使用入门:在 Node.js 中使用 Spanner


目标

本教程将介绍如何使用适用于 Node.js 的 Spanner 客户端库完成以下步骤:

  • 创建 Spanner 实例和数据库。
  • 写入、读取数据库中的数据和对数据执行 SQL 查询。
  • 更新数据库架构。
  • 使用读写事务更新数据。
  • 向数据库添加二级索引。
  • 使用索引来读取数据和对数据执行 SQL 查询。
  • 使用只读事务检索数据。

费用

本教程使用 Spanner,它是 Google Cloud 的收费组件。如需了解 Spanner 的使用费用,请参阅价格

准备工作

完成设置中介绍的步骤,包括创建和设置默认 Google Cloud 项目、启用结算功能、启用 Cloud Spanner API 以及设置 OAuth 2.0 来获取身份验证凭据以使用 Cloud Spanner API。

尤其要确保运行 gcloud auth application-default login,以便使用身份验证凭据设置本地开发环境。

准备本地 Node.js 环境

  1. 按照步骤设置 Node.js 开发环境

  2. 将示例应用代码库克隆到本地机器上:

    git clone https://github.com/googleapis/nodejs-spanner
    

    或者,您也可以以 zip 文件的形式下载该示例并将其解压缩。

  3. 切换到包含 Spanner 示例代码的目录:

    cd samples/
    
  4. 使用 npm 安装依赖项:

    npm install
    

创建实例

首次使用 Spanner 时,您必须创建一个实例,用于分配 Spanner 数据库所使用的资源。创建实例时,请选择一个实例配置(决定数据的存储位置),同时选择要使用的节点数(决定实例中服务资源和存储资源的数量)。

执行以下命令,在区域 us-central1 中创建具有 1 个节点的 Spanner 实例:

gcloud spanner instances create test-instance --config=regional-us-central1 \
    --description="Test Instance" --nodes=1

请注意,此命令将创建一个具有以下特征的实例:

  • 实例 ID 为 test-instance
  • 显示名为 Test Instance
  • 实例配置为 regional-us-central1(单区域配置将数据存储在单个区域中,而多区域配置则将数据分布在多个区域中。如需了解详情,请参阅关于实例。)
  • 节点数为 1(node_count 对应于实例中数据库可用的服务资源和存储资源的数量。如需了解详情,请参阅节点和处理单元。)

您应该会看到:

Creating instance...done.

浏览示例文件

示例代码库包含一个示例,其展示了如何在 Node.js 中使用 Spanner。

请浏览 samples/schema.js 文件,其中说明了如何创建数据库和修改数据库架构。该数据使用架构和数据模型页面中显示的示例架构。

创建数据库

通过在命令行运行以下命令,在名为 test-instance 的实例中创建名为 example-db 的数据库。

node schema.js createDatabase test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

Created database example-db on instance test-instance.

以下代码会在数据库中创建一个数据库和两个表。


/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectID,
});

const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

const createSingersTableStatement = `
CREATE TABLE Singers (
  SingerId    INT64 NOT NULL,
  FirstName   STRING(1024),
  LastName    STRING(1024),
  SingerInfo  BYTES(MAX),
  FullName    STRING(2048) AS (ARRAY_TO_STRING([FirstName, LastName], " ")) STORED,
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId)`;
const createAlbumsTableStatement = `
CREATE TABLE Albums (
  SingerId    INT64 NOT NULL,
  AlbumId     INT64 NOT NULL,
  AlbumTitle  STRING(MAX)
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId, AlbumId),
INTERLEAVE IN PARENT Singers ON DELETE CASCADE`;

// Creates a new database
try {
  const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.createDatabase({
    createStatement: 'CREATE DATABASE `' + databaseID + '`',
    extraStatements: [
      createSingersTableStatement,
      createAlbumsTableStatement,
    ],
    parent: databaseAdminClient.instancePath(projectID, instanceID),
  });

  console.log(`Waiting for creation of ${databaseID} to complete...`);
  await operation.promise();

  console.log(`Created database ${databaseID} on instance ${instanceID}.`);
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
}

下一步是将数据写入数据库。

创建数据库客户端

您必须先创建一个 Database,然后才能执行读写操作:

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({projectId});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

// The query to execute
const query = {
  sql: 'SELECT 1',
};

// Execute a simple SQL statement
const [rows] = await database.run(query);
console.log(`Query: ${rows.length} found.`);
rows.forEach(row => console.log(row));

您可以将 Database 视为数据库连接:您与 Spanner 的所有交互都必须通过 Database 进行。通常,您可以在应用启动时创建 Database,然后重复使用该 Database 来读取、写入和执行事务。每个客户端均使用 Spanner 中的资源。

如果您在同一应用中创建多个客户端,则应调用 Database.close() 来清理客户端的资源,包括网络连接(一旦不再需要这些资源就立即清理)。

如需了解详情,请参阅 Database 参考文档。

使用 DML 写入数据

您可以在读写事务中使用数据操纵语言 (DML) 插入数据。

使用 runUpdate() 方法来执行 DML 语句。

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

database.runTransaction(async (err, transaction) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error(err);
    return;
  }
  try {
    const [rowCount] = await transaction.runUpdate({
      sql: `INSERT Singers (SingerId, FirstName, LastName) VALUES
      (12, 'Melissa', 'Garcia'),
      (13, 'Russell', 'Morales'),
      (14, 'Jacqueline', 'Long'),
      (15, 'Dylan', 'Shaw')`,
    });
    console.log(`${rowCount} records inserted.`);
    await transaction.commit();
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  } finally {
    // Close the database when finished.
    database.close();
  }
});

使用 writeUsingDml 参数运行示例。

node dml.js writeUsingDml test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

4 records inserted.

使用变更写入数据

您还可以使用变更插入数据。

您可以使用 Table 对象来写入数据。Table.insert() 方法将向表中添加新行。单个批处理中的所有插入均以原子方式应用。

此代码演示了如何使用变更写入数据:

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

// Instantiate Spanner table objects
const singersTable = database.table('Singers');
const albumsTable = database.table('Albums');

// Inserts rows into the Singers table
// Note: Cloud Spanner interprets Node.js numbers as FLOAT64s, so
// they must be converted to strings before being inserted as INT64s
try {
  await singersTable.insert([
    {SingerId: '1', FirstName: 'Marc', LastName: 'Richards'},
    {SingerId: '2', FirstName: 'Catalina', LastName: 'Smith'},
    {SingerId: '3', FirstName: 'Alice', LastName: 'Trentor'},
    {SingerId: '4', FirstName: 'Lea', LastName: 'Martin'},
    {SingerId: '5', FirstName: 'David', LastName: 'Lomond'},
  ]);

  await albumsTable.insert([
    {SingerId: '1', AlbumId: '1', AlbumTitle: 'Total Junk'},
    {SingerId: '1', AlbumId: '2', AlbumTitle: 'Go, Go, Go'},
    {SingerId: '2', AlbumId: '1', AlbumTitle: 'Green'},
    {SingerId: '2', AlbumId: '2', AlbumTitle: 'Forever Hold your Peace'},
    {SingerId: '2', AlbumId: '3', AlbumTitle: 'Terrified'},
  ]);

  console.log('Inserted data.');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  await database.close();
}

使用 insert 参数运行示例。

node crud.js insert test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

Inserted data.

使用 SQL 查询数据

Spanner 支持用于读取数据的 SQL 接口,您可以使用 Google Cloud CLI 在命令行上访问该接口,也可以使用适用于 Node.js 的 Spanner 客户端库以编程方式访问数据。

在命令行中

执行以下 SQL 语句,读取 Albums 表中所有列的值:

gcloud spanner database execute-sql example-db --instance=test-instance \ --sql='SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle FROMAlbums'

结果应为:

SingerId AlbumId AlbumTitle
1        1       Total Junk
1        2       Go, Go, Go
2        1       Green
2        2       Forever Hold Your Peace
2        3       Terrified

使用 Node.js 版 Spanner 客户端库

除了在命令行上执行 SQL 语句外,还可以使用适用于 Node.js 的 Spanner 客户端库以编程方式发出相同的 SQL 语句。

使用 Database.run() 运行 SQL 查询。

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const query = {
  sql: 'SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle FROM Albums',
};

// Queries rows from the Albums table
try {
  const [rows] = await database.run(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(
      `SingerId: ${json.SingerId}, AlbumId: ${json.AlbumId}, AlbumTitle: ${json.AlbumTitle}`
    );
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  await database.close();
}

下面演示了如何发出查询并访问数据:

node crud.js query test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到以下结果:

SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Total Junk
SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Go, Go, Go
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Green
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Forever Hold your Peace
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 3, AlbumTitle: Terrified

使用 SQL 参数进行查询

如果您的应用具有频繁执行的查询,您可以通过参数化来提高其性能。生成的参数查询可以缓存并重复使用,从而降低编译成本。如需了解详情,请参阅使用查询参数加快频繁执行的查询

以下示例展示了如何在 WHERE 子句中使用参数,查询包含 LastName 的特定值的记录。

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const query = {
  sql: `SELECT SingerId, FirstName, LastName
        FROM Singers WHERE LastName = @lastName`,
  params: {
    lastName: 'Garcia',
  },
};

// Queries rows from the Albums table
try {
  const [rows] = await database.run(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(
      `SingerId: ${json.SingerId}, FirstName: ${json.FirstName}, LastName: ${json.LastName}`
    );
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

下面演示了如何发出查询并访问数据:

node dml.js queryWithParameter test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到以下结果:

SingerId: 12, FirstName: Melissa, LastName: Garcia

使用读取 API 读取数据

除了 Spanner 的 SQL 接口之外,Spanner 还支持读取接口。

使用 Table.read() 从数据库中读取行。使用 KeySet 对象定义要读取的键和键范围的集合。

下面演示了如何读取数据:

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

// Reads rows from the Albums table
const albumsTable = database.table('Albums');

const query = {
  columns: ['SingerId', 'AlbumId', 'AlbumTitle'],
  keySet: {
    all: true,
  },
};

try {
  const [rows] = await albumsTable.read(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(
      `SingerId: ${json.SingerId}, AlbumId: ${json.AlbumId}, AlbumTitle: ${json.AlbumTitle}`
    );
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  await database.close();
}

使用 read 参数运行示例。

node crud.js read test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您看到的输出结果应该类似于以下内容:

SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Total Junk
SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Go, Go, Go
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Green
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Forever Hold your Peace
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 3, AlbumTitle: Terrified

更新数据库架构

假设您需要将名为 MarketingBudget 的新列添加到 Albums 表。向现有表添加新列需要更新数据库架构。Spanner 支持在数据库继续处理流量的同时,对数据库进行架构更新。架构更新不需要使数据库离线,也不会锁定整个表或列;在架构更新期间,您可以继续将数据写入数据库。如需详细了解支持的架构更新和架构更改性能,请参阅进行架构更新

添加列

您可以使用 Google Cloud CLI 在命令行中添加列,也可以使用适用于 Node.js 的 Spanner 客户端库以编程方式添加列。

在命令行中

使用以下 ALTER TABLE 命令向表添加新列:

GoogleSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64'

PostgreSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget BIGINT'

您应该会看到:

Schema updating...done.

使用 Node.js 版 Spanner 客户端库

使用 Database.updateSchema 修改架构:


/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

// Creates a new index in the database
try {
  const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
    database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
    statements: ['ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64'],
  });

  console.log('Waiting for operation to complete...');
  await operation.promise();

  console.log('Added the MarketingBudget column.');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the spanner client when finished.
  // The databaseAdminClient does not require explicit closure. The closure of the Spanner client will automatically close the databaseAdminClient.
  spanner.close();
}

使用 addColumn 参数运行示例。

node schema.js addColumn test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

Added the MarketingBudget column.

将数据写入新列

以下代码可将数据写入新列。对于键分别为 Albums(1, 1)Albums(2, 2) 的行,该代码会将 MarketingBudget 分别设置为 100000500000

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

// Update a row in the Albums table
// Note: Cloud Spanner interprets Node.js numbers as FLOAT64s, so they
// must be converted to strings before being inserted as INT64s
const albumsTable = database.table('Albums');

try {
  await albumsTable.update([
    {SingerId: '1', AlbumId: '1', MarketingBudget: '100000'},
    {SingerId: '2', AlbumId: '2', MarketingBudget: '500000'},
  ]);
  console.log('Updated data.');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

使用 update 参数运行示例。

node crud.js update test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

Updated data.

您还可以执行 SQL 查询或读取调用来获取刚才写入的值。

以下是执行查询的代码:

// This sample uses the `MarketingBudget` column. You can add the column
// by running the `add_column` sample or by running this DDL statement against
// your database:
//    ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const query = {
  sql: 'SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, MarketingBudget FROM Albums',
};

// Queries rows from the Albums table
try {
  const [rows] = await database.run(query);

  rows.forEach(async row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();

    console.log(
      `SingerId: ${json.SingerId}, AlbumId: ${
        json.AlbumId
      }, MarketingBudget: ${
        json.MarketingBudget ? json.MarketingBudget : null
      }`
    );
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

如需执行此查询,请使用 queryNewColumn 参数运行示例。

node schema.js queryNewColumn test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1, MarketingBudget: 100000
SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 2, MarketingBudget: null
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 1, MarketingBudget: null
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2, MarketingBudget: 500000
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 3, MarketingBudget: null

更新数据

您可以在读写事务中使用 DML 来更新数据。

使用 runUpdate() 方法来执行 DML 语句。

// This sample transfers 200,000 from the MarketingBudget field
// of the second Album to the first Album, as long as the second
// Album has enough money in its budget. Make sure to run the
// addColumn and updateData samples first (in that order).

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const transferAmount = 200000;

database.runTransaction((err, transaction) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error(err);
    return;
  }
  let firstBudget, secondBudget;
  const queryOne = `SELECT MarketingBudget FROM Albums
    WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 2`;

  const queryTwo = `SELECT MarketingBudget FROM Albums
  WHERE SingerId = 1 AND AlbumId = 1`;

  Promise.all([
    // Reads the second album's budget
    transaction.run(queryOne).then(results => {
      // Gets second album's budget
      const rows = results[0].map(row => row.toJSON());
      secondBudget = rows[0].MarketingBudget;
      console.log(`The second album's marketing budget: ${secondBudget}`);

      // Makes sure the second album's budget is large enough
      if (secondBudget < transferAmount) {
        throw new Error(
          `The second album's budget (${secondBudget}) is less than the transfer amount (${transferAmount}).`
        );
      }
    }),

    // Reads the first album's budget
    transaction.run(queryTwo).then(results => {
      // Gets first album's budget
      const rows = results[0].map(row => row.toJSON());
      firstBudget = rows[0].MarketingBudget;
      console.log(`The first album's marketing budget: ${firstBudget}`);
    }),
  ])
    .then(() => {
      // Transfers the budgets between the albums
      console.log(firstBudget, secondBudget);
      firstBudget += transferAmount;
      secondBudget -= transferAmount;

      console.log(firstBudget, secondBudget);

      // Updates the database
      // Note: Cloud Spanner interprets Node.js numbers as FLOAT64s, so they
      // must be converted (back) to strings before being inserted as INT64s.

      return transaction
        .runUpdate({
          sql: `UPDATE Albums SET MarketingBudget = @Budget
              WHERE SingerId = 1 and AlbumId = 1`,
          params: {
            Budget: firstBudget,
          },
        })
        .then(() =>
          transaction.runUpdate({
            sql: `UPDATE Albums SET MarketingBudget = @Budget
                  WHERE SingerId = 2 and AlbumId = 2`,
            params: {
              Budget: secondBudget,
            },
          })
        );
    })
    .then(() => {
      // Commits the transaction and send the changes to the database
      return transaction.commit();
    })
    .then(() => {
      console.log(
        `Successfully executed read-write transaction using DML to transfer ${transferAmount} from Album 2 to Album 1.`
      );
    })
    .then(() => {
      // Closes the database when finished
      database.close();
    });
});

使用 writeWithTransactionUsingDml 参数运行示例。

node dml.js writeWithTransactionUsingDml test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

Successfully executed read-write transaction using DML to transfer $200000 from Album 2 to Album 1.

使用二级索引

假设您想要提取 Albums 表中 AlbumTitle 值在特定范围内的所有行。您可以使用 SQL 语句或读取调用读取 AlbumTitle 列中的所有值,然后舍弃不符合条件的行。不过,执行全表扫描费用高昂,特别是对内含大量行的表来说更是如此。相反,如果对表创建二级索引,按非主键列进行搜索,则可以提高行检索速度。

向现有表添加二级索引需要更新架构。与其他架构更新一样,Spanner 支持在数据库继续处理流量的同时添加索引。Spanner 会使用您的现有数据自动回填索引。回填可能需要几分钟时间才能完成,但在此过程中,您无需使数据库离线,也无需避免写入已编入索引的表。如需了解详情,请参阅添加二级索引

添加二级索引后,Spanner 会自动将其用于 SQL 查询,使用该索引后,查询运行速度可能会更快。如果使用读取接口,则必须指定要使用的索引。

添加二级索引

您可以使用 gcloud CLI 在命令行上添加索引,也可以使用适用于 Node.js 的 Spanner 客户端库以编程方式添加索引。

在命令行中

使用以下 CREATE INDEX 命令向数据库添加索引:

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='CREATE INDEX AlbumsByAlbumTitle ON Albums(AlbumTitle)'

您应该会看到:

Schema updating...done.

使用 Node.js 版 Spanner 客户端库

使用 Database.updateSchema() 添加索引:

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

const request = ['CREATE INDEX AlbumsByAlbumTitle ON Albums(AlbumTitle)'];

// Creates a new index in the database
try {
  const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
    database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
    statements: request,
  });

  console.log('Waiting for operation to complete...');
  await operation.promise();

  console.log('Added the AlbumsByAlbumTitle index.');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the spanner client when finished.
  // The databaseAdminClient does not require explicit closure. The closure of the Spanner client will automatically close the databaseAdminClient.
  spanner.close();
}

使用 createIndex 参数运行示例。

node indexing.js createIndex test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

添加索引可能需要几分钟时间。添加索引后,您应该会看到:

Added the AlbumsByAlbumTitle index.

使用索引进行读取

对于 SQL 查询,Spanner 会自动使用适当的索引。在读取接口中,您必须在请求中指定索引。

要在读取接口中使用索引,请使用 Table.read() 方法。

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const albumsTable = database.table('Albums');

const query = {
  columns: ['AlbumId', 'AlbumTitle'],
  keySet: {
    all: true,
  },
  index: 'AlbumsByAlbumTitle',
};

// Reads the Albums table using an index
try {
  const [rows] = await albumsTable.read(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(`AlbumId: ${json.AlbumId}, AlbumTitle: ${json.AlbumTitle}`);
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

使用 readIndex 参数运行示例。

node indexing.js readIndex test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Forever Hold your Peace
AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Go, Go, Go
AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Green
AlbumId: 3, AlbumTitle: Terrified
AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Total Junk

为仅索引读取添加索引

您可能已经注意到,前面的读取示例不包括读取 MarketingBudget 列的内容。这是因为 Spanner 的读取接口不支持将索引与数据表联接以查找未存储在索引中的值。

请创建 AlbumsByAlbumTitle 的备用定义,用于将 MarketingBudget 的副本存储到索引中。

在命令行中

GoogleSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='CREATE INDEX AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 ON Albums(AlbumTitle) STORING (MarketingBudget)

PostgreSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update example-db --instance=test-instance \
    --ddl='CREATE INDEX AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 ON Albums(AlbumTitle) INCLUDE (MarketingBudget)

添加索引可能需要几分钟时间。添加索引后,您应该会看到:

Schema updating...done.

使用 Node.js 版 Spanner 客户端库

使用 Database.updateSchema() 通过 STORING 子句添加索引:

// "Storing" indexes store copies of the columns they index
// This speeds up queries, but takes more space compared to normal indexes
// See the link below for more information:
// https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/secondary-indexes#storing_clause

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

const request = [
  'CREATE INDEX AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 ON Albums(AlbumTitle) STORING (MarketingBudget)',
];

// Creates a new index in the database
try {
  const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
    database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
    statements: request,
  });

  console.log('Waiting for operation to complete...');
  await operation.promise();

  console.log('Added the AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 index.');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the spanner client when finished.
  // The databaseAdminClient does not require explicit closure. The closure of the Spanner client will automatically close the databaseAdminClient.
  spanner.close();
}

使用 createStoringIndex 参数运行示例。

node indexing.js createStoringIndex test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您应该会看到:

Added the AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 index.

现在,当您执行读取操作时便可从 AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 索引中提取所有 AlbumIdAlbumTitleMarketingBudget 列:

// "Storing" indexes store copies of the columns they index
// This speeds up queries, but takes more space compared to normal indexes
// See the link below for more information:
// https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/secondary-indexes#storing_clause

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const albumsTable = database.table('Albums');

const query = {
  columns: ['AlbumId', 'AlbumTitle', 'MarketingBudget'],
  keySet: {
    all: true,
  },
  index: 'AlbumsByAlbumTitle2',
};

// Reads the Albums table using a storing index
try {
  const [rows] = await albumsTable.read(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    let rowString = `AlbumId: ${json.AlbumId}`;
    rowString += `, AlbumTitle: ${json.AlbumTitle}`;
    if (json.MarketingBudget) {
      rowString += `, MarketingBudget: ${json.MarketingBudget}`;
    }
    console.log(rowString);
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

使用 readStoringIndex 参数运行示例。

node indexing.js readStoringIndex test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您看到的输出结果应该类似于以下内容:

AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Forever Hold your Peace, MarketingBudget: 300000
AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Go, Go, Go, MarketingBudget: null
AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Green, MarketingBudget: null
AlbumId: 3, AlbumTitle: Terrified, MarketingBudget: null
AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Total Junk, MarketingBudget: 300000

使用只读事务检索数据

假设您要在同一时间戳执行多个读取操作。只读事务会遵从一致的事务提交历史记录前缀,因此您的应用始终可获得一致的数据。 使用 Database.runTransaction() 执行只读事务。

下面演示了如何运行查询并在同一只读事务中执行读取操作:

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

// Gets a transaction object that captures the database state
// at a specific point in time
database.getSnapshot(async (err, transaction) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error(err);
    return;
  }
  const queryOne = 'SELECT SingerId, AlbumId, AlbumTitle FROM Albums';

  try {
    // Read #1, using SQL
    const [qOneRows] = await transaction.run(queryOne);

    qOneRows.forEach(row => {
      const json = row.toJSON();
      console.log(
        `SingerId: ${json.SingerId}, AlbumId: ${json.AlbumId}, AlbumTitle: ${json.AlbumTitle}`
      );
    });

    const queryTwo = {
      columns: ['SingerId', 'AlbumId', 'AlbumTitle'],
    };

    // Read #2, using the `read` method. Even if changes occur
    // in-between the reads, the transaction ensures that both
    // return the same data.
    const [qTwoRows] = await transaction.read('Albums', queryTwo);

    qTwoRows.forEach(row => {
      const json = row.toJSON();
      console.log(
        `SingerId: ${json.SingerId}, AlbumId: ${json.AlbumId}, AlbumTitle: ${json.AlbumTitle}`
      );
    });

    console.log('Successfully executed read-only transaction.');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  } finally {
    transaction.end();
    // Close the database when finished.
    await database.close();
  }
});

使用 readOnly 参数运行示例。

node transaction.js readOnly test-instance example-db MY_PROJECT_ID

您看到的输出结果应该类似于以下内容:

SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Forever Hold your Peace
SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Go, Go, Go
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Green
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 3, AlbumTitle: Terrified
SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Total Junk
SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Go, Go, Go
SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Total Junk
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: Green
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: Forever Hold your Peace
SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 3, AlbumTitle: Terrified
Successfully executed read-only transaction.

清理

为避免因本教程中使用的资源导致您的 Google Cloud 账号产生额外费用,请删除数据库和您创建的实例。

删除数据库

如果您删除一个实例,则该实例中的所有数据库都会自动删除。 本步骤演示了如何在不删除实例的情况下删除数据库(您仍需为该实例付费)。

在命令行中

gcloud spanner databases delete example-db --instance=test-instance

使用 Google Cloud 控制台

  1. 转到 Google Cloud 控制台中的 Spanner 实例页面。

    转到“实例”页面

  2. 点击实例。

  3. 点击您想删除的数据库。

  4. 数据库详细信息页面中,点击删除

  5. 确认您要删除数据库并点击删除

删除实例

删除实例会自动删除在该实例中创建的所有数据库。

在命令行中

gcloud spanner instances delete test-instance

使用 Google Cloud 控制台

  1. 转到 Google Cloud 控制台中的 Spanner 实例页面。

    转到“实例”页面

  2. 点击您的实例。

  3. 点击删除

  4. 确认您要删除实例并点击删除

后续步骤