公开数据

本页面介绍如何将您拥有的对象设为可供公共互联网上的所有人读取。如需了解如何访问已公开的数据,请参阅访问公开数据

当对象被公开共享时,只要对象处于公开状态,则任何知道对象 URI 的用户都可以访问该对象。

所需的角色

如需获得将对象设为可公开读取所需的权限,请让您的管理员为您授予以下角色:

  • 将个别对象设为可公开读取:Storage Object Admin (roles/storage.objectAdmin)

    • 如果您打算使用 Google Cloud 控制台,则需要 Storage Admin (roles/storage.admin) 角色,而不是 Storage Object Admin 角色。
  • 将存储桶中的所有对象设为可公开读取:Storage Admin (roles/storage.admin) 或 Storage Legacy Bucket Owner (roles/storage.legacyBucketOwner)

这些角色可提供将对象设为公开所需的权限。如需查看所需的确切权限,请展开所需权限部分:

所需权限

  • storage.buckets.get
  • storage.buckets.getIamPolicy
  • storage.buckets.setIamPolicy
  • storage.buckets.update
  • storage.objects.get
  • storage.objects.getIamPolicy
  • storage.objects.setIamPolicy
  • storage.objects.update

只有在使用 Google Cloud 控制台执行本页面上的任务时,才需要以下权限:

  • storage.buckets.list
  • storage.objects.list

您也可以使用其他预定义角色自定义角色来获取这些权限。

如需了解如何授予存储桶的角色,请参阅将 IAM 与存储桶搭配使用

将个别对象设为可公开读取

如需将个别对象设为可供公共互联网上的所有人读取,请为主账号 allUsers 授予 READER 角色

控制台

  1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中,进入 Cloud Storage 存储桶页面。

    进入“存储桶”

  2. 点击您要公开的对象所在存储桶的名称,然后找到该对象(如果该对象位于子目录中)。

  3. 点击对象的名称。

  4. 点击修改访问权限

  5. 在出现的叠加窗口中,点击 添加条目按钮。

  6. 为 allUsers 添加权限。

    • 为“实体”选择公共
    • 为“名称”选择 allUsers
    • 为“访问权限”选择读取者
  7. 点击保存

授予公开访问权限后,复制网址将显示在“公开访问权限”列中。您可以点击此按钮以获取对象的公开网址。

如需了解如何在 Google Cloud 控制台中获取失败的 Cloud Storage 操作的详细错误信息,请参阅问题排查

命令行

  1. In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.

    Activate Cloud Shell

    At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment with the Google Cloud CLI already installed and with values already set for your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

  2. 在开发环境中,运行 objects update 命令并使用 --add-acl-grant 标志:

    gcloud storage objects update gs://BUCKET_NAME/OBJECT_NAME --add-acl-grant=entity=AllUsers,role=READER

    其中:

    • BUCKET_NAME 是包含待公开对象的存储桶的名称。例如 my-bucket
    • OBJECT_NAME 是您要公开的对象的名称。例如 pets/dog.png

客户端库

C++

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage C++ API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

namespace gcs = ::google::cloud::storage;
using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](gcs::Client client, std::string const& bucket_name,
   std::string const& object_name) {
  StatusOr<gcs::ObjectMetadata> updated = client.PatchObject(
      bucket_name, object_name, gcs::ObjectMetadataPatchBuilder(),
      gcs::PredefinedAcl::PublicRead());

  if (!updated) throw std::move(updated).status();
  std::cout << "Object updated. The full metadata after the update is: "
            << *updated << "\n";
}

C#

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage C# API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证


using Google.Apis.Storage.v1.Data;
using Google.Cloud.Storage.V1;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class MakePublicSample
{
    public string MakePublic(
        string bucketName = "your-unique-bucket-name",
        string objectName = "your-object-name")
    {
        var storage = StorageClient.Create();
        var storageObject = storage.GetObject(bucketName, objectName);
        storageObject.Acl ??= new List<ObjectAccessControl>();
        storage.UpdateObject(storageObject, new UpdateObjectOptions { PredefinedAcl = PredefinedObjectAcl.PublicRead });
        Console.WriteLine(objectName + " is now public and can be fetched from " + storageObject.MediaLink);

        return storageObject.MediaLink;
    }
}

Go

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Go API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/storage"
)

// makePublic gives all users read access to an object.
func makePublic(w io.Writer, bucket, object string) error {
	// bucket := "bucket-name"
	// object := "object-name"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := storage.NewClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("storage.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second*10)
	defer cancel()

	acl := client.Bucket(bucket).Object(object).ACL()
	if err := acl.Set(ctx, storage.AllUsers, storage.RoleReader); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("ACLHandle.Set: %w", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Blob %v is now publicly accessible.\n", object)
	return nil
}

Java

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Java API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

import com.google.cloud.storage.Acl;
import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobId;
import com.google.cloud.storage.Storage;
import com.google.cloud.storage.StorageOptions;

public class MakeObjectPublic {
  public static void makeObjectPublic(String projectId, String bucketName, String objectName) {
    // String projectId = "your-project-id";
    // String bucketName = "your-bucket-name";
    // String objectName = "your-object-name";
    Storage storage = StorageOptions.newBuilder().setProjectId(projectId).build().getService();
    BlobId blobId = BlobId.of(bucketName, objectName);
    storage.createAcl(blobId, Acl.of(Acl.User.ofAllUsers(), Acl.Role.READER));

    System.out.println(
        "Object " + objectName + " in bucket " + bucketName + " was made publicly readable");
  }
}

Node.js

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Node.js API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// The ID of your GCS bucket
// const bucketName = 'your-unique-bucket-name';

// The ID of your GCS file
// const fileName = 'your-file-name';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Storage} = require('@google-cloud/storage');

// Creates a client
const storage = new Storage();

async function makePublic() {
  await storage.bucket(bucketName).file(fileName).makePublic();

  console.log(`gs://${bucketName}/${fileName} is now public.`);
}

makePublic().catch(console.error);

PHP

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage PHP API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

use Google\Cloud\Storage\StorageClient;

/**
 * Make an object publically accessible.
 *
 * @param string $bucketName The name of your Cloud Storage bucket.
 *        (e.g. 'my-bucket')
 * @param string $objectName The name of your Cloud Storage object.
 *        (e.g. 'my-object')
 */
function make_public(string $bucketName, string $objectName): void
{
    $storage = new StorageClient();
    $bucket = $storage->bucket($bucketName);
    $object = $bucket->object($objectName);
    $object->update(['acl' => []], ['predefinedAcl' => 'PUBLICREAD']);
    printf('gs://%s/%s is now public' . PHP_EOL, $bucketName, $objectName);
}

Python

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Python API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

from google.cloud import storage


def make_blob_public(bucket_name, blob_name):
    """Makes a blob publicly accessible."""
    # bucket_name = "your-bucket-name"
    # blob_name = "your-object-name"

    storage_client = storage.Client()
    bucket = storage_client.bucket(bucket_name)
    blob = bucket.blob(blob_name)

    blob.make_public()

    print(
        f"Blob {blob.name} is publicly accessible at {blob.public_url}"
    )

Ruby

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Ruby API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

def make_public bucket_name:, file_name:
  # The ID of your GCS bucket
  # bucket_name = "your-unique-bucket-name"

  # The ID of your GCS object to make public
  # file_name = "your-file-name"

  require "google/cloud/storage"

  storage = Google::Cloud::Storage.new
  bucket  = storage.bucket bucket_name, skip_lookup: true
  file    = bucket.file file_name

  file.acl.public!

  puts "#{file.name} is publicly accessible at #{file.public_url}"
end

REST API

JSON API

  1. 安装并初始化 gcloud CLI,以便为 Authorization 标头生成访问令牌。

    或者,您可以创建访问令牌(使用 OAuth 2.0 Playground),并将其包含在 Authorization 标头中。

  2. 创建一个包含以下信息的 JSON 文件:

    {
      "entity": "allUsers",
      "role": "READER"
    }
  3. 使用 cURL,通过 Insert ACL 请求调用 JSON API

    curl -X POST --data-binary @JSON_FILE_NAME \
      -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
      -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
      "https://storage.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/BUCKET_NAME/o/OBJECT_NAME/acl"

    其中:

    • JSON_FILE_NAME 是您在第 2 步中创建的文件的路径。
    • BUCKET_NAME 是包含待公开对象的存储桶的名称。例如 my-bucket
    • OBJECT_NAME 是您要公开的对象的网址编码名称。例如,pets/dog.png 的网址编码为 pets%2Fdog.png

XML API

  1. 安装并初始化 gcloud CLI,以便为 Authorization 标头生成访问令牌。

    或者,您可以创建访问令牌(使用 OAuth 2.0 Playground),并将其包含在 Authorization 标头中。

  2. 创建一个包含以下信息的 XML 文件:

    <AccessControlList>
      <Entries>
        <Entry>
          <Scope type="AllUsers"/>
          <Permission>READ</Permission>
        </Entry>
      </Entries>
    </AccessControlList>
  3. 使用 cURL,通过 Set Object ACL 请求调用 XML API

    curl -X PUT --data-binary @XML_FILE_NAME \
      -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
      "https://storage.googleapis.com/BUCKET_NAME/OBJECT_NAME?acl"

    其中:

    • XML_FILE_NAME 是您在第 2 步中创建的文件的路径。
    • BUCKET_NAME 是包含待公开对象的存储桶的名称。例如 my-bucket
    • OBJECT_NAME 是您要公开的对象的网址编码名称。例如,pets/dog.png 的网址编码为 pets%2Fdog.png

将存储桶中的所有对象设为可供公开读取

如需将存储桶中的所有对象设为可供公共互联网上的所有人读取,请为主账号 allUsers 授予 Storage Object Viewer (roles/storage.objectViewer) 角色:

控制台

  1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中,进入 Cloud Storage 存储桶页面。

    进入“存储桶”

  2. 在存储桶列表中,点击您要设为公开的存储桶的名称。

  3. 选择页面顶部附近的权限标签。

  4. 权限部分中,点击 授予访问权限按钮。

    系统会显示“授予访问权限”对话框。

  5. 新的主账号字段中,输入 allUsers

  6. 选择角色下拉列表的过滤条件框中输入 Storage Object Viewer,然后从过滤后的结果中选择 Storage Object Viewer

  7. 点击保存

  8. 点击允许公开访问

授予公开访问权限后,针对每个对象的复制网址将显示在“公开访问权限”列中。您可以点击此按钮以获取对象的公开网址。

如需了解如何在 Google Cloud 控制台中获取失败的 Cloud Storage 操作的详细错误信息,请参阅问题排查

命令行

  1. In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.

    Activate Cloud Shell

    At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment with the Google Cloud CLI already installed and with values already set for your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

  2. 在开发环境中,运行 buckets add-iam-policy-binding 命令:

    gcloud storage buckets add-iam-policy-binding gs://BUCKET_NAME --member=allUsers --role=roles/storage.objectViewer

    其中 BUCKET_NAME 是您要公开其对象的存储桶的名称。例如 my-bucket

客户端库

C++

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage C++ API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

namespace gcs = ::google::cloud::storage;
using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](gcs::Client client, std::string const& bucket_name) {
  auto current_policy = client.GetNativeBucketIamPolicy(
      bucket_name, gcs::RequestedPolicyVersion(3));
  if (!current_policy) throw std::move(current_policy).status();

  current_policy->set_version(3);
  current_policy->bindings().emplace_back(
      gcs::NativeIamBinding("roles/storage.objectViewer", {"allUsers"}));

  auto updated =
      client.SetNativeBucketIamPolicy(bucket_name, *current_policy);
  if (!updated) throw std::move(updated).status();

  std::cout << "Policy successfully updated: " << *updated << "\n";
}

C#

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage C# API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证


using Google.Apis.Storage.v1.Data;
using Google.Cloud.Storage.V1;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class MakeBucketPublicSample
{
    public void MakeBucketPublic(string bucketName = "your-unique-bucket-name")
    {
        var storage = StorageClient.Create();

        Policy policy = storage.GetBucketIamPolicy(bucketName);

        policy.Bindings.Add(new Policy.BindingsData
        {
            Role = "roles/storage.objectViewer",
            Members = new List<string> { "allUsers" }
        });

        storage.SetBucketIamPolicy(bucketName, policy);
        Console.WriteLine(bucketName + " is now public ");
    }
}

Go

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Go API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/iam"
	"cloud.google.com/go/storage"
	iampb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/iam/v1"
)

// setBucketPublicIAM makes all objects in a bucket publicly readable.
func setBucketPublicIAM(w io.Writer, bucketName string) error {
	// bucketName := "bucket-name"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := storage.NewClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("storage.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	policy, err := client.Bucket(bucketName).IAM().V3().Policy(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Bucket(%q).IAM().V3().Policy: %w", bucketName, err)
	}
	role := "roles/storage.objectViewer"
	policy.Bindings = append(policy.Bindings, &iampb.Binding{
		Role:    role,
		Members: []string{iam.AllUsers},
	})
	if err := client.Bucket(bucketName).IAM().V3().SetPolicy(ctx, policy); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Bucket(%q).IAM().SetPolicy: %w", bucketName, err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Bucket %v is now publicly readable\n", bucketName)
	return nil
}

Java

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Java API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

import com.google.cloud.Identity;
import com.google.cloud.Policy;
import com.google.cloud.storage.Storage;
import com.google.cloud.storage.StorageOptions;
import com.google.cloud.storage.StorageRoles;

public class MakeBucketPublic {
  public static void makeBucketPublic(String projectId, String bucketName) {
    // The ID of your GCP project
    // String projectId = "your-project-id";

    // The ID of your GCS bucket
    // String bucketName = "your-unique-bucket-name";

    Storage storage = StorageOptions.newBuilder().setProjectId(projectId).build().getService();
    Policy originalPolicy = storage.getIamPolicy(bucketName);
    storage.setIamPolicy(
        bucketName,
        originalPolicy
            .toBuilder()
            .addIdentity(StorageRoles.objectViewer(), Identity.allUsers()) // All users can view
            .build());

    System.out.println("Bucket " + bucketName + " is now publicly readable");
  }
}

Node.js

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Node.js API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// The ID of your GCS bucket
// const bucketName = 'your-unique-bucket-name';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Storage} = require('@google-cloud/storage');

// Creates a client
const storage = new Storage();

async function makeBucketPublic() {
  await storage.bucket(bucketName).makePublic();

  console.log(`Bucket ${bucketName} is now publicly readable`);
}

makeBucketPublic().catch(console.error);

PHP

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage PHP API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

use Google\Cloud\Storage\StorageClient;

/**
 * Update the specified bucket's IAM configuration to make it publicly accessible.
 *
 * @param string $bucketName The name of your Cloud Storage bucket.
 *        (e.g. 'my-bucket')
 */
function set_bucket_public_iam(string $bucketName): void
{
    $storage = new StorageClient();
    $bucket = $storage->bucket($bucketName);

    $policy = $bucket->iam()->policy(['requestedPolicyVersion' => 3]);
    $policy['version'] = 3;

    $role = 'roles/storage.objectViewer';
    $members = ['allUsers'];

    $policy['bindings'][] = [
        'role' => $role,
        'members' => $members
    ];

    $bucket->iam()->setPolicy($policy);

    printf('Bucket %s is now public', $bucketName);
}

Python

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Python API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

from typing import List

from google.cloud import storage


def set_bucket_public_iam(
    bucket_name: str = "your-bucket-name",
    members: List[str] = ["allUsers"],
):
    """Set a public IAM Policy to bucket"""
    # bucket_name = "your-bucket-name"

    storage_client = storage.Client()
    bucket = storage_client.bucket(bucket_name)

    policy = bucket.get_iam_policy(requested_policy_version=3)
    policy.bindings.append(
        {"role": "roles/storage.objectViewer", "members": members}
    )

    bucket.set_iam_policy(policy)

    print(f"Bucket {bucket.name} is now publicly readable")

Ruby

如需了解详情,请参阅 Cloud Storage Ruby API 参考文档

如需向 Cloud Storage 进行身份验证,请设置应用默认凭据。 如需了解详情,请参阅为本地开发环境设置身份验证

def set_bucket_public_iam bucket_name:
  # The ID of your GCS bucket
  # bucket_name = "your-unique-bucket-name"

  require "google/cloud/storage"

  storage = Google::Cloud::Storage.new
  bucket = storage.bucket bucket_name

  bucket.policy do |p|
    p.add "roles/storage.objectViewer", "allUsers"
  end

  puts "Bucket #{bucket_name} is now publicly readable"
end

Terraform

您可以使用 Terraform 资源将存储桶中的所有对象设为公开。

# Make bucket public
resource "google_storage_bucket_iam_member" "member" {
  provider = google
  bucket   = google_storage_bucket.default.name
  role     = "roles/storage.objectViewer"
  member   = "allUsers"
}

REST API

JSON API

  1. 安装并初始化 gcloud CLI,以便为 Authorization 标头生成访问令牌。

    或者,您可以创建访问令牌(使用 OAuth 2.0 Playground),并将其包含在 Authorization 标头中。

  2. 创建一个包含以下信息的 JSON 文件:

    {
      "bindings":[
        {
          "role": "roles/storage.objectViewer",
          "members":["allUsers"]
        }
      ]
    }
  3. 使用 cURL,通过 PUT Bucket 请求调用 JSON API

    curl -X PUT --data-binary @JSON_FILE_NAME \
      -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
      -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
      "https://storage.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/BUCKET_NAME/iam"

    其中:

    • JSON_FILE_NAME 是您在第 2 步中创建的文件的路径。
    • BUCKET_NAME 是您要公开其对象的存储桶的名称。例如 my-bucket

XML API

XML API 不支持将存储桶中的所有对象设为可供公开读取。使用 Google Cloud 控制台或 gcloud storage

后续步骤