This page explains the concept of storage class and the differences between storage classes. To learn how to change the storage class of an object, see Changing Object Storage Classes. To learn how to change a bucket's default storage class, see Changing the Default Storage Class.
Overview of storage classes
In Cloud Storage, you create a bucket to store your data. A bucket has three properties that you specify when you create it: a globally unique name, a location where the bucket and its contents are stored, and a default storage class for objects added to the bucket.
Cloud Storage offers four storage classes: Multi-Regional Storage, Regional Storage, Nearline Storage, and Coldline Storage. All storage classes offer low latency (time to first byte typically tens of milliseconds) and high durability. The classes differ by their availability, minimum storage durations, and pricing for storage and access.
| Storage Class | Name for APIs and gsutil |
|---|---|
| Multi-Regional Storage | multi_regional |
| Regional Storage | regional |
| Nearline Storage | nearline |
| Coldline Storage | coldline |
Comparison of storage classes
Use the table below to match your data storage needs with a storage class. The sections below the table describe each storage class in more detail.
| Storage Class | Characteristics | Use Cases | Price (per GB per month)** |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-Regional Storage |
|
Storing data that is frequently accessed ("hot" objects) around the world, such as serving website content, streaming videos, or gaming and mobile applications. For Multi-Regional Storage data stored in dual-regional locations, you also get optimized performance when accessing Google Cloud Platform products that are located in one of the associated regions. |
$0.026 |
| Regional Storage |
|
Storing frequently accessed data in the same region as your Google Cloud DataProc or Google Compute Engine instances that use it, such as for data analytics. | $0.020 |
| Nearline Storage |
|
Data you do not expect to access frequently (i.e., no more than once per month). Ideal for back-up and serving long-tail multimedia content. | $0.010 |
| Coldline Storage |
|
Data you expect to access infrequently (i.e., no more than once per year). Typically this is for disaster recovery, or data that is archived and may or may not be needed at some future time. | $0.007 |
*The availability SLA is the monthly uptime percentage backed by the Cloud Storage SLA. If Google fails to meet that uptime, customers are eligible to receive a credit as described in the Cloud Storage SLA.
**Prices listed are general storage prices, which apply to storing data in most locations. Certain locations have a separate pricing structure. In addition to storage pricing, there are also costs for performing operations, data egress, and early deletion. For details, see the pricing page.
All storage classes are designed for:
Creating buckets in locations worldwide.
Using the same tools and APIs to access data, including the XML API and JSON API, the command-line gsutil tool, the Google Cloud Platform Console, and the client libraries.
Using the same OAuth and granular access controls to secure your data.
99.999999999% (11 9's) annual durability, achieved by redundantly storing objects across multiple devices located in multiple availability zones. Checksums are stored and regularly revalidated to proactively verify the data integrity of all data at rest as well as to detect corruption of data in transit. Multi-regional and dual-regional locations provide supplemental protection against region-wide failures by storing data in at least two geographically separated locations.
No minimum object size.
Low latency (time to first byte is typically tens of milliseconds).
The same data security through encryption at rest.
Using with other Cloud Storage features like object versioning, object notification, access logging, lifecycle management, per-object storage classes, and composite objects and parallel uploads.
Unlimited storage that can be accessed worldwide.
Paying only for what you use.
For more information about storage pricing, see Cloud Storage Pricing.
Bucket vs. object storage class
You can manage storage classes in your bucket and object settings.
- Bucket default storage class
Each bucket has a default storage class, which you can specify when you create your bucket. Objects that you add to the bucket use this default storage class unless specified otherwise.
You can change the default storage class of your bucket later. However, this will only affect the default storage class for objects that you add to the bucket going forwards. It will not change the storage class of objects that are already in the bucket.
- Object storage class
You can use the API to specify the storage class of individual objects when you add them to a bucket, or change their class later. To change the storage class of an object, see Changing Storage Classes.
Classes
Multi-Regional Storage
Multi-Regional Storage is appropriate for storing data that is frequently accessed ("hot" objects), such as serving website content, interactive workloads, or data supporting mobile and gaming applications. Multi-Regional Storage data has the most availability compared to other storage classes.
Multi-Regional Storage is geo-redundant.
Note that data stored as Multi-Regional Storage can be placed only in
multi-regional locations, such as the United States, the European Union,
or Asia, not specific regional locations such as us-central1 or asia-east1.
Dual-regions
In addition to general multi-regional locations, Multi-Regional Storage data can be stored in dual-regional locations, which are a special type of multi-regional locations.
Multi-Regional Storage data stored in a dual-regional location is ideal for the same types of workloads as Regional Storage, but with the high availability characteristics of all Multi-Regional Storage data.
Regional Storage
Regional Storage enables you to store data at lower cost, with the trade-off of data being stored in a specific regional location, instead of having redundancy distributed over a large geographic area.
Regional Storage is appropriate for storing data in the same regional location as Compute Engine instances or Google Kubernetes Engine clusters that use the data. Doing so gives you better performance for data-intensive computations, as opposed to storing your data in a multi-regional location. In addition, storing your data as Regional Storage in this scenario can reduce network charges.
Note that data stored as Regional Storage can be placed only in
regional locations, such as us-central1 or asia-east1.
Nearline Storage
Nearline Storage is a low-cost, highly durable storage service for storing infrequently accessed data. Nearline Storage is a better choice than Multi-Regional Storage or Regional Storage in scenarios where slightly lower availability, a 30-day minimum storage duration, and costs for data access are acceptable trade-offs for lowered storage costs.
Nearline Storage is ideal for data you plan to read or modify on average once a month or less. For example, if you want to continuously add files to Cloud Storage and plan to access those files once a month for analysis, Nearline Storage is a great choice.
Nearline Storage is also appropriate for data backup, disaster recovery, and archival storage. Note, however, that for data accessed less frequently than once a year, Coldline Storage is the most cost-effective choice, as it offers the lowest storage costs.
The geo-redundancy of Nearline Storage data is determined by the type of location in which it is stored: Nearline Storage data stored in multi-regional locations is redundant across multiple regions, providing higher availability than Nearline Storage data stored in regional locations.
For more information about transferring data from Amazon Glacier to Nearline Storage, see the Migrating to Cloud Storage From Amazon Glacier White Paper.
Coldline Storage
Coldline Storage is a very-low-cost, highly durable storage service for data archiving, online backup, and disaster recovery. Unlike other "cold" storage services, your data is available within milliseconds, not hours or days.
Coldline Storage is the best choice for data that you plan to access at most once a year, due to its slightly lower availability, 90-day minimum storage duration, costs for data access, and higher per-operation costs. For example:
Cold Data Storage - Infrequently accessed data, such as data stored for legal or regulatory reasons, can be stored at low cost as Coldline Storage, and be available when you need it.
Disaster recovery - In the event of a disaster recovery event, recovery time is key. Cloud Storage provides low latency access to data stored as Coldline Storage.
The geo-redundancy of Coldline Storage data is determined by the type of location in which it is stored: Coldline Storage data stored in multi-regional locations is redundant across multiple regions, providing higher availability than Coldline Storage data stored in regional locations.
Standard Storage
Users that create a bucket without specifying a default storage class see the bucket's default storage class listed as Standard Storage in the API. Objects created without a storage class in such a bucket are also listed as Standard Storage in the API. Standard Storage is equivalent to Multi-Regional Storage when the associated bucket is located in a multi-regional location. Standard Storage is equivalent to Regional Storage when the associated bucket is located in a regional location.
For example, if you have a Standard Storage object in the us multi-regional
location, it is treated as a Multi-Regional Storage object and charged
accordingly. This object's class appears as Multi-Regional Storage in the
Console, but appears as Standard Storage in the API.
You can move your data from Standard Storage to other storage classes by performing a storage transfer or using Lifecycle Management.
Durable Reduced Availability
It is recommended that users utilize Regional Storage in place of Durable Reduced Availability (DRA). Regional Storage has lower pricing for operations, but otherwise the same price structure. Regional Storage also has better performance, particularly in terms of availability (DRA has a 99% availability SLA).
You can move your data from DRA to other storage classes by performing a storage transfer.
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