The App Engine standard environment is based on container instances running on Google's infrastructure. Containers are preconfigured with one of several available runtimes (Java 7, Java 8, Python 2.7, Go, PHP and Node.js).
The App Engine standard environment makes it easy to build and deploy an application that runs reliably even under heavy load and with large amounts of data. It includes the following features:
- Persistent storage with queries, sorting, and transactions.
- Automatic scaling and load balancing.
- Asynchronous task queues for performing work outside the scope of a request.
- Scheduled tasks for triggering events at specified times or regular intervals.
- Integration with other Google cloud services and APIs.
Applications run in a secure, sandboxed environment, allowing App Engine standard environment to distribute requests across multiple servers, and scaling servers to meet traffic demands. Your application runs within its own secure, reliable environment that is independent of the hardware, operating system, or physical location of the server.
The standard environment development kit
Software Development Kits (SDKs) for App Engine are available in some supported languages. Each SDK includes:
- All of the APIs and libraries available to App Engine.
- A simulated, secure sandbox environment, that emulates all of the App Engine services on your local computer.
- Deployment tools that allow you to upload your application to the cloud and manage different versions of your application.
The SDK manages your application locally, while the Google Cloud Platform Console manages your application in production. The GCP Console uses a web-based interface to create new applications, configure domain names, change which version of your application is live, examine access and error logs, and much more.
Instance classes
Each application running in the standard environment has an instance class, which determines its compute resources and pricing. This table summarizes the memory and CPU limits of the various instance classes. See the pricing page for billing information.
| Instance Class | Memory Limit | CPU Limit | Supported Scaling Types |
|---|---|---|---|
| F1 (default) | 128 MB | 600 MHz | automatic |
| F2 | 256 MB | 1.2 GHz | automatic |
| F4 | 512 MB | 2.4 GHz | automatic |
| F4_1G | 1024 MB | 2.4 GHz | automatic |
| B1 (default) | 128 MB | 600 MHz | manual, basic |
| B2 | 256 MB | 1.2 GHz | manual, basic |
| B4 | 512 MB | 2.4 GHz | manual, basic |
| B4_1G | 1024 MB | 2.4 GHz | manual, basic |
| B8 | 1024 MB | 4.8 GHz | manual, basic |
Quotas and limits
App Engine standard environment gives you 1 GB of data storage and traffic for free, which can be increased by enabling paid applications. However, some features impose limits unrelated to quotas to protect the stability of the system. For more details on quotas, including how you can edit them to suit your needs, see the Quotas page.
Features
A feature may be available in every runtime language, or only in a subset of languages. The functionality of a feature is usually the same in all the runtimes where it's available, but there can be exceptions.
Every App Engine feature is classified according to its status and availability:
- General Availability (GA) features are publicly available and are covered by App Engine's SLA and deprecation policy. The implementation of a GA feature is stable; any changes made to it will be backwards-compatible. Unless otherwise noted, the App Engine features described on this page are all in GA.
- Beta features are publicly available. They might or might not become GA features in a future App Engine release, and their implementation can change in backward-incompatible ways.
- Alpha features may or may not become Beta or GA features in a future App Engine release, and their implementation may change in backward- incompatible ways. Some Alpha features are publicly available, while others require that you request access in order to use them.
Some features described here are provided by third-party vendors, others are open source projects. These will be marked third-party or Open Source.
The feature descriptions on this page are grouped according to the general functions they serve:
Index of features
| App Identity | A framework that provides access to the application's identity, and the ability to assert this identity using OAuth. |
| Blobstore | Note: You should consider using Google Cloud Storage (listed below) rather than Blobstore, as Cloud Storage is superceding Blobstore. Blobstore allows your application to serve large data objects, such as video or image files, that are too large for storage in the Datastore service. |
| Capabilities | Detects outages and scheduled maintenance for specific services, so that an application may bypass them or notify users. |
| Datastore | A schemaless object datastore, with scalable storage, a rich data modeling API, and an SQL-like query language. |
| Datastore Backup/Restore | Allows you to export or import data to or from your application's Datastore using the Google Cloud Platform Console. |
| Dedicated Memcache | Provides a fixed cache capacity assigned exclusively to your application. |
| Go Runtime | Build your application in the Go programming language. |
| Google Cloud Endpoints | Generates APIs for Android, iOS, and web clients, making it easier to create a web backend for your app. |
| Google Cloud SQL | A fully-managed web service that allows you to create, configure, and use relational databases that live in Google's cloud. |
| Google Cloud Storage Client Library | Read and write to Google Cloud Storage, with internal error handling and retry logic. |
| Images | Manipulate, combine, and enhance images. Converts between image formats, access image metadata such as height and frequency of colors. |
| Java Runtime | Build your application in the Java programming language. |
| Logs | Programmatic access to application and request logs from within your application. |
| Send email messages on behalf of administrators and users with Google Accounts, and receive mail at various addresses. | |
| MapReduce | An optimized adaptation of the MapReduce computing model for efficient distributed computing over large data sets. |
| Memcache | A distributed, in-memory data cache that can be used to greatly improve application performance. |
| Services | Factor applications into logical components that can share stateful services and communicate in a secure fashion. |
| Multitenancy | Makes it easy to compartmentalize your data to serve many client organizations from a single instance of your application. |
| OAuth | Uses the OAuth protocol to provide a way for your app to authenticate a user who is requesting access without asking for credentials (username and password) |
| PHP Runtime | Build your application in the PHP programming language. |
| Python Runtime | Build your application in the Python programming language. |
| Remote | Access App Engine services from any application. For example, access a production datastore from an app running on your local machine. |
| Scheduled Tasks | Configure tasks that run at defined times or regular intervals. |
| Search | Perform Google-like searches over structured data such as: plain text, HTML, atom, numbers, dates, and geographic locations. |
| Sockets | Supports outbound sockets using the language-specific, built-in libraries. |
| SSL for Custom Domains | Serve applications via HTTPS and HTTP from a custom domain rather than an
appspot.com address. |
| Task Queue | Allows applications to perform work outside of a user request, using small, discrete tasks, that are executed later. |
| Task Queue Tagging | Leases up to a specified number of tasks with the same tag from the queue for a specified period of time. |
| Traffic Splitting | Routes incoming requests to different versions of your app, allowing you to do A/B testing and roll out new features incrementally. |
| URL Fetch | Uses Google's networking infrastructure to efficiently issue HTTP and HTTPS requests to URLs on the web. |
| Users | Allows applications to sign in users with Google Accounts, and address these users with unique identifiers. |
Third-party integrations
| SendGrid | Use SendGrid's library to send emails from your app and you can see statistics on opens, clicks, unsubscribes, spam reports and more. |
| Twilio | Enables your application to make and receive phone calls, send and receive text messages, and make VoIP calls from any phone, tablet, or browser. |
Standard environment languages and runtimes
Java 7 runtime
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App Engine runs your Java web application using a Java 7 JVM in a safe sandboxed environment. App Engine invokes your app's servlet classes to handle requests and prepare responses in this environment.
App Engine uses the Java Servlet standard for web applications. You provide your app's servlet classes, JavaServer Pages (JSPs), static files and data files, along with the deployment descriptor (the web.xml file) and other configuration files, in a standard WAR directory structure. App Engine serves requests by invoking servlets according to the deployment descriptor.
The secured sandbox environment isolates your application for service and security. It ensures that apps can only perform actions that do not interfere with the performance and scalability of other apps. For instance, an app cannot spawn threads in some ways, write data to the local file system or make arbitrary network connections. An app also cannot use JNI or other native code. The JVM can execute any Java bytecode that operates within the sandbox restrictions.
Java 8 runtime
- The App Engine Java 8 runtime supports all of the existing features available in the current Java 7 runtime, but with the following upgrades and enhancements:
- Doesn't impose a security manager, as the Java 7 runtime does, which means your code won't be restricted by Java permissions issues.
- Supports the standard public Java library, not just the whitelisted class subset available for Java 7.
- Supports Eclipse Jetty 9
- Supports Servlet 3.1
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Supports gRPC based Cloud APIs, such as the Cloud Bigtable client library and the Google Cloud Java library.
Python runtime
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App Engine standard environment executes your Python application code using a pre-loaded Python interpreter in a safe sandboxed environment. Your app receives web requests, performs work, and sends responses by interacting with this environment.
A Python web app interacts with the App Engine web server using the WSGI protocol, so apps can use any WSGI-compatible web application framework. App Engine includes a simple web application framework, called webapp2, to make it easy to get started. For larger applications, mature third-party frameworks, such as Django, work well with App Engine.
The Python interpreter can run any Python code, including Python services you include with your application, as well as the Python standard library. The interpreter cannot load Python services with C code; it is a "pure" Python environment.
The secured sandbox environment isolates your application for service and security. It ensures that apps can only perform actions that do not interfere with the performance and scalability of other apps. For instance, an app cannot write data to the local file system or make arbitrary network connections. Instead, apps use scalable services provided by App Engine to store data and communicate over the Internet. The Python interpreter raises an exception when an app attempts to import a service from the standard library known to not work within the sandbox restrictions.
PHP runtime
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The PHP runtime executes your application code in a sandboxed PHP 5.5 environment. Your app receives web requests, performs work, and sends responses by interacting with this environment. The runtime supports many of the standard PHP extensions. You cannot upload extensions written in C.
App Engine Standard environment runs its own web server, which can be configured using an app.yaml file that's uploaded with your code. This file specifies how incoming HTTP requests to your application are directed to PHP scripts.
The sandbox isolates your application for reliability, scalability and security. For this reason, a small number of PHP functions are not available on App Engine, and others will raise an exception if used incorrectly. For instance, an app cannot write data to the local file system. Instead, apps can use scalable services provided by Google to store and process data and communicate over the Internet.
The PHP runtime provides a built-in Google Cloud Storage stream wrapper that allows you to use many of the standard PHP filesystem functions to access Google Cloud Storage.
Go runtime
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App Engine standard environment runs Go version 1.9. The SDK provides an interface similar to the standard Go HTTP package; writing Go apps for App Engine is similar to writing stand-alone Go web servers.
The SDK includes the Go compiler and standard library; it has no additional dependencies. Because the Go runtime executes in a sandboxed environment, some of the standard library functions will return errors and should not be used. For example, an os.ErrPermission will occur if an app tries to write to the local file system or make arbitrary network connections. You must use App Engine's scalable services to store data and communicate over the Internet.
You never need to invoke the Go compiler yourself. Your app is automatically re-built on the server side whenever you upload new code, and if you are running the local development server the SDK automatically recompiles sources on-the-fly when you change them.
The Go runtime environment for App Engine supports goroutines, but they are scheduled on a single thread. Goroutines can run concurrently but not in parallel. An application instance can handle multiple requests. For example, if one request is waiting for a datastore API call, the instance can process another request in the meantime.
Data storage, retrieval, and search
Datastore
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App Engine Datastore is a schemaless NoSQL datastore providing robust, scalable storage for your web application, with the following features:
- No planned downtime
- Atomic transactions
- High availability of reads and writes
- Strong consistency for reads and ancestor queries
- Eventual consistency for all other queries
The Datastore holds data objects known as entities. An entity has one or more properties, named values of one of several supported data types: string, integer, or a reference to another entity. Each entity is identified by its kind, which categorizes the entity for the purpose of queries, and a key that uniquely identifies it within its kind. The Datastore can execute multiple operations in a single transaction. By definition, a transaction cannot succeed unless every one of its operations succeeds; if any of the operations fails, the transaction is automatically rolled back. This is especially useful for distributed web applications, where multiple users can be accessing or manipulating the same data at the same time.
Datastore Backup/Restore Beta
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You can use the Datastore Admin tab of the GCP Console to backup selected kinds of entities, or to restore entities from a backup. You can backup using either Blobstore or Google Cloud Storage.
Google Cloud SQL
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Google Cloud SQL is a MySQL database that lives in Google's cloud. It has all the capabilities and functionality of MySQL, with a few additional features and a few unsupported features as listed below. Google Cloud SQL is easy to use, doesn't require any software installation or maintenance and is ideal for small to medium-sized applications.
Google Cloud SQL provides these features:
- Ability to host your MySQL databases in the cloud.
- All data replicated in multiple locations for great availability and durability.
- Choice of billing options:
- Per use option means you only pay for the time you access your data
- Package option allows you to control your costs for more frequent access
- Google Cloud SQL instances can have up to 16GB of RAM and 500GB data storage
- Create and manage instances in the Google Cloud Platform Console
- Data stored in datacenters in the EU or the US
- Cloud SQL customer data is encrypted when on Google’s internal networks and when stored in database tables and temporary files.
- Synchronous or asynchronous geographic replication
- Import or export databases using mysqldump
- Java and Python compatibility
- Support for MySQL wire protocol and MySQL connectors
- Support for connecting with the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol
Blobstore
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The Blobstore API allows your application to serve data objects, called blobs, that are much larger than the size allowed for objects in the Datastore service. Blobs are useful for serving large files, such as video or image files, and for allowing users to upload large data files. Blobs are created by uploading a file through an HTTP request. Typically, your applications will do this by presenting a form with a file upload field to the user. When the form is submitted, the Blobstore creates a blob from the file's contents and returns an opaque reference to the blob, called a blob key, which you can later use to serve the blob. The application can serve the complete blob value in response to a user request, or it can read the value directly using a streaming file-like interface.
Google Cloud Storage Client Library
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Google Cloud Storage is useful for storing and serving large files. Additionally, Cloud Storage offers the use of access control lists (ACLs), and the ability to resume upload operations if they're interrupted, and many other features. The Google Cloud Storage client library makes use of this resume capability automatically for your app, providing you with a robust way to stream data into Google Cloud Storage.
The Google Cloud Storage client library lets your application read files from and write files to buckets in Google Cloud Storage. This library supports reading and writing large amounts of data to Google Cloud Storage, with internal error handling and retries, so you don't have to write your own code to do this. Moreover, it provides read buffering with prefetch so your app can be more efficient.
Search
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The Search API provides a model for indexing documents that contain structured data, including text and HTML strings, atoms, dates, geopoints, numbers. Documents and indexes are saved in a separate persistent store optimized for search operations. You can search an index, and organize and present search results. The API supports partial text matching on string fields. The Search API can index any number of documents, however, a single search can return no more than 10,000 matching documents. The App Engine Datastore can be more appropriate for applications that need to retrieve very large result sets.
Memcache
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App Engine standard environment supports two classes of the memcache service:
- Shared memcache is the free default for App Engine applications. It provides cache capacity on a best-effort basis and is subject to the overall demand of all applications served by App Engine.
- Dedicated memcache provides a fixed cache capacity assigned exclusively to your application. It's billed by the GB-hour of cache size. Having control over cache size means your app can perform more predictably and with fewer accesses to more costly durable storage.
Whether shared or dedicated, memcache is not a durable storage. Keys can be evicted when the cache fills up, according to the cache's LRU policy. Changes in the cache configuration or datacenter maintenance events may also flush some or all of the cache.
Dedicated Memcache
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Dedicated memcache provides a fixed cache capacity assigned exclusively to your application. It's billed by the GB-hour of cache size. Having control over cache size means your app can perform more predictably and with fewer accesses to more costly durable storage.
- Logs
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App Engine standard environment maintains two kinds of logs:
- Application logs contain arbitrary messages with a timestamp and log level.
- Request logs contain entries for each request handled by your app, with information such as the app ID, HTTP version, and so forth. Each request log includes a list of application logs associated with that request.
The Logs API provides access to your application's logs. You can also access the logs from the GCP Console.
Communications
Google Cloud Endpoints
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Google Cloud Endpoints consists of tools, libraries and capabilities that allow you to generate APIs and client libraries from an App Engine standard environment application, referred to as an API backend, to simplify client access to data from other applications. Endpoints makes it easier to create a web backend for web clients and mobile clients such as Android or Apple's iOS.
For mobile developers, Endpoints provides a simple way to develop a shared web backend and also provides critical infrastructures, such as OAuth 2.0 authentication, eliminating a great deal of work that would otherwise be needed. Furthermore, because the API backend is an App Engine standard environment app, the mobile developer can use all of the services and features available in App Engine standard environment, such as Datastore, Google Cloud Storage, Mail, Url Fetch, Task Queues, and so forth. And finally, by using App Engine standard environment for the backend, developers are freed from system admin work, load balancing, scaling, and server maintenance.
It is possible to create mobile clients for App Engine Standard environment backends without Endpoints. However, using Endpoints makes this process easier because it frees you from having to write wrappers to handle communication with App Engine. The client libraries generated by Endpoints allow you to simply make direct API calls.
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App Engine standard environment applications can send email messages on behalf of the app's administrators, and on behalf of users with Google Accounts. Apps can receive email at various addresses. Apps send messages using the Mail service and receive messages in the form of HTTP requests initiated by App Engine and posted to the app.
SendGrid Third-party
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You can use SendGrid to power your emails on Google App Engine standard environment. Using SendGrid can improve your deliverability and provide transparency into what actually happens to those emails your app sends. You can see statistics on opens, clicks, unsubscribes, spam reports and more through either the SendGrid interface or its API.
Sockets Beta
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App Engine standard environment supports regular outbound sockets in all runtimes, without requiring you to import any special App Engine libraries or add any special App Engine code. However, there are certain limitations and behaviors you need to be aware of when using sockets. The details vary depending on the runtime. Read the runtime documentation for more information.
Twilio Third-party
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Twilio Voice enables your application to make and receive phone calls. Twilio SMS enables your application to send and receive text messages. Twilio Client allows you to make VoIP calls from any phone, tablet, or browser and supports WebRTC.
URL Fetch
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App Engine standard environment applications can communicate with other applications or access other resources on the web by fetching URLs. An app can use the URL Fetch service to issue HTTP and HTTPS requests and receive responses. The URL Fetch service uses Google's network infrastructure for efficiency and scaling purposes.
Process management
Task Queue
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With the Task Queue API, applications can perform work outside of a user request, initiated by a user request. If an app needs to execute some background work, it can use the Task Queue API to organize that work into small, discrete units, called tasks. The app adds tasks to task queues to be executed later.
App Engine standard environment provides two different queue configurations:
- Push queues process tasks based on the processing rate configured in the queue definition. App Engine standard environment automatically scales processing capacity to match your queue configuration and processing volume, and also deletes tasks after processing. Push queues are the default.
- Pull queues allow a task consumer (either your application or code external to your application) to lease tasks at a specific time for processing within a specific timeframe. Pull queues give you more control over when tasks are processed. When using pull queues, your application needs to handle scaling of instances based on processing volume, and also needs to delete tasks after processing.
Task Queue Tagging Beta
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The tagging API lets pull queue consumers lease a specified number of tasks with the same tag from a pull queue.
Scheduled Tasks
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The App Engine standard environment Cron Service allows you to configure regularly scheduled tasks that operate at defined times or regular intervals. These tasks are commonly known as cron jobs. These cron jobs are automatically triggered by the App Engine Cron Service. For instance, you might use this to send out a report email on a daily basis, to update some cached data every 10 minutes, or to update some summary information once an hour.
A cron job will invoke a URL, using an HTTP
GETrequest, at a given time of day. An HTTP request invoked by cron can run for up to 10 minutes, but is subject to the same limits as other HTTP requests.Free applications can have up to 20 scheduled tasks. Paid applications can have up to 100 scheduled tasks.
Computation
Images
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The Images API provides the ability to describe and manipulate image data. The API provides information about an image, such as its format, width, height, and a histogram of color values. It can resize, rotate, flip, and crop images. It also has the ability to composite multiple images into one image, enhance images automatically, and convert images between several formats
The Images service can accept image data directly from the app, or it can use data retrieved from Blobstore or Google Cloud Storage.
MapReduce Open Source
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App Engine MapReduce is an open source library that is built on top of App Engine services, including Datastore and Task Queues. You must include the library with your application, it provides:
- A programming model for large-scale distributed data processing
- Automatic parallelization and distribution within your existing codebase
- Access to Google-scale data storage
- I/O scheduling
- Fault-tolerance, handling of exceptions
- User tunable settings to optimize for speed/cost
- Tools for monitoring status
App configuration and management
App Identity
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The Application Identity service provides the ability for an application to identify itself, by retrieving its App ID or the hostname part of its URL. The app's identity can be used to generate a URL or email address, or to make some run-time decision.
Many Google APIs support OAuth 2.0 assertions to identify the source of a request. The App Identity API can create tokens that can be used to assert that the source of a request is the application itself. This token can be included in the HTTP headers of a call to identify the calling application. The OAuth token only works against Google systems. However you can use the underlying signing technology in the API to assert the identity of your application to other systems.
OAuth Alpha
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The App Engine standard environment OAuth API uses the OAuth protocol and provides a way for your app to authenticate a user who is requesting access without asking for user credentials (username and password).
Capabilities
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You can use the Capabilities API to detect the availability of services (like the Images service) or specific capabilities of a service (such as datastore reads and writes). You can reduce downtime in your application by testing for the availability of a capability before trying to use it. The services that support this API vary depending which runtime you are using.
Available in Python | Java | Go
Services
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Services are used to factor large applications into logical components that can share stateful services and communicate in a secure fashion. An app that handles customer requests might include separate services to handle other tasks:
- API requests from mobile devices
- Internal, admin-like requests
- Backend processing such as billing pipelines and data analysis
Services can have different versions, performance levels, and authorization. While running, a particular service will have one or more instances, which may be managed statically or dynamically. Incoming requests are routed to an existing or new instance of the appropriate service.
Scaling types control the creation of instances. There are three scaling types. Each type offers a variety of instance classes, with different amounts of CPU and Memory:
- A service with manual scaling runs continuously, allowing you to perform complex initialization and rely on the state of its memory over time.
- A service with basic scaling will create an instance when the application receives a request. The instance will be turned down when the app becomes idle. Basic scaling is ideal for work that is intermittent or driven by user activity.
- Automatic scaling is the scaling policy that App Engine has used since its inception. It is based on request rate, response latencies, and other application metrics. Previously users could use the GCP Console to configure the automatic scaling parameters (instance class, idle instances and pending latency) for an application's frontend versions only. These settings now apply to every version of every service that has automatic scaling.
Multitenancy
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Multitenancy is a software architecture in which one instance of an application, running on a remote server, serves many client organizations, or tenants.
Google App Engine standard environment provides the Namespaces API, which includes a namespace manager. The Namespaces API is also incorporated in other namespace-enabled APIs. When you set the namespace in the namespace manager, all the namespace-enabled APIs use that namespace by default. This lets you partition data across tenants by specifying a unique namespace for each tenant. For instance, using namespaces with the Datastore API, all users can share the same data schema, but different users see different content.
The Namespaces API is integrated with G Suite, allowing you to use your G Suite domain as the current namespace. Because G Suite lets you deploy your app to any domain that you own, you can easily set unique namespaces for all domains linked to your G Suite account.
Remote
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Lets external applications transparently access App Engine standard environment services. For example, you can use Remote API to access a production datastore from an app running on your local machine.
SSL for custom domains
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Allows applications to be served via both HTTPS and HTTP via a custom domain instead of an
appspot.comaddress.
Traffic splitting
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Allows you to roll out features for your app slowly over a period of time and do A/B testing. Traffic Splitting works by splitting incoming requests to different versions of your app.
Users
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App Engine standard environment applications can authenticate users using Google Accounts or accounts on your own G Suite domains. An application can detect whether the current user has signed in, and can redirect the user to the appropriate sign-in page to sign in or, if your app uses Google Accounts authentication, create a new account. While a user is signed in to the application, the app can access the user's email address. The app can also detect whether the current user is an administrator, making it easy to implement admin-only areas of the app.
