Utilizzare i dati JSONB

Questa pagina descrive come utilizzare il tipo di dati JSONB quando utilizzi Spanner.

JSONB è un tipo di dati PostgreSQL utilizzato per memorizzare dati semistrutturati nel dialetto PostgreSQL di Spanner. JSONB conserva i dati in formato JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), che segue le specifiche descritto in RFC 7159.

Specifiche

Il tipo di dati JSONB di Spanner archivia una rappresentazione normalizzata di il documento di input. Ciò implica quanto segue:

  • Le virgolette e gli spazi vuoti non vengono conservati.
  • I commenti non sono supportati. Le transazioni o le query con commenti non vanno a buon fine.
  • Le chiavi degli oggetti vengono ordinate prima in base alla lunghezza della chiave e poi in ordine grammaticale lunghezza della chiave dell'oggetto equivalente. Se sono presenti chiavi oggetto duplicate, solo l'ultima ne viene conservata una.
  • I tipi primitivi (string, boolean, number e null) hanno il proprio tipo e il valore viene mantenuto.
    • I valori di tipo string vengono conservati esattamente.
    • Gli zeri finali vengono conservati. Il formato di output per i valori di tipo number non utilizza la notazione scientifica.
  • I valori null JSONB vengono trattati come SQL non NULL. Ad esempio:

    SELECT null::jsonb IS NULL;  -- Returns true
    SELECT 'null'::jsonb IS NULL; -- Returns false
    
    SELECT '{"a":null}'::jsonb -> 'a' IS NULL; -- Returns false
    SELECT '{"a":null}'::jsonb -> 'b' IS NULL; -- Returns true
    
    SELECT '{"a":null}'::jsonb -> 'a'; -- Returns a JSONB 'null'
    SELECT '{"a":null}'::jsonb -> 'b'; -- Returns a SQL NULL
    
  • L'ordine degli elementi dell'array JSONB viene mantenuto.

Limitazioni

Con Spanner JSONB si applicano le seguenti limitazioni:

  • Gli argomenti alla funzione to_jsonb possono provenire solo da PostgreSQL i tipi di dati supportati da Spanner.
  • I valori del tipo di numero possono contenere 4932 cifre prima del punto decimale e 16.383 cifre dopo la virgola decimale.
  • La dimensione massima consentita del formato di archiviazione normalizzato è 10 MB.
  • I documenti JSONB devono essere codificati in UTF-8. Transazioni o query con JSONB i documenti codificati in altri formati restituiscono un errore.

Crea una tabella con colonne JSONB

Puoi aggiungere una colonna JSONB a una tabella quando la crei.

CREATE TABLE Venues (
 VenueId   BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
 VenueName  VARCHAR(1024),
 VenueAddress VARCHAR(1024),
 VenueFeatures JSONB,
 DateOpened  TIMESTAMPTZ
);

Di seguito è riportato un esempio di oggetto VenueFeatures JSONB:

{
    "rating": 4.5,
    "capacity":"1500",
    "construction":"brick",
    "tags": [
        "multi-cuisine",
        "open-seating",
        "stage",
        "public address system"
    ]
}

Aggiungere e rimuovere colonne JSONB dalle tabelle esistenti

Puoi aggiungere una colonna JSONB e rilasciarla utilizzando le istruzioni ALTER nel seguente modo:

ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB;
ALTER TABLE Venues DROP COLUMN VenueDetails;

L'esempio seguente mostra come aggiungere una colonna JSONB denominata VenueDetails alla tabella Venues utilizzando le librerie client Spanner.

C++

void JsonbAddColumn(google::cloud::spanner_admin::DatabaseAdminClient client,
                    google::cloud::spanner::Database const& database) {
  std::vector<std::string> statements = {
      R"""(
        ALTER TABLE Venues
            ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB
      )""",
  };
  auto metadata =
      client.UpdateDatabaseDdl(database.FullName(), statements).get();
  if (!metadata) throw std::move(metadata).status();
  std::cout << "Added JSONB column to table Venues in database "
            << database.FullName() << "\nNew DDL:\n"
            << metadata->DebugString();
}

C#


using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class AddJsonbColumnAsyncPostgresSample
{
    public async Task AddJsonbColumnAsyncPostgres(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        string alterStatement = $"ALTER TABLE VenueDetails ADD COLUMN Details JSONB";

        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var ddlCmd = connection.CreateDdlCommand(alterStatement);
        await ddlCmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        Console.WriteLine($"Added the JSONB column named Details to VenueDetails table.");
    }
}

Vai


import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"regexp"

	database "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1"
	adminpb "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1/databasepb"
)

// addJsonBColumn creates a column in the database of type JSONB
func addJsonBColumn(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	// db = `projects/<project>/instances/<instance-id>/database/<database-id>`
	matches := regexp.MustCompile("^(.*)/databases/(.*)$").FindStringSubmatch(db)
	if matches == nil || len(matches) != 3 {
		return fmt.Errorf("addJsonbColumn: invalid database id %s", db)
	}

	ctx := context.Background()
	adminClient, err := database.NewDatabaseAdminClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer adminClient.Close()

	op, err := adminClient.UpdateDatabaseDdl(ctx, &adminpb.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest{
		Database: db,
		Statements: []string{
			"ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB",
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Added VenueDetails column\n")
	return nil
}

Java


import com.google.cloud.spanner.Spanner;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminClient;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseName;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

class AddJsonbColumnSample {

  static void addJsonbColumn() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project";
    String instanceId = "my-instance";
    String databaseId = "my-database";

    addJsonbColumn(projectId, instanceId, databaseId);
  }

  static void addJsonbColumn(String projectId, String instanceId, String databaseId)
      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
    try (Spanner spanner =
        SpannerOptions.newBuilder()
            .setProjectId(projectId)
            .build()
            .getService();
        DatabaseAdminClient databaseAdminClient = spanner.createDatabaseAdminClient()) {
      // JSONB datatype is only supported with PostgreSQL-dialect databases.
      // Wait for the operation to finish.
      // This will throw an ExecutionException if the operation fails.
      databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdlAsync(
          DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId),
          ImmutableList.of("ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB")).get();
      System.out.printf("Successfully added column `VenueDetails`%n");
    }
  }
}

Node.js

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';

// Imports the Google Cloud Spanner client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// Instantiates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

async function pgJsonbAddColumn() {
  // Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner Database Admin Client object
  const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

  const request = ['ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB'];

  // Updates schema by adding a new table.
  const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
    database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
    statements: request,
  });
  console.log(`Waiting for operation on ${databaseId} to complete...`);
  await operation.promise();
  console.log(
    `Added jsonb column to table venues to database ${databaseId}.`
  );
}
pgJsonbAddColumn();

PHP

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\Client\DatabaseAdminClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest;

/**
 * Add a JSONB column to a table present in a PG Spanner database.
 *
 * @param string $projectId The Google Cloud project ID.
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 * @param string $tableName The table in which the column needs to be added.
 */
function pg_add_jsonb_column(
    string $projectId,
    string $instanceId,
    string $databaseId,
    string $tableName = 'Venues'
): void {
    $databaseAdminClient = new DatabaseAdminClient();
    $databaseName = DatabaseAdminClient::databaseName($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);
    $statement = sprintf('ALTER TABLE %s ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB', $tableName);
    $request = new UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest([
        'database' => $databaseName,
        'statements' => [$statement]
    ]);

    $operation = $databaseAdminClient->updateDatabaseDdl($request);

    print('Waiting for operation to complete...' . PHP_EOL);
    $operation->pollUntilComplete();

    print(sprintf('Added column VenueDetails on table %s.', $tableName) . PHP_EOL);
}

Python

def add_jsonb_column(instance_id, database_id):
    """
    Alters Venues tables in the database adding a JSONB column.
    You can create the table by running the `create_table_with_datatypes`
    sample or by running this DDL statement against your database:
    CREATE TABLE Venues (
      VenueId         BIGINT NOT NULL,
      VenueName       character varying(100),
      VenueInfo       BYTEA,
      Capacity        BIGINT,
      OutdoorVenue    BOOL,
      PopularityScore FLOAT8,
      Revenue         NUMERIC,
      LastUpdateTime  SPANNER.COMMIT_TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (VenueId))
    """
    # instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
    # database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"

    from google.cloud.spanner_admin_database_v1.types import \
        spanner_database_admin

    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    database_admin_api = spanner_client.database_admin_api

    request = spanner_database_admin.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest(
        database=database_admin_api.database_path(
            spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
        ),
        statements=["ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB"],
    )

    operation = database_admin_api.update_database_ddl(request)

    print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
    operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)

    print(
        'Altered table "Venues" on database {} on instance {}.'.format(
            database_id, instance_id
        )
    )

Ruby

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_postgresql_jsonb_add_column project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:
  # project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
  # instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
  # database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"


  # Show how to add JSONB column
  db_admin_client = Google::Cloud::Spanner::Admin::Database.database_admin project: project_id

  db_path = db_admin_client.database_path project: project_id,
                                          instance: instance_id,
                                          database: database_id

  add_column_query = "ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB"

  job = db_admin_client.update_database_ddl database: db_path,
                                            statements: [add_column_query]

  job.wait_until_done!

  if job.error?
    puts "Error while adding column. Code: #{job.error.code}. Message: #{job.error.message}"
    raise GRPC::BadStatus.new(job.error.code, job.error.message)
  end

  puts "Added Venues column to VenueDetails table in database #{database_id}"
end

Modificare i dati JSONB

Puoi modificare una colonna JSONB come faresti con qualsiasi altra colonna.

Ecco un esempio:

UPDATE Venues SET VenueFeatures = '{"rating": 4.5, "tags":["multi-cuisine", "open-seating"] }'
  WHERE VenueId = 1;

L'esempio seguente mostra come aggiornare i dati di JSONB utilizzando librerie client di Spanner.

C++

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per eseguire l'autenticazione su Spanner, configura Credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

void JsonbUpdateData(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  auto venue19_details = google::cloud::spanner::JsonB(R"""(
        {"rating": 9, "open": true}
      )""");
  // PG.JSONB takes the last value in the case of duplicate keys.
  auto venue4_details = google::cloud::spanner::JsonB(R"""(
        [
          {"name": null, "available": true},
          {"name": "room 2", "available": false, "name": "room 3"},
          {
            "main hall": {
              "description": "this is the biggest space",
              "size": 200
            }
          }
        ]
      )""");
  auto venue42_details = google::cloud::spanner::JsonB(R"""(
        {
          "name": null,
          "open": {"Monday": true, "Tuesday": false},
          "tags": ["large", "airy"]
        }
      )""");
  auto update_venues = google::cloud::spanner::InsertOrUpdateMutationBuilder(
                           "Venues", {"VenueId", "VenueDetails"})
                           .EmplaceRow(19, venue19_details)
                           .EmplaceRow(4, venue4_details)
                           .EmplaceRow(42, venue42_details)
                           .Build();
  auto commit_result =
      client.Commit(google::cloud::spanner::Mutations{update_venues});
  if (!commit_result) throw std::move(commit_result).status();
  std::cout << "Updated data.\n";
}

C#

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.


using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class UpdateDataWithJsonbAsyncPostgresSample
{
    public async Task UpdateDataWithJsonbAsyncPostgres(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        List<VenueInformation> venueInformationList = new List<VenueInformation>
        {
            // If you are using .NET Core 3.1 or later, you can use System.Text.Json for serialization instead.
            new VenueInformation
            {
                VenueId = 19,
                Details = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new
                {
                    rating = 9,
                    open = true,
                })
            },
            new VenueInformation
            {
                VenueId = 4,
                // In the case of repeated field names in the JSON, PostgreSQL JSONB will keep the value of the last field appearance.
                // For instance, in the following example, the value for name will be room 3.
                Details = @"
                {
                    ""name"": ""room 2"",
                    ""available"": false,
                    ""name"": ""room 3""
                }"
            },
            new VenueInformation
            {
                VenueId = 42,
                Details = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new
                {
                    name = "Central Park",
                    open = new
                    {
                        Monday = true,
                        Tuesday = false,
                    },
                    tags = new string[] {"large", "airy" },
                }),
            },
        };
        // Create connection to Cloud Spanner.
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        await connection.OpenAsync();

        await Task.WhenAll(venueInformationList.Select(venue =>
        {
            // Update rows in the Venues table.
            using var cmd = connection.CreateUpdateCommand("VenueInformation", new SpannerParameterCollection
            {
                { "VenueId", SpannerDbType.Int64, venue.VenueId },
                { "Details", SpannerDbType.PgJsonb, venue.Details }
            });
            return cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        }));
        Console.WriteLine("Data updated.");
    }

    public struct VenueInformation
    {
        public int VenueId { get; set; }
        public string Details { get; set; }
    }
}

Go

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.


import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"regexp"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
)

// updateDataWithJsonBColumn updates database with JsonB type values
func updateDataWithJsonBColumn(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	// db = `projects/<project>/instances/<instance-id>/database/<database-id>`
	matches := regexp.MustCompile("^(.*)/databases/(.*)$").FindStringSubmatch(db)
	if matches == nil || len(matches) != 3 {
		return fmt.Errorf("updateDataWithJsonBColumn: invalid database id %s", db)
	}

	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	type VenueDetails struct {
		Name   spanner.NullString   `json:"name"`
		Rating spanner.NullFloat64  `json:"rating"`
		Open   interface{}          `json:"open"`
		Tags   []spanner.NullString `json:"tags"`
	}

	details_1 := spanner.PGJsonB{Value: []VenueDetails{
		{Name: spanner.NullString{StringVal: "room1", Valid: true}, Open: true},
		{Name: spanner.NullString{StringVal: "room2", Valid: true}, Open: false},
	}, Valid: true}
	details_2 := spanner.PGJsonB{Value: VenueDetails{
		Rating: spanner.NullFloat64{Float64: 9, Valid: true},
		Open:   true,
	}, Valid: true}

	details_3 := spanner.PGJsonB{Value: VenueDetails{
		Name: spanner.NullString{Valid: false},
		Open: map[string]bool{"monday": true, "tuesday": false},
		Tags: []spanner.NullString{{StringVal: "large", Valid: true}, {StringVal: "airy", Valid: true}},
	}, Valid: true}

	cols := []string{"VenueId", "VenueDetails"}
	_, err = client.Apply(ctx, []*spanner.Mutation{
		spanner.Update("Venues", cols, []interface{}{4, details_1}),
		spanner.Update("Venues", cols, []interface{}{19, details_2}),
		spanner.Update("Venues", cols, []interface{}{42, details_3}),
	})

	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Updated data to VenueDetails column\n")

	return nil
}

Java

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per eseguire l'autenticazione su Spanner, configura Credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

import com.google.cloud.spanner.DatabaseClient;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.DatabaseId;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Mutation;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Spanner;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Value;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;

class UpdateJsonbDataSample {

  static void updateJsonbData() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project";
    String instanceId = "my-instance";
    String databaseId = "my-database";

    try (Spanner spanner =
        SpannerOptions.newBuilder().setProjectId(projectId).build().getService()) {
      DatabaseClient client =
          spanner.getDatabaseClient(DatabaseId.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId));
      updateJsonbData(client);
    }
  }

  static void updateJsonbData(DatabaseClient client) {
    // PG JSONB takes the last value in the case of duplicate keys.
    // PG JSONB sorts first by key length and then lexicographically with
    // equivalent key length.
    client.write(
        ImmutableList.of(
            Mutation.newInsertOrUpdateBuilder("Venues")
                .set("VenueId")
                .to(4L)
                .set("VenueDetails")
                .to(
                    Value.pgJsonb(
                        "[{\"name\":\"room 1\",\"open\":true,\"name\":\"room 3\"},"
                            + "{\"name\":\"room 2\",\"open\":false}]"))
                .build(),
            Mutation.newInsertOrUpdateBuilder("Venues")
                .set("VenueId")
                .to(19L)
                .set("VenueDetails")
                .to(Value.pgJsonb("{\"rating\":9,\"open\":true}"))
                .build(),
            Mutation.newInsertOrUpdateBuilder("Venues")
                .set("VenueId")
                .to(42L)
                .set("VenueDetails")
                .to(
                    Value.pgJsonb(
                        "{\"name\":null,"
                            + "\"open\":{\"Monday\":true,\"Tuesday\":false},"
                            + "\"tags\":[\"large\",\"airy\"]}"))
                .build()));
    System.out.println("Venues successfully updated");
  }
}

Node.js

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per maggiori informazioni, consulta Configurare l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';

// Imports the Google Cloud Spanner client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// Instantiates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

async function pgJsonbUpdateData() {
  // Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database.
  const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
  const database = instance.database(databaseId);
  // Instantiate Spanner table objects.
  const venuesTable = database.table('venues');

  const data = [
    {
      VenueId: '19',
      VenueDetails: {rating: 9, open: true},
    },
    {
      VenueId: '4',
      // PG JSONB sorts first by key length and then lexicographically with equivalent key length
      // and takes the last value in the case of duplicate keys
      VenueDetails: `[
      {
        "name": null,
        "available": true
      },
      {
        "name": "room 2",
        "available": false,
        "name": "room 3"
      },
      {
        "main hall": {
          "description": "this is the biggest space",
          "size": 200
        }
      }
    ]`,
    },
    {
      VenueId: '42',
      VenueDetails: {
        name: null,
        open: {
          Monday: true,
          Tuesday: false,
        },
        tags: ['large', 'airy'],
      },
    },
  ];

  try {
    await venuesTable.update(data);
    console.log('Updated data.');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  } finally {
    // Close the database when finished.
    await database.close();
  }
}
pgJsonbUpdateData();

PHP

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per eseguire l'autenticazione su Spanner, configura Credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per maggiori informazioni, consulta Configurare l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;

/**
 * Insert/update data in a JSONB column in a Postgres table.
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 * @param string $tableName The table in which the data needs to be updated.
 */
function pg_jsonb_update_data(
    string $instanceId,
    string $databaseId,
    string $tableName = 'Venues'
): void {
    $spanner = new SpannerClient();
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    $database->insertOrUpdateBatch($tableName, [
        [
            'VenueId' => 1,
            'VenueDetails' => '{"rating": 9, "open": true}'
        ],
        [
            'VenueId' => 4,
            'VenueDetails' => '[
                {
                    "name": null,
                    "available": true
                },' .
                // PG JSONB sorts first by key length and then lexicographically with
                // equivalent key length and takes the last value in the case of duplicate keys
                '{
                    "name": "room 2",
                    "available": false,
                    "name": "room 3"
                },
                {
                    "main hall": {
                        "description": "this is the biggest space",
                        "size": 200
                    }
                }
            ]'
        ],
        [
            'VenueId' => 42,
            'VenueDetails' => $spanner->pgJsonb([
                'name' => null,
                'open' => [
                    'Monday' => true,
                    'Tuesday' => false
                ],
                'tags' => ['large', 'airy'],
            ])
        ]
    ]);

    print(sprintf('Inserted/updated 3 rows in table %s', $tableName) . PHP_EOL);
}

Python

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per eseguire l'autenticazione su Spanner, configura Credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

def update_data_with_jsonb(instance_id, database_id):
    """Updates Venues tables in the database with the JSONB
    column.
    This updates the `VenueDetails` column which must be created before
    running this sample. You can add the column by running the
    `add_jsonb_column` sample or by running this DDL statement
     against your database:
        ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSONB
    """
    # instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
    # database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"

    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
    database = instance.database(database_id)

    """
    PG JSONB takes the last value in the case of duplicate keys.
    PG JSONB sorts first by key length and then lexicographically with
    equivalent key length.
    """

    with database.batch() as batch:
        batch.update(
            table="Venues",
            columns=("VenueId", "VenueDetails"),
            values=[
                (
                    4,
                    JsonObject(
                        [
                            JsonObject({"name": None, "open": True}),
                            JsonObject({"name": "room 2", "open": False}),
                        ]
                    ),
                ),
                (19, JsonObject(rating=9, open=True)),
                (
                    42,
                    JsonObject(
                        {
                            "name": None,
                            "open": {"Monday": True, "Tuesday": False},
                            "tags": ["large", "airy"],
                        }
                    ),
                ),
            ],
        )

    print("Updated data.")

Ruby

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per eseguire l'autenticazione su Spanner, configura Credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per maggiori informazioni, consulta Configurare l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_postgresql_jsonb_update_data project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:
  # project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
  # instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
  # database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

  # Insert JSONB data into table
  spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
  client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id

  data = [
    {
      VenueId: "19",
      VenueDetails: { rating: 9, open: true }
    },
    {
      VenueId: "4",
      VenueDetails: [
        {
          name: null,
          open: true
        },
        {
          name: "room 2",
          open: false
        },
        {
          main_hall: {
            description: "this is the biggest space",
            size: 200
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      VenueId: "42",
      VenueDetails: {
        name: null,
        open: {
          Monday: true,
          Tuesday: false
        },
        tags: ["large", "airy"]
      }
    }
  ]

  client.upsert "Venues", data
  puts "Inserted data into Venues table"
end

Esegui query sui dati JSONB

Puoi eseguire query su JSONB colonne in base ai valori dei campi sottostanti. La nell'esempio seguente estrae VenueId e VenueName da Venues in cui VenueFeatures ha un valore rating maggiore di 3.5.

SELECT VenueId, VenueName FROM Venues WHERE (VenueFeatures->>'rating')::FLOAT8 > 3.5;

L'esempio seguente mostra come eseguire query sui dati di JSONB utilizzando librerie client di Spanner.

C++

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

void JsonbQueryWithParameter(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  auto sql = google::cloud::spanner::SqlStatement(
      "SELECT VenueId, VenueDetails FROM Venues"
      "  WHERE CAST(VenueDetails ->> 'rating' AS INTEGER) > $1",
      {{"p1", google::cloud::spanner::Value(2)}});
  using RowType =
      std::tuple<std::int64_t, absl::optional<google::cloud::spanner::JsonB>>;
  auto rows = client.ExecuteQuery(std::move(sql));
  for (auto& row : google::cloud::spanner::StreamOf<RowType>(rows)) {
    if (!row) throw std::move(row).status();
    std::cout << "VenueId: " << std::get<0>(*row) << ", ";
    std::cout << "Details: " << std::string(std::get<1>(*row).value()) << "\n";
  }
}

C#

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.


using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class QueryJsonbDataUsingParameterAsyncPostgresSample
{
    public async Task<List<VenueInformation>> QueryJsonbDataUsingParameterAsyncPostgres(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        // Get all the venues with a rating greater than 2.
        /* Details is a column of type JSONB. Some of the data persisted in the Details column has the following structure:
           [{
                 "name": "string",
                 "available": true,
                 "rating": int // This field is optional.
           }] */
        using var command = connection.CreateSelectCommand(
            "SELECT venueid, details FROM VenueInformation WHERE CAST(details ->> 'rating' AS INTEGER) > $1",
            new SpannerParameterCollection
            {
                { "p1", SpannerDbType.Int64, 2 }
            });
        var venues = new List<VenueInformation>();
        using var reader = await command.ExecuteReaderAsync();
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            venues.Add(new VenueInformation
            {
                VenueId = reader.GetFieldValue<int>("venueid"),
                Details = reader.GetFieldValue<string>("details")
            });
        }
        return venues;
    }

    public struct VenueInformation
    {
        public int VenueId { get; set; }
        public string Details { get; set; }
    }
}

Go

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.


import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"regexp"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

// queryWithJsonBParameter queries data on the JSON type column of the database
func queryWithJsonBParameter(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	// db = `projects/<project>/instances/<instance-id>/database/<database-id>`
	matches := regexp.MustCompile("^(.*)/databases/(.*)$").FindStringSubmatch(db)
	if matches == nil || len(matches) != 3 {
		return fmt.Errorf("queryWithJsonBParameter: invalid database id %s", db)
	}
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	type VenueDetails struct {
		Name   spanner.NullString   `json:"name"`
		Rating spanner.NullFloat64  `json:"rating"`
		Open   interface{}          `json:"open"`
		Tags   []spanner.NullString `json:"tags"`
	}

	stmt := spanner.Statement{
		SQL: `SELECT VenueId, VenueDetails FROM Venues WHERE CAST(venuedetails ->> 'rating' AS INTEGER) > $1`,
		Params: map[string]interface{}{
			"p1": 2,
		},
	}
	iter := client.Single().Query(ctx, stmt)
	defer iter.Stop()
	for {
		row, err := iter.Next()
		if err == iterator.Done {
			return nil
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		var venueID int64
		var venueDetails spanner.PGJsonB
		if err := row.Columns(&venueID, &venueDetails); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "The venue details for venue id %v is %v\n", venueID, venueDetails)
	}
}

Java

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per eseguire l'autenticazione su Spanner, configura Credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

import com.google.cloud.spanner.DatabaseClient;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.DatabaseId;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.ResultSet;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Spanner;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Statement;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.Value;

class QueryWithJsonbParameterSample {

  static void queryWithJsonbParameter() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project";
    String instanceId = "my-instance";
    String databaseId = "my-database";

    try (Spanner spanner =
        SpannerOptions.newBuilder().setProjectId(projectId).build().getService()) {
      DatabaseClient client =
          spanner.getDatabaseClient(DatabaseId.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId));
      queryWithJsonbParameter(client);
    }
  }

  static void queryWithJsonbParameter(DatabaseClient client) {
    int rating = 2;
    Statement statement =
        Statement.newBuilder(
                "SELECT VenueId, VenueDetails\n"
                    + "FROM Venues\n"
                    + "WHERE CAST(venuedetails ->> 'rating' "
                    + "AS INTEGER) > $1")
            .bind("p1")
            .to(Value.int64(rating))
            .build();
    try (ResultSet resultSet = client.singleUse().executeQuery(statement)) {
      while (resultSet.next()) {
        System.out.printf(
            "VenueId: %s, VenueDetails: %s%n",
            resultSet.getLong("venueid"), resultSet.getPgJsonb("venuedetails"));
      }
    }
  }
}

Node.js

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per maggiori informazioni, consulta Configurare l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';

// Imports the Google Cloud Spanner client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// Instantiates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

async function pgJsonbDataType() {
  // Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database.
  const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
  const database = instance.database(databaseId);

  const select_query = {
    sql: `SELECT venueid, venuedetails FROM Venues
        WHERE CAST(venuedetails ->> 'rating' AS INTEGER) > $1`,
    params: {
      p1: 2,
    },
    types: {
      p1: 'int64',
    },
    json: true,
  };

  // Queries row from the Venues table.
  try {
    const [rows] = await database.run(select_query);

    rows.forEach(row => {
      console.log(
        `VenueId: ${row.venueid}, Details: ${JSON.stringify(
          row.venuedetails
        )}`
      );
    });
  } finally {
    // Close the database when finished.
    await database.close();
  }
}
pgJsonbDataType();

PHP

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per maggiori informazioni, consulta Configurare l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.


use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Database;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;

/**
 * Query data to a jsonb column in a PostgreSQL table.
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 * @param string $tableName The table from which the data needs to be queried.
 */
function pg_jsonb_query_parameter(
    string $instanceId,
    string $databaseId,
    string $tableName = 'Venues'
): void {
    $spanner = new SpannerClient();
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    $results = $database->execute(
        sprintf('SELECT venueid, venuedetails FROM %s', $tableName) .
        " WHERE CAST(venuedetails ->> 'rating' AS INTEGER) > $1",
        [
        'parameters' => [
            'p1' => 2
        ],
        'types' => [
            'p1' => Database::TYPE_INT64
        ]
    ]);

    foreach ($results as $row) {
        printf('VenueId: %s, VenueDetails: %s' . PHP_EOL, $row['venueid'], $row['venuedetails']);
    }
}

Python

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client di Spanner.

Per autenticarti a Spanner, configura le credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi Configura l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

def query_data_with_jsonb_parameter(instance_id, database_id):
    """Queries sample data using SQL with a JSONB parameter."""
    # instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
    # database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"

    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
    database = instance.database(database_id)

    param = {"p1": 2}
    param_type = {"p1": param_types.INT64}

    with database.snapshot() as snapshot:
        results = snapshot.execute_sql(
            "SELECT venueid, venuedetails FROM Venues"
            + " WHERE CAST(venuedetails ->> 'rating' AS INTEGER) > $1",
            params=param,
            param_types=param_type,
        )

        for row in results:
            print("VenueId: {}, VenueDetails: {}".format(*row))

Ruby

Per scoprire come installare e utilizzare la libreria client per Spanner, consulta Librerie client Spanner.

Per eseguire l'autenticazione su Spanner, configura Credenziali predefinite dell'applicazione. Per maggiori informazioni, consulta Configurare l'autenticazione per un ambiente di sviluppo locale.

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_postgresql_jsonb_query_parameter project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:
  # project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
  # instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
  # database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"
  spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
  client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id

  sql_query = <<~QUERY
    SELECT venueid, venuedetails
    FROM Venues
    WHERE CAST(venuedetails ->> 'rating' AS INTEGER) > $1
  QUERY

  # pass parameterized query's params represented by position
  results = client.execute sql_query, params: { p1: 5 }
  puts results.rows.first

  # Read JSONB value from table
  results = client.read "Venues", [:VenueId, :VenueDetails], keys: 19
  puts results.rows.first
end

Funzionalità JSONB di PostgreSQL non supportate

Le seguenti funzionalità di PostgreSQL JSONB non sono supportate in Spanner JSONB:

  • Ordine, confronto e aggregazione
  • PrimaryKey e ForeignKey
  • Indicizzazione, compreso l'indice GIN. Per ulteriori informazioni, consulta la sezione Indicizzazione.
  • Modifica di una colonna JSONB in o da qualsiasi altro tipo di dati
  • Utilizzo di query con parametri con parametri JSONB non digitati negli strumenti che utilizzano il protocollo PostgreSQL
  • Coercizione nel motore di query. A differenza di PostgreSQL standard, la coercizione da JSONB non è supportato. Solo le stringhe JSON valide vengono forzate al tipo JSONB per eguagliare le firme delle funzioni. Esempi:

        SELECT concat('abc'::text,  '{"key1":1}'::jsonb);  -- Returns error
        SELECT concat('abc'::text, CAST('{"key1":1}'::jsonb AS TEXT));  -- This works
    

Indicizzazione

JSONB colonne non supportano l'indicizzazione. Tuttavia, puoi creare un indice su una colonna generata per estrarre un valore scalare da una colonna JSONB.

CREATE TABLE Venues (
VenueId   BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
VenueName  VARCHAR(1024),
VenueAddress VARCHAR(1024),
VenueFeatures JSONB,
TotalCapacity BIGINT GENERATED ALWAYS AS ((VenueFeatures->>'capacity')::BIGINT) STORED,
DateOpened  TIMESTAMPTZ
);

CREATE INDEX VenuesByCapacity ON Venues(TotalCapacity);