newBuilder()
          .setProject(project)
          .setZone(zone)
          .setInstanceResource(instance)
          .build();

      // Invoke the API with the request object and wait for the operation to complete.
      Operation response = instancesClient.insertAsync(insertInstanceRequest)
          .get(3, TimeUnit.MINUTES);

      // Check for errors.
      if (response.hasError()) {
        System.out.println("Instance creation failed!!" + response);
        return;
      }
      System.out.printf("Instance created : %s", instanceName);
      System.out.println("Operation Status: " + response.getStatus());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Node.js 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Node.js API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment and replace these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'YOUR_PROJECT_ID';
// const zone = 'europe-central2-b';
// const instanceName = 'YOUR_INSTANCE_NAME';
// const cpuSeries = 'N1';
// const coreCount = 2
// const memory = 256

// The coreCount and memory values are not validated anywhere and can be rejected by the API.

const compute = require('@google-cloud/compute');

async function createInstanceWithExtraMemWithoutHelper() {
  const instancesClient = new compute.InstancesClient();

  const machineType = `zones/${zone}/machineTypes/${cpuSeries}-${coreCount}-${memory}-ext`;

  const [response] = await instancesClient.insert({
    instanceResource: {
      name: instanceName,
      disks: [
        {
          initializeParams: {
            diskSizeGb: '64',
            sourceImage:
              'projects/debian-cloud/global/images/family/debian-11/',
          },
          autoDelete: true,
          boot: true,
        },
      ],
      machineType,
      networkInterfaces: [
        {
          name: 'global/networks/default',
        },
      ],
    },
    project: projectId,
    zone,
  });
  let operation = response.latestResponse;
  const operationsClient = new compute.ZoneOperationsClient();

  // Wait for the create operation to complete.
  while (operation.status !== 'DONE') {
    [operation] = await operationsClient.wait({
      operation: operation.name,
      project: projectId,
      zone: operation.zone.split('/').pop(),
    });
  }

  console.log('Instance created.');
}

createInstanceWithExtraMemWithoutHelper();

Python

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Python 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Python API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

from __future__ import annotations

import re
import sys
from typing import Any
import warnings

from google.api_core.extended_operation import ExtendedOperation
from google.cloud import compute_v1


def get_image_from_family(project: str, family: str) -> compute_v1.Image:
    """
    Retrieve the newest image that is part of a given family in a project.

    Args:
        project: project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to get image from.
        family: name of the image family you want to get image from.

    Returns:
        An Image object.
    """
    image_client = compute_v1.ImagesClient()
    # List of public operating system (OS) images: https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/images/os-details
    newest_image = image_client.get_from_family(project=project, family=family)
    return newest_image


def disk_from_image(
    disk_type: str,
    disk_size_gb: int,
    boot: bool,
    source_image: str,
    auto_delete: bool = True,
) -> compute_v1.AttachedDisk:
    """
    Create an AttachedDisk object to be used in VM instance creation. Uses an image as the
    source for the new disk.

    Args:
         disk_type: the type of disk you want to create. This value uses the following format:
            "zones/{zone}/diskTypes/(pd-standard|pd-ssd|pd-balanced|pd-extreme)".
            For example: "zones/us-west3-b/diskTypes/pd-ssd"
        disk_size_gb: size of the new disk in gigabytes
        boot: boolean flag indicating whether this disk should be used as a boot disk of an instance
        source_image: source image to use when creating this disk. You must have read access to this disk. This can be one
            of the publicly available images or an image from one of your projects.
            This value uses the following format: "projects/{project_name}/global/images/{image_name}"
        auto_delete: boolean flag indicating whether this disk should be deleted with the VM that uses it

    Returns:
        AttachedDisk object configured to be created using the specified image.
    """
    boot_disk = compute_v1.AttachedDisk()
    initialize_params = compute_v1.AttachedDiskInitializeParams()
    initialize_params.source_image = source_image
    initialize_params.disk_size_gb = disk_size_gb
    initialize_params.disk_type = disk_type
    boot_disk.initialize_params = initialize_params
    # Remember to set auto_delete to True if you want the disk to be deleted when you delete
    # your VM instance.
    boot_disk.auto_delete = auto_delete
    boot_disk.boot = boot
    return boot_disk


def wait_for_extended_operation(
    operation: ExtendedOperation, verbose_name: str = "operation", timeout: int = 300
) -> Any:
    """
    Waits for the extended (long-running) operation to complete.

    If the operation is successful, it will return its result.
    If the operation ends with an error, an exception will be raised.
    If there were any warnings during the execution of the operation
    they will be printed to sys.stderr.

    Args:
        operation: a long-running operation you want to wait on.
        verbose_name: (optional) a more verbose name of the operation,
            used only during error and warning reporting.
        timeout: how long (in seconds) to wait for operation to finish.
            If None, wait indefinitely.

    Returns:
        Whatever the operation.result() returns.

    Raises:
        This method will raise the exception received from `operation.exception()`
        or RuntimeError if there is no exception set, but there is an `error_code`
        set for the `operation`.

        In case of an operation taking longer than `timeout` seconds to complete,
        a `concurrent.futures.TimeoutError` will be raised.
    """
    result = operation.result(timeout=timeout)

    if operation.error_code:
        print(
            f"Error during {verbose_name}: [Code: {operation.error_code}]: {operation.error_message}",
            file=sys.stderr,
            flush=True,
        )
        print(f"Operation ID: {operation.name}", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
        raise operation.exception() or RuntimeError(operation.error_message)

    if operation.warnings:
        print(f"Warnings during {verbose_name}:\n", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
        for warning in operation.warnings:
            print(f" - {warning.code}: {warning.message}", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)

    return result


def create_instance(
    project_id: str,
    zone: str,
    instance_name: str,
    disks: list[compute_v1.AttachedDisk],
    machine_type: str = "n1-standard-1",
    network_link: str = "global/networks/default",
    subnetwork_link: str = None,
    internal_ip: str = None,
    external_access: bool = False,
    external_ipv4: str = None,
    accelerators: list[compute_v1.AcceleratorConfig] = None,
    preemptible: bool = False,
    spot: bool = False,
    instance_termination_action: str = "STOP",
    custom_hostname: str = None,
    delete_protection: bool = False,
) -> compute_v1.Instance:
    """
    Send an instance creation request to the Compute Engine API and wait for it to complete.

    Args:
        project_id: project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
        zone: name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b"
        instance_name: name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
        disks: a list of compute_v1.AttachedDisk objects describing the disks
            you want to attach to your new instance.
        machine_type: machine type of the VM being created. This value uses the
            following format: "zones/{zone}/machineTypes/{type_name}".
            For example: "zones/europe-west3-c/machineTypes/f1-micro"
        network_link: name of the network you want the new instance to use.
            For example: "global/networks/default" represents the network
            named "default", which is created automatically for each project.
        subnetwork_link: name of the subnetwork you want the new instance to use.
            This value uses the following format:
            "regions/{region}/subnetworks/{subnetwork_name}"
        internal_ip: internal IP address you want to assign to the new instance.
            By default, a free address from the pool of available internal IP addresses of
            used subnet will be used.
        external_access: boolean flag indicating if the instance should have an external IPv4
            address assigned.
        external_ipv4: external IPv4 address to be assigned to this instance. If you specify
            an external IP address, it must live in the same region as the zone of the instance.
            This setting requires `external_access` to be set to True to work.
        accelerators: a list of AcceleratorConfig objects describing the accelerators that will
            be attached to the new instance.
        preemptible: boolean value indicating if the new instance should be preemptible
            or not. Preemptible VMs have been deprecated and you should now use Spot VMs.
        spot: boolean value indicating if the new instance should be a Spot VM or not.
        instance_termination_action: What action should be taken once a Spot VM is terminated.
            Possible values: "STOP", "DELETE"
        custom_hostname: Custom hostname of the new VM instance.
            Custom hostnames must conform to RFC 1035 requirements for valid hostnames.
        delete_protection: boolean value indicating if the new virtual machine should be
            protected against deletion or not.
    Returns:
        Instance object.
    """
    instance_client = compute_v1.InstancesClient()

    # Use the network interface provided in the network_link argument.
    network_interface = compute_v1.NetworkInterface()
    network_interface.network = network_link
    if subnetwork_link:
        network_interface.subnetwork = subnetwork_link

    if internal_ip:
        network_interface.network_i_p = internal_ip

    if external_access:
        access = compute_v1.AccessConfig()
        access.type_ = compute_v1.AccessConfig.Type.ONE_TO_ONE_NAT.name
        access.name = "External NAT"
        access.network_tier = access.NetworkTier.PREMIUM.name
        if external_ipv4:
            access.nat_i_p = external_ipv4
        network_interface.access_configs = [access]

    # Collect information into the Instance object.
    instance = compute_v1.Instance()
    instance.network_interfaces = [network_interface]
    instance.name = instance_name
    instance.disks = disks
    if re.match(r"^zones/[a-z\d\-]+/machineTypes/[a-z\d\-]+$", machine_type):
        instance.machine_type = machine_type
    else:
        instance.machine_type = f"zones/{zone}/machineTypes/{machine_type}"

    instance.scheduling = compute_v1.Scheduling()
    if accelerators:
        instance.guest_accelerators = accelerators
        instance.scheduling.on_host_maintenance = (
            compute_v1.Scheduling.OnHostMaintenance.TERMINATE.name
        )

    if preemptible:
        # Set the preemptible setting
        warnings.warn(
            "Preemptible VMs are being replaced by Spot VMs.", DeprecationWarning
        )
        instance.scheduling = compute_v1.Scheduling()
        instance.scheduling.preemptible = True

    if spot:
        # Set the Spot VM setting
        instance.scheduling.provisioning_model = (
            compute_v1.Scheduling.ProvisioningModel.SPOT.name
        )
        instance.scheduling.instance_termination_action = instance_termination_action

    if custom_hostname is not None:
        # Set the custom hostname for the instance
        instance.hostname = custom_hostname

    if delete_protection:
        # Set the delete protection bit
        instance.deletion_protection = True

    # Prepare the request to insert an instance.
    request = compute_v1.InsertInstanceRequest()
    request.zone = zone
    request.project = project_id
    request.instance_resource = instance

    # Wait for the create operation to complete.
    print(f"Creating the {instance_name} instance in {zone}...")

    operation = instance_client.insert(request=request)

    wait_for_extended_operation(operation, "instance creation")

    print(f"Instance {instance_name} created.")
    return instance_client.get(project=project_id, zone=zone, instance=instance_name)


def create_custom_instances_extra_mem(
    project_id: str, zone: str, instance_name: str, core_count: int, memory: int
) -> list[compute_v1.Instance]:
    """
    Create 3 new VM instances with extra memory without using a CustomMachineType helper class.

    Args:
        project_id: project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
        zone: name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b"
        instance_name: name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
        core_count: number of CPU cores you want to use.
        memory: the amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.

    Returns:
        List of Instance objects.
    """
    newest_debian = get_image_from_family(project="debian-cloud", family="debian-10")
    disk_type = f"zones/{zone}/diskTypes/pd-standard"
    disks = [disk_from_image(disk_type, 10, True, newest_debian.self_link)]
    # The core_count and memory values are not validated anywhere and can be rejected by the API.
    instances = [
        create_instance(
            project_id,
            zone,
            f"{instance_name}_n1_extra_mem",
            disks,
            f"zones/{zone}/machineTypes/custom-{core_count}-{memory}-ext",
        ),
        create_instance(
            project_id,
            zone,
            f"{instance_name}_n2_extra_mem",
            disks,
            f"zones/{zone}/machineTypes/n2-custom-{core_count}-{memory}-ext",
        ),
        create_instance(
            project_id,
            zone,
            f"{instance_name}_n2d_extra_mem",
            disks,
            f"zones/{zone}/machineTypes/n2d-custom-{core_count}-{memory}-ext",
        ),
    ]
    return instances

REST

借助 instances.insert 方法，您可以像创建具有自定义内存的实例一样构造您的实例创建请求。在指定 machineType 值时，添加 -ext（表示扩展内存）：

• 对于所有自定义机器类型，请附加 -ext 来扩展内存，直至达到该特定机器家族所描述的上限。
• E2 共享核心，指定 micro、small 或 medium。

        zones/ZONE/machineTypes//MACHINE_TYPE-NUMBER_OF_CPUS-AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY-ext

替换以下内容：

• ZONE：机器位置
• MACHINE_TYPE：机器类型，例如 N2 或 E2 小型机器类型
• NUMBER_OF_CPUS：vCPU 的数量
• AMOUNT_OF_MEMORY_MB：内存量（以 MB 为单位）

例如，以下命令指定了配备 2 个 vCPU 和 20 GB 内存的 N2 机器类型，请注意，您必须将内存转换为 MB：

zones/ZONE/machineTypes/n2-custom-2-20480-ext

向现有的虚拟机实例添加扩展内存

如需向现有实例添加更多内存，您必须先停止实例。 实例停止后，请完成以下步骤以向虚拟机添加更多内存。

控制台

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到虚拟机实例页面。

   转到虚拟机实例

2. 从虚拟机列表中选择您要修改的已停止虚拟机。

3. 点击页面顶部的修改。

4. 在机器配置中，选择通用。

5. 在机器类型部分中，选择自定义。

6. 选择所需的 vCPU 数量。

7. 如需添加扩展内存，请选择扩展内存，然后指定所需的内存量。

8. 保存更改。

gcloud

使用 gcloud compute instances stop 命令停止虚拟机。然后，使用带有 --custom-memory 和 --custom-extensions 选项的 gcloud compute instances set-machine-type 命令修改机器的资源。

保存更改并重启虚拟机。

Go

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Go 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Go API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"strings"

	compute "cloud.google.com/go/compute/apiv1"
	computepb "cloud.google.com/go/compute/apiv1/computepb"
	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
)

// modifyInstanceWithExtendedMemory sends an instance creation request
// to the Compute Engine API and waits for it to complete.
func modifyInstanceWithExtendedMemory(
	w io.Writer,
	projectID, zone, instanceName string,
	newMemory int,
) error {
	// projectID := "your_project_id"
	// zone := "europe-central2-b"
	// instanceName := "your_instance_name"
	// newMemory := 256 // the amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.

	ctx := context.Background()
	instancesClient, err := compute.NewInstancesRESTClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("NewInstancesRESTClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer instancesClient.Close()

	reqInstance := &computepb.GetInstanceRequest{
		Project:  projectID,
		Zone:     zone,
		Instance: instanceName,
	}

	instance, err := instancesClient.Get(ctx, reqInstance)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to get instance: %w", err)
	}

	containsString := func(s []string, str string) bool {
		for _, v := range s {
			if v == str {
				return true
			}
		}

		return false
	}

	if !(strings.Contains(instance.GetMachineType(), "machineTypes/n1-") ||
		strings.Contains(instance.GetMachineType(), "machineTypes/n2-") ||
		strings.Contains(instance.GetMachineType(), "machineTypes/n2d-")) {
		return fmt.Errorf("extra memory is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs")
	}

	// Make sure that the machine is turned off
	if !containsString([]string{"TERMINATED", "STOPPED"}, instance.GetStatus()) {
		reqStop := &computepb.StopInstanceRequest{
			Project:  projectID,
			Zone:     zone,
			Instance: instanceName,
		}

		op, err := instancesClient.Stop(ctx, reqStop)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("unable to stop instance: %w", err)
		}

		if err = op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("unable to wait for the operation: %w", err)
		}
	}

	// Modify the machine definition, remember that extended memory
	// is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs
	machineType := instance.GetMachineType()
	start := machineType[:strings.LastIndex(machineType, "-")]

	updateReq := &computepb.SetMachineTypeInstanceRequest{
		Project:  projectID,
		Zone:     zone,
		Instance: instanceName,
		InstancesSetMachineTypeRequestResource: &computepb.InstancesSetMachineTypeRequest{
			MachineType: proto.String(fmt.Sprintf("%s-%v-ext", start, newMemory)),
		},
	}
	op, err := instancesClient.SetMachineType(ctx, updateReq)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to update instance: %w", err)
	}

	if err = op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to wait for the operation: %w", err)
	}

	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Instance updated\n")

	return nil

}

Java

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Java 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Java API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

import com.google.api.gax.longrunning.OperationFuture;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.GetInstanceRequest;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.Instance;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.Instance.Status;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.InstancesClient;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.InstancesSetMachineTypeRequest;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.Operation;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.SetMachineTypeInstanceRequest;
import com.google.cloud.compute.v1.StopInstanceRequest;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class UpdateMemory {

  public static void main(String[] args)
      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    // Project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
    String projectId = "your-google-cloud-project-id";
    // Name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b".
    String zone = "google-cloud-zone";
    // Name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
    String instanceName = "instance-name";
    // The amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.
    int newMemory = 256;

    modifyInstanceWithExtendedMemory(projectId, zone, instanceName, newMemory);
  }

  // Modify an existing VM to use extended memory and return the modified Instance.
  public static void modifyInstanceWithExtendedMemory(
      String project, String zone, String instanceName, int newMemory)
      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
    // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
    // once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
    // the `instancesClient.close()` method on the client to safely
    // clean up any remaining background resources.
    try (InstancesClient instancesClient = InstancesClient.create()) {

      // Create the get instance request object.
      GetInstanceRequest getInstanceRequest = GetInstanceRequest.newBuilder()
          .setProject(project)
          .setZone(zone)
          .setInstance(instanceName)
          .build();

      Instance instance = instancesClient.get(getInstanceRequest);

      // Check the machine type.
      if (!(instance.getMachineType().contains("machineTypes/n1-")
          || instance.getMachineType().contains("machineTypes/n2-")
          || instance.getMachineType().contains("machineTypes/n2d-"))) {
        System.out.println("extra memory is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs");
        return;
      }

      // Make sure that the machine is turned off.
      if (!(instance.getStatus().equals(Status.TERMINATED.toString())
          || instance.getStatus().equals(Status.STOPPED.toString()))) {

        StopInstanceRequest stopInstanceRequest = StopInstanceRequest.newBuilder()
            .setProject(project)
            .setZone(zone)
            .setInstance(instanceName)
            .build();

        OperationFuture<Operation, Operation> operation = instancesClient.stopAsync(
            stopInstanceRequest);
        Operation response = operation.get(3, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
        if (response.hasError()) {
          System.out.printf("Unable to stop instance %s", response.getError());
          return;
        }
      }

      // Modify the machine definition. Note that extended memory
      // is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs.
      String machineType = instance.getMachineType();
      String start = machineType.substring(0, machineType.lastIndexOf("-"));

      // Create the machine type instance request object.
      SetMachineTypeInstanceRequest setMachineTypeInstanceRequest =
          SetMachineTypeInstanceRequest.newBuilder()
              .setProject(project)
              .setZone(zone)
              .setInstance(instanceName)
              .setInstancesSetMachineTypeRequestResource(InstancesSetMachineTypeRequest.newBuilder()
                  .setMachineType(String.format("%s-%d-ext", start, newMemory))
                  .build())
              .build();

      // Invoke the API with the request object and wait for the operation to complete.
      Operation response = instancesClient.setMachineTypeAsync(setMachineTypeInstanceRequest)
          .get(3, TimeUnit.MINUTES);

      // Check for errors.
      if (response.hasError()) {
        System.out.printf("Unable to update instance %s", response.getError());
        return;
      }
      System.out.println("Instance updated!");
    }
  }
}

Node.js

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Node.js 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Node.js API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment and replace these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'YOUR_PROJECT_ID';
// const zone = 'europe-central2-b';
// const instanceName = 'YOUR_INSTANCE_NAME';
// const newMemory = 256;

const compute = require('@google-cloud/compute');

async function modifyInstanceWithExtendedMemory() {
  const instancesClient = new compute.InstancesClient();

  const [instance] = await instancesClient.get({
    project: projectId,
    zone,
    instance: instanceName,
  });

  if (
    !['machineTypes/n1-', 'machineTypes/n2-', 'machineTypes/n2d-'].some(
      type => instance.machineType.includes(type)
    )
  ) {
    throw new Error('extra memory is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs');
  }

  // Make sure that the machine is turned off
  if (!['TERMINATED', 'STOPPED'].some(status => instance.status === status)) {
    const [response] = await instancesClient.stop({
      project: projectId,
      zone,
      instance: instanceName,
    });

    let operation = response.latestResponse;
    const operationsClient = new compute.ZoneOperationsClient();

    // Wait for the stop operation to complete.
    while (operation.status !== 'DONE') {
      [operation] = await operationsClient.wait({
        operation: operation.name,
        project: projectId,
        zone: operation.zone.split('/').pop(),
      });
    }
  }

  // Modify the machine definition, remember that extended memory
  // is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs

  const start = instance.machineType.substring(
    0,
    instance.machineType.lastIndexOf('-')
  );

  const [response] = await instancesClient.setMachineType({
    project: projectId,
    zone,
    instance: instanceName,
    instancesSetMachineTypeRequestResource: {
      machineType: `${start}-${newMemory}-ext`,
    },
  });
  let operation = response.latestResponse;
  const operationsClient = new compute.ZoneOperationsClient();

  // Wait for the update operation to complete.
  while (operation.status !== 'DONE') {
    [operation] = await operationsClient.wait({
      operation: operation.name,
      project: projectId,
      zone: operation.zone.split('/').pop(),
    });
  }

  console.log('Instance updated.');
}

modifyInstanceWithExtendedMemory();

Python

试用此示例之前，请按照《Compute Engine 快速入门：使用客户端库》中的 Python 设置说明进行操作。 如需了解详情，请参阅 Compute Engine Python API 参考文档。

如需向 Compute Engine 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证。

from __future__ import annotations

import sys
import time
from typing import Any

from google.api_core.extended_operation import ExtendedOperation
from google.cloud import compute_v1


def wait_for_extended_operation(
    operation: ExtendedOperation, verbose_name: str = "operation", timeout: int = 300
) -> Any:
    """
    Waits for the extended (long-running) operation to complete.

    If the operation is successful, it will return its result.
    If the operation ends with an error, an exception will be raised.
    If there were any warnings during the execution of the operation
    they will be printed to sys.stderr.

    Args:
        operation: a long-running operation you want to wait on.
        verbose_name: (optional) a more verbose name of the operation,
            used only during error and warning reporting.
        timeout: how long (in seconds) to wait for operation to finish.
            If None, wait indefinitely.

    Returns:
        Whatever the operation.result() returns.

    Raises:
        This method will raise the exception received from `operation.exception()`
        or RuntimeError if there is no exception set, but there is an `error_code`
        set for the `operation`.

        In case of an operation taking longer than `timeout` seconds to complete,
        a `concurrent.futures.TimeoutError` will be raised.
    """
    result = operation.result(timeout=timeout)

    if operation.error_code:
        print(
            f"Error during {verbose_name}: [Code: {operation.error_code}]: {operation.error_message}",
            file=sys.stderr,
            flush=True,
        )
        print(f"Operation ID: {operation.name}", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
        raise operation.exception() or RuntimeError(operation.error_message)

    if operation.warnings:
        print(f"Warnings during {verbose_name}:\n", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
        for warning in operation.warnings:
            print(f" - {warning.code}: {warning.message}", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)

    return result


def add_extended_memory_to_instance(
    project_id: str, zone: str, instance_name: str, new_memory: int
):
    """
    Modify an existing VM to use extended memory.

    Args:
        project_id: project ID or project number of the Cloud project you want to use.
        zone: name of the zone to create the instance in. For example: "us-west3-b"
        instance_name: name of the new virtual machine (VM) instance.
        new_memory: the amount of memory for the VM instance, in megabytes.

    Returns:
        Instance object.
    """
    instance_client = compute_v1.InstancesClient()
    instance = instance_client.get(
        project=project_id, zone=zone, instance=instance_name
    )

    if not (
        "n1-" in instance.machine_type
        or "n2-" in instance.machine_type
        or "n2d-" in instance.machine_type
    ):
        raise RuntimeError("Extra memory is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs.")

    # Make sure that the machine is turned off
    if instance.status not in (
        instance.Status.TERMINATED.name,
        instance.Status.STOPPED.name,
    ):
        operation = instance_client.stop(
            project=project_id, zone=zone, instance=instance_name
        )
        wait_for_extended_operation(operation, "instance stopping")
        start = time.time()
        while instance.status not in (
            instance.Status.TERMINATED.name,
            instance.Status.STOPPED.name,
        ):
            # Waiting for the instance to be turned off.
            instance = instance_client.get(
                project=project_id, zone=zone, instance=instance_name
            )
            time.sleep(2)
            if time.time() - start >= 300:  # 5 minutes
                raise TimeoutError()

    # Modify the machine definition, remember that extended memory is available only for N1, N2 and N2D CPUs
    start, end = instance.machine_type.rsplit("-", maxsplit=1)
    instance.machine_type = start + f"-{new_memory}-ext"
    # TODO: If you prefer to use the CustomMachineType helper class, uncomment this code and comment the 2 lines above
    # Using CustomMachineType helper
    # cmt = CustomMachineType.from_str(instance.machine_type)
    # cmt.memory_mb = new_memory
    # cmt.extra_memory_used = True
    # instance.machine_type = str(cmt)
    operation = instance_client.update(
        project=project_id,
        zone=zone,
        instance=instance_name,
        instance_resource=instance,
    )
    wait_for_extended_operation(operation, "instance update")

    return instance_client.get(project=project_id, zone=zone, instance=instance_name)

REST

使用 instances.stop 方法，然后使用 instances.setMachineType 方法修改机器类型资源。

停止实例后，根据您的更改修改 machineTypes 选项。

{

"name": "INSTANCE_NAME", "machineType": "zones/ZONE/machineTypes/MACHINE_TYPE",

... }

替换以下内容：

+ INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the VM
+ ZONE: The zone where your VMs reside
+ MACHINE_TYPE: The name of the VM

后续步骤

• 详细了解机器系列。
• 创建虚拟机后，逐步完成教程以开始使用虚拟机实例。
• 了解如何连接到您的虚拟机实例。