运行参数化查询

在使用用户输入构建查询时，BigQuery 支持利用查询参数来防范 SQL 注入。只有 GoogleSQL 语法提供此功能。查询参数可用于替换任意表达式。但参数不能用于替换标识符、列名、表名或查询的其他部分。

如需指定命名参数，请使用 @ 字符后跟标识符，例如 @param_name。或者，使用占位值 ? 指定一个位置参数。请注意，查询可以使用位置参数或命名参数，但不能同时使用这两种参数。

使用参数时，提供的值本身不会记录在 BigQuery 日志中，以保护潜在的敏感信息。

您可以通过以下方式在 BigQuery 中运行参数化查询：

• bq 命令行工具的 bq query 命令
• API
• 客户端库

以下示例展示了如何将参数值传递给参数化查询：

控制台

Google Cloud 控制台不支持参数化查询。

bq

1. In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.

   Activate Cloud Shell

   At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment with the Google Cloud CLI already installed and with values already set for your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

2. 使用 --parameter 以 name:type:value 的形式提供参数值。如果名称为空，则系统会生成一个定位参数。可以忽略类型，此时系统会假设应使用 STRING 类型。

   如需指定使用 GoogleSQL 语法，必须将 --parameter 标志与 --use_legacy_sql=false 标志结合使用。

   （可选）使用 --location 标志指定您的位置。

   bq query \
      --use_legacy_sql=false \
      --parameter=corpus::romeoandjuliet \
      --parameter=min_word_count:INT64:250 \
      'SELECT
        word,
        word_count
      FROM
        `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`
      WHERE
        corpus = @corpus
      AND
        word_count >= @min_word_count
      ORDER BY
        word_count DESC;'
   

API

如需使用命名参数，请在 query 作业配置中将 parameterMode 设置为 NAMED。

使用 query 作业配置中的参数列表填充 queryParameters。通过在查询中使用 @param_name 设置各参数的 name。

如需启用 GoogleSQL 语法，请将 useLegacySql 设置为 false。

{
  "query": "SELECT word, word_count FROM `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare` WHERE corpus = @corpus AND word_count >= @min_word_count ORDER BY word_count DESC;",
  "queryParameters": [
    {
      "parameterType": {
        "type": "STRING"
      },
      "parameterValue": {
        "value": "romeoandjuliet"
      },
      "name": "corpus"
    },
    {
      "parameterType": {
        "type": "INT64"
      },
      "parameterValue": {
        "value": "250"
      },
      "name": "min_word_count"
    }
  ],
  "useLegacySql": false,
  "parameterMode": "NAMED"
}

在 Google APIs Explorer 中尝试。

如需使用位置参数，请在 query 作业配置中将 parameterMode 设置为 POSITIONAL。

C#

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 C# 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery C# API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

使用命名参数的方法如下：

using Google.Cloud.BigQuery.V2;
using System;

public class BigQueryQueryWithNamedParameters
{
    public void QueryWithNamedParameters(string projectId = "your-project-id")
    {
        var corpus = "romeoandjuliet";
        var minWordCount = 250;

        // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
        var query = @"
            SELECT word, word_count
            FROM `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`
            WHERE corpus = @corpus
            AND word_count >= @min_word_count
            ORDER BY word_count DESC";

        // Initialize client that will be used to send requests.
        var client = BigQueryClient.Create(projectId);

        var parameters = new BigQueryParameter[]
        {
            new BigQueryParameter("corpus", BigQueryDbType.String, corpus),
            new BigQueryParameter("min_word_count", BigQueryDbType.Int64, minWordCount)
        };

        var job = client.CreateQueryJob(
            sql: query,
            parameters: parameters,
            options: new QueryOptions { UseQueryCache = false });
        // Wait for the job to complete.
        job = job.PollUntilCompleted().ThrowOnAnyError();
        // Display the results
        foreach (BigQueryRow row in client.GetQueryResults(job.Reference))
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{row["word"]}: {row["word_count"]}");
        }
    }
}

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 C# 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery C# API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

使用位置参数的方法如下：

using Google.Cloud.BigQuery.V2;
using System;

public class BigQueryQueryWithPositionalParameters
{
    public void QueryWithPositionalParameters(string projectId = "project-id")
    {
        var corpus = "romeoandjuliet";
        var minWordCount = 250;

        // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
        var query = @"
                SELECT word, word_count
                FROM `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`
                WHERE corpus = ?
                AND word_count >= ?
                ORDER BY word_count DESC;";

        // Initialize client that will be used to send requests.
        var client = BigQueryClient.Create(projectId);

        // Set the name to None to use positional parameters.
        // Note that you cannot mix named and positional parameters.
        var parameters = new BigQueryParameter[]
        {
            new BigQueryParameter(null, BigQueryDbType.String, corpus),
            new BigQueryParameter(null, BigQueryDbType.Int64, minWordCount)
        };

        var job = client.CreateQueryJob(
            sql: query,
            parameters: parameters,
            options: new QueryOptions
            {
                UseQueryCache = false,
                ParameterMode = BigQueryParameterMode.Positional
            });
        // Wait for the job to complete.
        job = job.PollUntilCompleted().ThrowOnAnyError();
        // Display the results
        foreach (BigQueryRow row in client.GetQueryResults(job.Reference))
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{row["word"]}: {row["word_count"]}");
        }
    }
}

Go

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Go 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Go API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

使用命名参数的方法如下：

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

// queryWithNamedParams demonstrate issuing a query using named query parameters.
func queryWithNamedParams(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	q := client.Query(
		`SELECT word, word_count
        FROM ` + "`bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`" + `
        WHERE corpus = @corpus
        AND word_count >= @min_word_count
        ORDER BY word_count DESC;`)
	q.Parameters = []bigquery.QueryParameter{
		{
			Name:  "corpus",
			Value: "romeoandjuliet",
		},
		{
			Name:  "min_word_count",
			Value: 250,
		},
	}
	// Run the query and print results when the query job is completed.
	job, err := q.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	status, err := job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := status.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	it, err := job.Read(ctx)
	for {
		var row []bigquery.Value
		err := it.Next(&row)
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintln(w, row)
	}
	return nil
}

使用位置参数的方法如下：

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

// queryWithPostionalParams demonstrate issuing a query using positional query parameters.
func queryWithPositionalParams(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	q := client.Query(
		`SELECT word, word_count
        FROM ` + "`bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`" + `
        WHERE corpus = ?
        AND word_count >= ?
        ORDER BY word_count DESC;`)
	q.Parameters = []bigquery.QueryParameter{
		{
			Value: "romeoandjuliet",
		},
		{
			Value: 250,
		},
	}
	// Run the query and print results when the query job is completed.
	job, err := q.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	status, err := job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := status.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	it, err := job.Read(ctx)
	for {
		var row []bigquery.Value
		err := it.Next(&row)
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintln(w, row)
	}
	return nil
}

Java

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Java 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Java API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

使用命名参数的方法如下：

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryParameterValue;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableResult;

public class QueryWithNamedParameters {

  public static void queryWithNamedParameters() {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      String corpus = "romeoandjuliet";
      long minWordCount = 250;
      String query =
          "SELECT word, word_count\n"
              + "FROM `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`\n"
              + "WHERE corpus = @corpus\n"
              + "AND word_count >= @min_word_count\n"
              + "ORDER BY word_count DESC";

      // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
      QueryJobConfiguration queryConfig =
          QueryJobConfiguration.newBuilder(query)
              .addNamedParameter("corpus", QueryParameterValue.string(corpus))
              .addNamedParameter("min_word_count", QueryParameterValue.int64(minWordCount))
              .build();

      TableResult results = bigquery.query(queryConfig);

      results
          .iterateAll()
          .forEach(row -> row.forEach(val -> System.out.printf("%s,", val.toString())));

      System.out.println("Query with named parameters performed successfully.");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Query not performed \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

使用位置参数的方法如下：

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryParameterValue;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableResult;

public class QueryWithPositionalParameters {
  public static void queryWithPositionalParameters() {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      String corpus = "romeoandjuliet";
      long minWordCount = 250;
      String query =
          "SELECT word, word_count\n"
              + "FROM `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`\n"
              + "WHERE corpus = ?\n"
              + "AND word_count >= ?\n"
              + "ORDER BY word_count DESC";

      // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
      QueryJobConfiguration queryConfig =
          QueryJobConfiguration.newBuilder(query)
              .addPositionalParameter(QueryParameterValue.string(corpus))
              .addPositionalParameter(QueryParameterValue.int64(minWordCount))
              .build();

      TableResult results = bigquery.query(queryConfig);

      results
          .iterateAll()
          .forEach(row -> row.forEach(val -> System.out.printf("%s,", val.toString())));

      System.out.println("Query with positional parameters performed successfully.");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Query not performed \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Node.js 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Node.js API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

使用命名参数的方法如下：

// Run a query using named query parameters

// Import the Google Cloud client library
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function queryParamsNamed() {
  // The SQL query to run
  const sqlQuery = `SELECT word, word_count
        FROM \`bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare\`
        WHERE corpus = @corpus
        AND word_count >= @min_word_count
        ORDER BY word_count DESC`;

  const options = {
    query: sqlQuery,
    // Location must match that of the dataset(s) referenced in the query.
    location: 'US',
    params: {corpus: 'romeoandjuliet', min_word_count: 250},
  };

  // Run the query
  const [rows] = await bigquery.query(options);

  console.log('Rows:');
  rows.forEach(row => console.log(row));
}

使用位置参数的方法如下：

// Run a query using positional query parameters

// Import the Google Cloud client library
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function queryParamsPositional() {
  // The SQL query to run
  const sqlQuery = `SELECT word, word_count
        FROM \`bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare\`
        WHERE corpus = ?
        AND word_count >= ?
        ORDER BY word_count DESC`;

  const options = {
    query: sqlQuery,
    // Location must match that of the dataset(s) referenced in the query.
    location: 'US',
    params: ['romeoandjuliet', 250],
  };

  // Run the query
  const [rows] = await bigquery.query(options);

  console.log('Rows:');
  rows.forEach(row => console.log(row));
}

Python

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Python 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Python API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

使用命名参数的方法如下：

from google.cloud import bigquery

# Construct a BigQuery client object.
client = bigquery.Client()

query = """
    SELECT word, word_count
    FROM `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`
    WHERE corpus = @corpus
    AND word_count >= @min_word_count
    ORDER BY word_count DESC;
"""
job_config = bigquery.QueryJobConfig(
    query_parameters=[
        bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter("corpus", "STRING", "romeoandjuliet"),
        bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter("min_word_count", "INT64", 250),
    ]
)
query_job = client.query(query, job_config=job_config)  # Make an API request.

for row in query_job:
    print("{}: \t{}".format(row.word, row.word_count))

使用位置参数的方法如下：

from google.cloud import bigquery

# Construct a BigQuery client object.
client = bigquery.Client()

query = """
    SELECT word, word_count
    FROM `bigquery-public-data.samples.shakespeare`
    WHERE corpus = ?
    AND word_count >= ?
    ORDER BY word_count DESC;
"""
# Set the name to None to use positional parameters.
# Note that you cannot mix named and positional parameters.
job_config = bigquery.QueryJobConfig(
    query_parameters=[
        bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter(None, "STRING", "romeoandjuliet"),
        bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter(None, "INT64", 250),
    ]
)
query_job = client.query(query, job_config=job_config)  # Make an API request.

for row in query_job:
    print("{}: \t{}".format(row.word, row.word_count))

在参数化查询中使用数组

如需在查询参数中使用数组类型，请将类型设置为 ARRAY<T>，其中 T 是数组中元素的类型。请将值构造为用方括号括起来并且以英文逗号分隔的元素列表，例如 [1, 2, 3]。

请参阅数据类型参考以详细了解数组类型。

控制台

Google Cloud 控制台不支持参数化查询。

bq

1. In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.

   Activate Cloud Shell

   At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment with the Google Cloud CLI already installed and with values already set for your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

2. 下面的查询会选择在美国出生且名字以 W 开头的男婴中最常用的名字：

   注意：以下示例查询美国境内的公共数据集。由于公共数据集存储在美国的多区域位置，因此您的目标表所属的数据集也必须位于美国。您无法查询一个位置的数据集而将结果写入另一个位置的目标表。

   bq query \
      --use_legacy_sql=false \
      --parameter='gender::M' \
      --parameter='states:ARRAY<STRING>:["WA", "WI", "WV", "WY"]' \
      'SELECT
        name,
        SUM(number) AS count
      FROM
        `bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013`
      WHERE
        gender = @gender
        AND state IN UNNEST(@states)
      GROUP BY
        name
      ORDER BY
        count DESC
      LIMIT
        10;'
   

   请务必注意，需要将数组类型声明括在英文单引号中，以保证命令输出不会被 > 字符意外地重定向到某个文件。

API

如需使用数组值参数，请在 query 作业配置中将 parameterType 设置为 ARRAY。

如果数组值是标量，请将 parameterType 设置为值的类型，例如 STRING。如果数组值是结构，请将其设置为 STRUCT，并将所需字段定义添加到 structTypes。

例如，下面的查询会选择在美国出生且名字以 W 开头的男婴中最常用的名字。

{
 "query": "SELECT name, sum(number) as count\nFROM `bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013`\nWHERE gender = @gender\nAND state IN UNNEST(@states)\nGROUP BY name\nORDER BY count DESC\nLIMIT 10;",
 "queryParameters": [
  {
   "parameterType": {
    "type": "STRING"
   },
   "parameterValue": {
    "value": "M"
   },
   "name": "gender"
  },
  {
   "parameterType": {
    "type": "ARRAY",
    "arrayType": {
     "type": "STRING"
    }
   },
   "parameterValue": {
    "arrayValues": [
     {
      "value": "WA"
     },
     {
      "value": "WI"
     },
     {
      "value": "WV"
     },
     {
      "value": "WY"
     }
    ]
   },
   "name": "states"
  }
 ],
 "useLegacySql": false,
 "parameterMode": "NAMED"
}

在 Google APIs Explorer 中尝试。

C#

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 C# 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery C# API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

using Google.Cloud.BigQuery.V2;
using System;

public class BigQueryQueryWithArrayParameters
{
    public void QueryWithArrayParameters(string projectId = "your-project-id")
    {
        var gender = "M";
        string[] states = { "WA", "WI", "WV", "WY" };

        // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
        var query = @"
            SELECT name, sum(number) as count
            FROM `bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013`
            WHERE gender = @gender
            AND state IN UNNEST(@states)
            GROUP BY name
            ORDER BY count DESC
            LIMIT 10;";

        // Initialize client that will be used to send requests.
        var client = BigQueryClient.Create(projectId);

        var parameters = new BigQueryParameter[]
        {
            new BigQueryParameter("gender", BigQueryDbType.String, gender),
            new BigQueryParameter("states", BigQueryDbType.Array, states)
        };

        var job = client.CreateQueryJob(
            sql: query,
            parameters: parameters,
            options: new QueryOptions { UseQueryCache = false });
        // Wait for the job to complete.
        job = job.PollUntilCompleted().ThrowOnAnyError();
        // Display the results
        foreach (BigQueryRow row in client.GetQueryResults(job.Reference))
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{row["name"]}: {row["count"]}");
        }
    }
}

Go

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Go 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Go API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

// queryWithArrayParams demonstrates issuing a query and specifying query parameters that include an
// array of strings.
func queryWithArrayParams(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	q := client.Query(
		`SELECT
			name,
			sum(number) as count
        FROM ` + "`bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013`" + `
		WHERE
			gender = @gender
        	AND state IN UNNEST(@states)
		GROUP BY
			name
		ORDER BY
			count DESC
		LIMIT 10;`)
	q.Parameters = []bigquery.QueryParameter{
		{
			Name:  "gender",
			Value: "M",
		},
		{
			Name:  "states",
			Value: []string{"WA", "WI", "WV", "WY"},
		},
	}
	// Run the query and print results when the query job is completed.
	job, err := q.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	status, err := job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := status.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	it, err := job.Read(ctx)
	for {
		var row []bigquery.Value
		err := it.Next(&row)
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintln(w, row)
	}
	return nil
}

Java

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Java 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Java API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryParameterValue;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableResult;

// Sample to running a query with array query parameters.
public class QueryWithArrayParameters {

  public static void runQueryWithArrayParameters() {
    String gender = "M";
    String[] states = {"WA", "WI", "WV", "WY"};
    String query =
        "SELECT name, sum(number) as count\n"
            + "FROM `bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013`\n"
            + "WHERE gender = @gender\n"
            + "AND state IN UNNEST(@states)\n"
            + "GROUP BY name\n"
            + "ORDER BY count DESC\n"
            + "LIMIT 10;";
    queryWithArrayParameters(query, gender, states);
  }

  public static void queryWithArrayParameters(String query, String gender, String[] states) {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
      QueryJobConfiguration queryConfig =
          QueryJobConfiguration.newBuilder(query)
              .addNamedParameter("gender", QueryParameterValue.string(gender))
              .addNamedParameter("states", QueryParameterValue.array(states, String.class))
              .build();

      TableResult results = bigquery.query(queryConfig);

      // Print the results.
      results
          .iterateAll()
          .forEach(row -> row.forEach(val -> System.out.printf("%s,", val.toString())));
      System.out.println("Query with arrays parameters performed successfully");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Query not performed \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Node.js 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Node.js API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

// Run a query using array query parameters

// Import the Google Cloud client library
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function queryParamsArrays() {
  // The SQL query to run
  const sqlQuery = `SELECT name, sum(number) as count
  FROM \`bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013\`
  WHERE gender = @gender
  AND state IN UNNEST(@states)
  GROUP BY name
  ORDER BY count DESC
  LIMIT 10;`;

  const options = {
    query: sqlQuery,
    // Location must match that of the dataset(s) referenced in the query.
    location: 'US',
    params: {gender: 'M', states: ['WA', 'WI', 'WV', 'WY']},
  };

  // Run the query
  const [rows] = await bigquery.query(options);

  console.log('Rows:');
  rows.forEach(row => console.log(row));
}

Python

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Python 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Python API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

from google.cloud import bigquery

# Construct a BigQuery client object.
client = bigquery.Client()

query = """
    SELECT name, sum(number) as count
    FROM `bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013`
    WHERE gender = @gender
    AND state IN UNNEST(@states)
    GROUP BY name
    ORDER BY count DESC
    LIMIT 10;
"""
job_config = bigquery.QueryJobConfig(
    query_parameters=[
        bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter("gender", "STRING", "M"),
        bigquery.ArrayQueryParameter("states", "STRING", ["WA", "WI", "WV", "WY"]),
    ]
)
query_job = client.query(query, job_config=job_config)  # Make an API request.

for row in query_job:
    print("{}: \t{}".format(row.name, row.count))

在参数化查询中使用时间戳

要在查询参数中使用时间戳，底层 REST API 采用 YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.DDDDDD time_zone 格式的 TIMESTAMP 类型的值。如果您使用的是客户端库，请以该语言创建内置日期对象，库会将其转换为正确的格式。如需了解详情，请参阅以下特定语言的示例。

如需详细了解 TIMESTAMP 类型，请参阅数据类型参考文档。

控制台

Google Cloud 控制台不支持参数化查询。

bq

1. In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.

   Activate Cloud Shell

   At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment with the Google Cloud CLI already installed and with values already set for your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

2. 下面的查询会将时间戳参数值增加一小时：

   bq query \
      --use_legacy_sql=false \
      --parameter='ts_value:TIMESTAMP:2016-12-07 08:00:00' \
      'SELECT
        TIMESTAMP_ADD(@ts_value, INTERVAL 1 HOUR);'
   

API

如需使用时间戳参数，请在查询作业配置中将 parameterType 设置为 TIMESTAMP。

下面的查询会将时间戳参数值增加一小时。

{
  "query": "SELECT TIMESTAMP_ADD(@ts_value, INTERVAL 1 HOUR);",
  "queryParameters": [
    {
      "name": "ts_value",
      "parameterType": {
        "type": "TIMESTAMP"
      },
      "parameterValue": {
        "value": "2016-12-07 08:00:00"
      }
    }
  ],
  "useLegacySql": false,
  "parameterMode": "NAMED"
}

在 Google APIs Explorer 中尝试。

C#

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 C# 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery C# API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

using Google.Cloud.BigQuery.V2;
using System;

public class BigQueryQueryWithTimestampParameters
{
    public void QueryWithTimestampParameters(string projectId = "project-id")
    {
        var timestamp = new DateTime(2016, 12, 7, 8, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);

        // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
        var query = "SELECT TIMESTAMP_ADD(@ts_value, INTERVAL 1 HOUR);";

        // Initialize client that will be used to send requests.
        var client = BigQueryClient.Create(projectId);

        var parameters = new BigQueryParameter[]
        {
            new BigQueryParameter("ts_value", BigQueryDbType.Timestamp, timestamp),
        };

        var job = client.CreateQueryJob(
            sql: query,
            parameters: parameters,
            options: new QueryOptions { UseQueryCache = false });
        // Wait for the job to complete.
        job = job.PollUntilCompleted().ThrowOnAnyError();
        // Display the results
        foreach (BigQueryRow row in client.GetQueryResults(job.Reference))
        {
            Console.WriteLine(row[0]);
        }
    }
}

Go

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Go 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Go API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

// queryWithTimestampParam demonstrates issuing a query and supplying a timestamp query parameter.
func queryWithTimestampParam(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	q := client.Query(
		`SELECT TIMESTAMP_ADD(@ts_value, INTERVAL 1 HOUR);`)
	q.Parameters = []bigquery.QueryParameter{
		{
			Name:  "ts_value",
			Value: time.Date(2016, 12, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
		},
	}
	// Run the query and print results when the query job is completed.
	job, err := q.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	status, err := job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := status.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	it, err := job.Read(ctx)
	for {
		var row []bigquery.Value
		err := it.Next(&row)
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintln(w, row)
	}
	return nil
}

Java

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Java 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Java API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryParameterValue;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableResult;
import org.threeten.bp.LocalDateTime;
import org.threeten.bp.ZoneOffset;
import org.threeten.bp.ZonedDateTime;

// Sample to running a query with timestamp query parameters.
public class QueryWithTimestampParameters {

  public static void runQueryWithTimestampParameters() {
    queryWithTimestampParameters();
  }

  public static void queryWithTimestampParameters() {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      ZonedDateTime timestamp = LocalDateTime.of(2016, 12, 7, 8, 0, 0).atZone(ZoneOffset.UTC);
      String query = "SELECT TIMESTAMP_ADD(@ts_value, INTERVAL 1 HOUR);";
      // Note: Standard SQL is required to use query parameters.
      QueryJobConfiguration queryConfig =
          QueryJobConfiguration.newBuilder(query)
              .addNamedParameter(
                  "ts_value",
                  QueryParameterValue.timestamp(
                      // Timestamp takes microseconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00 UTC
                      timestamp.toInstant().toEpochMilli() * 1000))
              .build();

      TableResult results = bigquery.query(queryConfig);

      results
          .iterateAll()
          .forEach(row -> row.forEach(val -> System.out.printf("%s", val.toString())));

      System.out.println("Query with timestamp parameter performed successfully.");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Query not performed \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Node.js 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Node.js API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

// Run a query using timestamp parameters

// Import the Google Cloud client library
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function queryParamsTimestamps() {
  // The SQL query to run
  const sqlQuery = `SELECT TIMESTAMP_ADD(@ts_value, INTERVAL 1 HOUR);`;

  const options = {
    query: sqlQuery,
    // Location must match that of the dataset(s) referenced in the query.
    location: 'US',
    params: {ts_value: new Date()},
  };

  // Run the query
  const [rows] = await bigquery.query(options);

  console.log('Rows:');
  rows.forEach(row => console.log(row.f0_));
}

Python

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Python 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Python API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

import datetime

import pytz
from google.cloud import bigquery

# Construct a BigQuery client object.
client = bigquery.Client()

query = "SELECT TIMESTAMP_ADD(@ts_value, INTERVAL 1 HOUR);"
job_config = bigquery.QueryJobConfig(
    query_parameters=[
        bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter(
            "ts_value",
            "TIMESTAMP",
            datetime.datetime(2016, 12, 7, 8, 0, tzinfo=pytz.UTC),
        )
    ]
)
query_job = client.query(query, job_config=job_config)  # Make an API request.

for row in query_job:
    print(row)

在参数化查询中使用结构体

如需在查询参数中使用结构体，请将类型设置为 STRUCT<T>，其中 T 用于定义结构体中的字段和类型。字段定义以英文逗号分隔，采用 field_name TF 格式，其中 TF 是字段的类型。例如，STRUCT<x INT64, y STRING> 定义了一个结构体，其中包含一个名称为 x、类型为 INT64 的字段，还包含名称为 y、类型为 STRING 的第二个字段。

如需详细了解 STRUCT 类型，请参阅数据类型参考文档 。

控制台

Google Cloud 控制台不支持参数化查询。

bq

1. In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.

   Activate Cloud Shell

   At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment with the Google Cloud CLI already installed and with values already set for your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

2. 以下简单的查询通过返回参数值演示了结构化类型的用法：

   bq query \
      --use_legacy_sql=false \
      --parameter='struct_value:STRUCT<x INT64, y STRING>:{"x": 1, "y": "foo"}' \
      'SELECT
        @struct_value AS s;'
   

API

如需使用结构体参数，请在查询作业配置中将 parameterType 设置为 STRUCT。

在作业的 queryParameters 中，为结构体的各字段向 structTypes 中添加一个对象。如果结构体值是标量，请将 type 设置为值的类型，例如 STRING。如果结构体值是数组，请将此设置为 ARRAY，并将嵌套的 arrayType 字段设置为相应类型。如果结构体值是结构，则将 type 设置为 STRUCT，并添加必要的 structTypes。

下面这条简单的查询通过返回参数值来演示结构化类型的用法。

{
  "query": "SELECT @struct_value AS s;",
  "queryParameters": [
    {
      "name": "struct_value",
      "parameterType": {
        "type": "STRUCT",
        "structTypes": [
          {
            "name": "x",
            "type": {
              "type": "INT64"
            }
          },
          {
            "name": "y",
            "type": {
              "type": "STRING"
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      "parameterValue": {
        "structValues": {
          "x": {
            "value": "1"
          },
          "y": {
            "value": "foo"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  ],
  "useLegacySql": false,
  "parameterMode": "NAMED"
}

在 Google APIs Explorer 中尝试。

C#

.NET 版 BigQuery 客户端库目前不支持结构体参数。

Go

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Go 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Go API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

// queryWithStructParam demonstrates running a query and providing query parameters that include struct
// types.
func queryWithStructParam(w io.Writer, projectID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	type MyStruct struct {
		X int64
		Y string
	}
	q := client.Query(
		`SELECT @struct_value as s;`)
	q.Parameters = []bigquery.QueryParameter{
		{
			Name:  "struct_value",
			Value: MyStruct{X: 1, Y: "foo"},
		},
	}
	// Run the query and print results when the query job is completed.
	job, err := q.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	status, err := job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := status.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	it, err := job.Read(ctx)
	for {
		var row []bigquery.Value
		err := it.Next(&row)
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintln(w, row)
	}
	return nil
}

Java

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Java 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Java API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryParameterValue;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableResult;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class QueryWithStructsParameters {

  public static void queryWithStructsParameters() {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      // Create struct
      Map<String, QueryParameterValue> struct = new HashMap<>();
      struct.put("booleanField", QueryParameterValue.bool(true));
      struct.put("integerField", QueryParameterValue.string("test-stringField"));
      struct.put("stringField", QueryParameterValue.int64(10));
      QueryParameterValue recordValue = QueryParameterValue.struct(struct);

      String query = "SELECT STRUCT(@recordField) AS record";
      QueryJobConfiguration queryConfig =
          QueryJobConfiguration.newBuilder(query)
              .setUseLegacySql(false)
              .addNamedParameter("recordField", recordValue)
              .build();

      TableResult results = bigquery.query(queryConfig);

      results
          .iterateAll()
          .forEach(row -> row.forEach(val -> System.out.printf("%s", val.toString())));

      System.out.println("Query with struct parameter performed successfully.");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Query not performed \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Node.js 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Node.js API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

// Run a query using struct query parameters

// Import the Google Cloud client library
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function queryParamsStructs() {
  // The SQL query to run
  const sqlQuery = `SELECT @struct_value AS struct_obj;`;

  const options = {
    query: sqlQuery,
    // Location must match that of the dataset(s) referenced in the query.
    location: 'US',
    params: {struct_value: {x: 1, y: 'foo'}},
  };

  // Run the query
  const [rows] = await bigquery.query(options);

  console.log('Rows:');
  rows.forEach(row => console.log(row.struct_obj.y));
}

Python

试用此示例之前，请按照 BigQuery 快速入门：使用客户端库中的 Python 设置说明进行操作。如需了解详情，请参阅 BigQuery Python API 参考文档。

如需向 BigQuery 进行身份验证，请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情，请参阅为客户端库设置身份验证。

from google.cloud import bigquery

# Construct a BigQuery client object.
client = bigquery.Client()

query = "SELECT @struct_value AS s;"
job_config = bigquery.QueryJobConfig(
    query_parameters=[
        bigquery.StructQueryParameter(
            "struct_value",
            bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter("x", "INT64", 1),
            bigquery.ScalarQueryParameter("y", "STRING", "foo"),
        )
    ]
)
query_job = client.query(query, job_config=job_config)  # Make an API request.

for row in query_job:
    print(row.s)