Bekerja dengan objek STRUCT

Catatan antarmuka PostgreSQL: Jenis data STRUCT tidak didukung di antarmuka PostgreSQL untuk Spanner.

Spanner memungkinkan Anda membuat objek STRUCT dari data, serta menggunakan objek STRUCT sebagai parameter terikat saat menjalankan kueri SQL dengan salah satu library klien Spanner.

Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya tentang jenis STRUCT di Spanner, lihat Jenis data.

Mendeklarasikan jenis objek STRUCT yang ditentukan pengguna

Anda dapat mendeklarasikan objek STRUCT dalam kueri menggunakan sintaksis yang dijelaskan dalam Mendeklarasikan jenis STRUCT.

Anda dapat menentukan jenis objek STRUCT sebagai urutan nama kolom dan jenis datanya. Kemudian, Anda dapat memberikan jenis ini bersama dengan kueri yang berisi binding parameter berjenis STRUCT dan Spanner akan menggunakannya untuk memeriksa apakah nilai parameter STRUCT dalam kueri Anda valid.

C++

// Cloud Spanner STRUCT<> types are represented by std::tuple<...>. The
// following represents a STRUCT<> with two unnamed STRING fields.
using NameType = std::tuple<std::string, std::string>;

C#

var nameType = new SpannerStruct
{
    { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, null},
    { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, null}
};

Go

type nameType struct {
	FirstName string
	LastName  string
}

Java

Type nameType =
    Type.struct(
        Arrays.asList(
            StructField.of("FirstName", Type.string()),
            StructField.of("LastName", Type.string())));

Node.js

const nameType = {
  type: 'struct',
  fields: [
    {
      name: 'FirstName',
      type: 'string',
    },
    {
      name: 'LastName',
      type: 'string',
    },
  ],
};

PHP

$nameType = new ArrayType(
    (new StructType)
        ->add('FirstName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
        ->add('LastName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
);

Python

name_type = param_types.Struct(
    [
        param_types.StructField("FirstName", param_types.STRING),
        param_types.StructField("LastName", param_types.STRING),
    ]
)

Ruby

name_type = client.fields FirstName: :STRING, LastName: :STRING

Membuat objek STRUCT

Contoh berikut menunjukkan cara membuat objek STRUCT menggunakan library klien Spanner.

C++

// Cloud Spanner STRUCT<> types are represented by std::tuple<...>. The
// following represents a STRUCT<> with two unnamed STRING fields.
using NameType = std::tuple<std::string, std::string>;
auto singer_info = NameType{"Elena", "Campbell"};

C#

var nameStruct = new SpannerStruct
{
    { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Elena" },
    { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Campbell" },
};

Go

type name struct {
	FirstName string
	LastName  string
}
var singerInfo = name{"Elena", "Campbell"}

Java

Struct name =
    Struct.newBuilder().set("FirstName").to("Elena").set("LastName").to("Campbell").build();

Node.js

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

const nameStruct = Spanner.struct({
  FirstName: 'Elena',
  LastName: 'Campbell',
});

PHP

$nameValue = (new StructValue)
    ->add('FirstName', 'Elena')
    ->add('LastName', 'Campbell');
$nameType = (new StructType)
    ->add('FirstName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
    ->add('LastName', Database::TYPE_STRING);

Python

record_type = param_types.Struct(
    [
        param_types.StructField("FirstName", param_types.STRING),
        param_types.StructField("LastName", param_types.STRING),
    ]
)
record_value = ("Elena", "Campbell")

Ruby

name_struct = { FirstName: "Elena", LastName: "Campbell" }

Anda juga dapat menggunakan library klien untuk membuat array objek STRUCT, seperti yang terlihat dalam contoh berikut:

C++

// Cloud Spanner STRUCT<> types with named fields are represented by
// std::tuple<std::pair<std::string, T>...>, create an alias to make it easier
// to follow this code.
using SingerName = std::tuple<std::pair<std::string, std::string>,
                              std::pair<std::string, std::string>>;
auto make_name = [](std::string first_name, std::string last_name) {
  return std::make_tuple(std::make_pair("FirstName", std::move(first_name)),
                         std::make_pair("LastName", std::move(last_name)));
};
std::vector<SingerName> singer_info{
    make_name("Elena", "Campbell"),
    make_name("Gabriel", "Wright"),
    make_name("Benjamin", "Martinez"),
};

C#

var bandMembers = new List<SpannerStruct>
{
    new SpannerStruct { { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Elena" }, { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Campbell" } },
    new SpannerStruct { { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Gabriel" }, { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Wright" } },
    new SpannerStruct { { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Benjamin" }, { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Martinez" } },
};

Go

var bandMembers = []nameType{
	{"Elena", "Campbell"},
	{"Gabriel", "Wright"},
	{"Benjamin", "Martinez"},
}

Java

List<Struct> bandMembers = new ArrayList<>();
bandMembers.add(
    Struct.newBuilder().set("FirstName").to("Elena").set("LastName").to("Campbell").build());
bandMembers.add(
    Struct.newBuilder().set("FirstName").to("Gabriel").set("LastName").to("Wright").build());
bandMembers.add(
    Struct.newBuilder().set("FirstName").to("Benjamin").set("LastName").to("Martinez").build());

Node.js

const bandMembersType = {
  type: 'array',
  child: nameType,
};

const bandMembers = [
  Spanner.struct({
    FirstName: 'Elena',
    LastName: 'Campbell',
  }),
  Spanner.struct({
    FirstName: 'Gabriel',
    LastName: 'Wright',
  }),
  Spanner.struct({
    FirstName: 'Benjamin',
    LastName: 'Martinez',
  }),
];

PHP

$bandMembers = [
    (new StructValue)
        ->add('FirstName', 'Elena')
        ->add('LastName', 'Campbell'),
    (new StructValue)
        ->add('FirstName', 'Gabriel')
        ->add('LastName', 'Wright'),
    (new StructValue)
        ->add('FirstName', 'Benjamin')
        ->add('LastName', 'Martinez')
];

Python

band_members = [
    ("Elena", "Campbell"),
    ("Gabriel", "Wright"),
    ("Benjamin", "Martinez"),
]

Ruby

band_members = [name_type.struct(["Elena", "Campbell"]),
                name_type.struct(["Gabriel", "Wright"]),
                name_type.struct(["Benjamin", "Martinez"])]

Menampilkan objek STRUCT dalam hasil kueri SQL

Kueri SQL Spanner dapat menampilkan array objek STRUCT sebagai kolom untuk kueri tertentu. Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Menggunakan STRUCTS dengan SELECT.

Menggunakan objek STRUCT sebagai parameter terikat dalam kueri SQL

Anda dapat menggunakan objek STRUCT sebagai parameter terikat dalam kueri SQL. Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya tentang parameter, lihat Parameter kueri.

Membuat kueri data dengan objek STRUCT

Contoh berikut menunjukkan cara mengikat nilai dalam objek STRUCT ke parameter dalam pernyataan kueri SQL, menjalankan kueri, dan menampilkan hasilnya.

C++

void QueryDataWithStruct(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;
  // Cloud Spanner STRUCT<> types are represented by std::tuple<...>. The
  // following represents a STRUCT<> with two unnamed STRING fields.
  using NameType = std::tuple<std::string, std::string>;
  auto singer_info = NameType{"Elena", "Campbell"};
  auto rows = client.ExecuteQuery(spanner::SqlStatement(
      "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE (FirstName, LastName) = @name",
      {{"name", spanner::Value(singer_info)}}));

  for (auto& row : spanner::StreamOf<std::tuple<std::int64_t>>(rows)) {
    if (!row) throw std::move(row).status();
    std::cout << "SingerId: " << std::get<0>(*row) << "\n";
  }
  std::cout << "Query completed for [spanner_query_data_with_struct]\n";
}

C#

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class QueryDataWithStructAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<List<int>> QueryDataWithStructAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        var nameStruct = new SpannerStruct
        {
            { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Elena" },
            { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Campbell" },
        };

        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";

        var singerIds = new List<int>();
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var cmd = connection.CreateSelectCommand(
            "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers "
            + "WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>"
            + "(FirstName, LastName) = @name");

        cmd.Parameters.Add("name", nameStruct.GetSpannerDbType(), nameStruct);
        using var reader = await cmd.ExecuteReaderAsync();
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            singerIds.Add(reader.GetFieldValue<int>("SingerId"));
        }
        return singerIds;
    }
}

Go

stmt := spanner.Statement{
	SQL: `SELECT SingerId FROM SINGERS
			WHERE (FirstName, LastName) = @singerinfo`,
	Params: map[string]interface{}{"singerinfo": singerInfo},
}
iter := client.Single().Query(ctx, stmt)
defer iter.Stop()
for {
	row, err := iter.Next()
	if err == iterator.Done {
		return nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var singerID int64
	if err := row.Columns(&singerID); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\n", singerID)
}

Java

Statement s =
    Statement.newBuilder(
            "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers "
                + "WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) "
                + "= @name")
        .bind("name")
        .to(name)
        .build();
try (ResultSet resultSet = dbClient.singleUse().executeQuery(s)) {
  while (resultSet.next()) {
    System.out.printf("%d\n", resultSet.getLong("SingerId"));
  }
}

Node.js

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const query = {
  sql:
    'SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE ' +
    'STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) = @name',
  params: {
    name: nameStruct,
  },
};

// Queries rows from the Singers table
try {
  const [rows] = await database.run(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(`SingerId: ${json.SingerId}`);
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

PHP

$results = $database->execute(
    'SELECT SingerId FROM Singers ' .
    'WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>' .
    '(FirstName, LastName) = @name',
    [
        'parameters' => [
            'name' => $nameValue
        ],
        'types' => [
            'name' => $nameType
        ]
    ]
);
foreach ($results as $row) {
    printf('SingerId: %s' . PHP_EOL,
        $row['SingerId']);
}

Python

spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)

database = instance.database(database_id)

with database.snapshot() as snapshot:
    results = snapshot.execute_sql(
        "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE " "(FirstName, LastName) = @name",
        params={"name": record_value},
        param_types={"name": record_type},
    )

for row in results:
    print("SingerId: {}".format(*row))

Ruby

# project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
# instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
# database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id
client.execute(
  "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE " +
  "(FirstName, LastName) = @name",
  params: { name: name_struct }
).rows.each do |row|
  puts row[:SingerId]
end

Membuat kueri data dengan array objek STRUCT

Contoh berikut menunjukkan cara menjalankan kueri yang menggunakan array objek STRUCT. Gunakan operator UNNEST untuk meratakan array objek STRUCT menjadi baris:

C++

void QueryDataWithArrayOfStruct(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;
  // Cloud Spanner STRUCT<> types with named fields are represented by
  // std::tuple<std::pair<std::string, T>...>, create an alias to make it easier
  // to follow this code.
  using SingerName = std::tuple<std::pair<std::string, std::string>,
                                std::pair<std::string, std::string>>;
  auto make_name = [](std::string first_name, std::string last_name) {
    return std::make_tuple(std::make_pair("FirstName", std::move(first_name)),
                           std::make_pair("LastName", std::move(last_name)));
  };
  std::vector<SingerName> singer_info{
      make_name("Elena", "Campbell"),
      make_name("Gabriel", "Wright"),
      make_name("Benjamin", "Martinez"),
  };

  auto rows = client.ExecuteQuery(spanner::SqlStatement(
      "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers"
      " WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName)"
      "    IN UNNEST(@names)",
      {{"names", spanner::Value(singer_info)}}));

  for (auto& row : spanner::StreamOf<std::tuple<std::int64_t>>(rows)) {
    if (!row) throw std::move(row).status();
    std::cout << "SingerId: " << std::get<0>(*row) << "\n";
  }
  std::cout << "Query completed for"
            << " [spanner_query_data_with_array_of_struct]\n";
}

C#

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class QueryDataWithArrayOfStructAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<List<int>> QueryDataWithArrayOfStructAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        var nameType = new SpannerStruct
        {
            { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, null},
            { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, null}
        };

        var bandMembers = new List<SpannerStruct>
        {
            new SpannerStruct { { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Elena" }, { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Campbell" } },
            new SpannerStruct { { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Gabriel" }, { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Wright" } },
            new SpannerStruct { { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Benjamin" }, { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Martinez" } },
        };

        var singerIds = new List<int>();
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var cmd = connection.CreateSelectCommand(
            "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING> "
            + "(FirstName, LastName) IN UNNEST(@names)");
        cmd.Parameters.Add("names", SpannerDbType.ArrayOf(nameType.GetSpannerDbType()), bandMembers);
        using var reader = await cmd.ExecuteReaderAsync();
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            singerIds.Add(reader.GetFieldValue<int>("SingerId"));
        }
        return singerIds;
    }
}

Go

stmt := spanner.Statement{
	SQL: `SELECT SingerId FROM SINGERS
		WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName)
		IN UNNEST(@names)`,
	Params: map[string]interface{}{"names": bandMembers},
}
iter := client.Single().Query(ctx, stmt)
defer iter.Stop()
for {
	row, err := iter.Next()
	if err == iterator.Done {
		return nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var singerID int64
	if err := row.Columns(&singerID); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\n", singerID)
}

Java

Statement s =
    Statement.newBuilder(
            "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE "
                + "STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) "
                + "IN UNNEST(@names) "
                + "ORDER BY SingerId DESC")
        .bind("names")
        .toStructArray(nameType, bandMembers)
        .build();
try (ResultSet resultSet = dbClient.singleUse().executeQuery(s)) {
  while (resultSet.next()) {
    System.out.printf("%d\n", resultSet.getLong("SingerId"));
  }
}

Node.js

const query = {
  sql:
    'SELECT SingerId FROM Singers ' +
    'WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) ' +
    'IN UNNEST(@names) ' +
    'ORDER BY SingerId',
  params: {
    names: bandMembers,
  },
  types: {
    names: bandMembersType,
  },
};

// Queries rows from the Singers table
try {
  const [rows] = await database.run(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(`SingerId: ${json.SingerId}`);
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

PHP

$results = $database->execute(
    'SELECT SingerId FROM Singers ' .
    'WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) ' .
    'IN UNNEST(@names)',
    [
        'parameters' => [
            'names' => $bandMembers
        ],
        'types' => [
            'names' => $nameType
        ]
    ]
);
foreach ($results as $row) {
    printf('SingerId: %s' . PHP_EOL,
        $row['SingerId']);
}

Python

spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)

with database.snapshot() as snapshot:
    results = snapshot.execute_sql(
        "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE "
        "STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>"
        "(FirstName, LastName) IN UNNEST(@names)",
        params={"names": band_members},
        param_types={"names": param_types.Array(name_type)},
    )

for row in results:
    print("SingerId: {}".format(*row))

Ruby

client.execute(
  "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE " +
  "STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) IN UNNEST(@names)",
  params: { names: band_members }
).rows.each do |row|
  puts row[:SingerId]
end

Mengubah data dengan DML

Contoh kode berikut menggunakan STRUCT dengan parameter terikat dan Bahasa Manipulasi Data (DML) untuk memperbarui satu nilai dalam baris yang cocok dengan kondisi klausa WHERE. Untuk baris dengan FirstName adalah Timothy dan LastName adalah Campbell, LastName akan diperbarui menjadi Grant.

C++

void DmlStructs(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;
  std::int64_t rows_modified = 0;
  auto commit_result =
      client.Commit([&client, &rows_modified](spanner::Transaction const& txn)
                        -> google::cloud::StatusOr<spanner::Mutations> {
        auto singer_info = std::make_tuple("Marc", "Richards");
        auto sql = spanner::SqlStatement(
            "UPDATE Singers SET FirstName = 'Keith' WHERE "
            "STRUCT<FirstName String, LastName String>(FirstName, LastName) "
            "= @name",
            {{"name", spanner::Value(std::move(singer_info))}});
        auto dml_result = client.ExecuteDml(txn, std::move(sql));
        if (!dml_result) return std::move(dml_result).status();
        rows_modified = dml_result->RowsModified();
        return spanner::Mutations{};
      });
  if (!commit_result) throw std::move(commit_result).status();
  std::cout << rows_modified
            << " update was successful [spanner_dml_structs]\n";
}

C#

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class UpdateUsingDmlWithStructCoreAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> UpdateUsingDmlWithStructCoreAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        var nameStruct = new SpannerStruct
        {
            { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Timothy" },
            { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Campbell" }
        };
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";

        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        await connection.OpenAsync();

        using var cmd = connection.CreateDmlCommand("UPDATE Singers SET LastName = 'Grant' WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) = @name");
        cmd.Parameters.Add("name", nameStruct.GetSpannerDbType(), nameStruct);
        int rowCount = await cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

        Console.WriteLine($"{rowCount} row(s) updated...");
        return rowCount;
    }
}

Go

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
)

func updateUsingDMLStruct(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	_, err = client.ReadWriteTransaction(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, txn *spanner.ReadWriteTransaction) error {
		type name struct {
			FirstName string
			LastName  string
		}
		var singerInfo = name{"Timothy", "Campbell"}

		stmt := spanner.Statement{
			SQL: `Update Singers Set LastName = 'Grant'
				WHERE STRUCT<FirstName String, LastName String>(Firstname, LastName) = @name`,
			Params: map[string]interface{}{"name": singerInfo},
		}
		rowCount, err := txn.Update(ctx, stmt)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d record(s) inserted.\n", rowCount)
		return nil
	})
	return err
}

Java

static void updateUsingDmlWithStruct(DatabaseClient dbClient) {
  Struct name =
      Struct.newBuilder().set("FirstName").to("Timothy").set("LastName").to("Campbell").build();
  Statement s =
      Statement.newBuilder(
              "UPDATE Singers SET LastName = 'Grant' "
                  + "WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) "
                  + "= @name")
          .bind("name")
          .to(name)
          .build();
  dbClient
      .readWriteTransaction()
      .run(transaction -> {
        long rowCount = transaction.executeUpdate(s);
        System.out.printf("%d record updated.\n", rowCount);
        return null;
      });
}

Node.js

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

const nameStruct = Spanner.struct({
  FirstName: 'Timothy',
  LastName: 'Campbell',
});

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

database.runTransaction(async (err, transaction) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error(err);
    return;
  }
  try {
    const [rowCount] = await transaction.runUpdate({
      sql: `UPDATE Singers SET LastName = 'Grant'
      WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) = @name`,
      params: {
        name: nameStruct,
      },
    });

    console.log(`Successfully updated ${rowCount} record.`);
    await transaction.commit();
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  } finally {
    // Close the database when finished.
    database.close();
  }
});

PHP

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Database;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Transaction;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\StructType;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\StructValue;

/**
 * Update data with a DML statement using Structs.
 *
 * The database and table must already exist and can be created using
 * `create_database`.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * insert_data($instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function update_data_with_dml_structs(string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    $spanner = new SpannerClient();
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    $database->runTransaction(function (Transaction $t) {
        $nameValue = (new StructValue)
            ->add('FirstName', 'Timothy')
            ->add('LastName', 'Campbell');
        $nameType = (new StructType)
            ->add('FirstName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
            ->add('LastName', Database::TYPE_STRING);

        $rowCount = $t->executeUpdate(
            "UPDATE Singers SET LastName = 'Grant' "
             . 'WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) '
             . '= @name',
            [
                'parameters' => [
                    'name' => $nameValue
                ],
                'types' => [
                    'name' => $nameType
                ]
            ]);
        $t->commit();
        printf('Updated %d row(s).' . PHP_EOL, $rowCount);
    });
}

Python

# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"

spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)

record_type = param_types.Struct(
    [
        param_types.StructField("FirstName", param_types.STRING),
        param_types.StructField("LastName", param_types.STRING),
    ]
)
record_value = ("Timothy", "Campbell")

def write_with_struct(transaction):
    row_ct = transaction.execute_update(
        "UPDATE Singers SET LastName = 'Grant' "
        "WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>"
        "(FirstName, LastName) = @name",
        params={"name": record_value},
        param_types={"name": record_type},
    )
    print("{} record(s) updated.".format(row_ct))

database.run_in_transaction(write_with_struct)

Ruby

# project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
# instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
# database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id
row_count = 0
name_struct = { FirstName: "Timothy", LastName: "Campbell" }

client.transaction do |transaction|
  row_count = transaction.execute_update(
    "UPDATE Singers SET LastName = 'Grant'
     WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) = @name",
    params: { name: name_struct }
  )
end

puts "#{row_count} record updated."

Mengakses nilai kolom STRUCT

Anda dapat mengakses kolom di dalam objek STRUCT berdasarkan namanya.

C++

void FieldAccessOnStructParameters(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;

  // Cloud Spanner STRUCT<> with named fields is represented as
  // tuple<pair<string, T>...>. Create a type alias for this example:
  using SingerName = std::tuple<std::pair<std::string, std::string>,
                                std::pair<std::string, std::string>>;
  SingerName name({"FirstName", "Elena"}, {"LastName", "Campbell"});

  auto rows = client.ExecuteQuery(spanner::SqlStatement(
      "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName",
      {{"name", spanner::Value(name)}}));

  for (auto& row : spanner::StreamOf<std::tuple<std::int64_t>>(rows)) {
    if (!row) throw std::move(row).status();
    std::cout << "SingerId: " << std::get<0>(*row) << "\n";
  }
  std::cout << "Query completed for"
            << " [spanner_field_access_on_struct_parameters]\n";
}

C#

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class QueryDataWithStructFieldAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<List<int>> QueryDataWithStructFieldAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";

        var structParam = new SpannerStruct
        {
            { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Elena" },
            { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Campbell" },
        };

        var singerIds = new List<int>();
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var cmd = connection.CreateSelectCommand("SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName");

        cmd.Parameters.Add("name", structParam.GetSpannerDbType(), structParam);
        using var reader = await cmd.ExecuteReaderAsync();
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            singerIds.Add(reader.GetFieldValue<int>("SingerId"));
        }
        return singerIds;
    }
}

Go

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

func queryWithStructField(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	type structParam struct {
		FirstName string
		LastName  string
	}
	var singerInfo = structParam{"Elena", "Campbell"}
	stmt := spanner.Statement{
		SQL: `SELECT SingerId FROM SINGERS
			WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName`,
		Params: map[string]interface{}{"name": singerInfo},
	}
	iter := client.Single().Query(ctx, stmt)
	defer iter.Stop()
	for {
		row, err := iter.Next()
		if err == iterator.Done {
			return nil
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		var singerID int64
		if err := row.Columns(&singerID); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\n", singerID)
	}
}

Java

static void queryStructField(DatabaseClient dbClient) {
  Statement s =
      Statement.newBuilder("SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName")
          .bind("name")
          .to(
              Struct.newBuilder()
                  .set("FirstName")
                  .to("Elena")
                  .set("LastName")
                  .to("Campbell")
                  .build())
          .build();
  try (ResultSet resultSet = dbClient.singleUse().executeQuery(s)) {
    while (resultSet.next()) {
      System.out.printf("%d\n", resultSet.getLong("SingerId"));
    }
  }
}

Node.js

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const nameStruct = Spanner.struct({
  FirstName: 'Elena',
  LastName: 'Campbell',
});
const query = {
  sql: 'SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName',
  params: {
    name: nameStruct,
  },
};

// Queries rows from the Singers table
try {
  const [rows] = await database.run(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(`SingerId: ${json.SingerId}`);
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

PHP

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Database;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\StructType;

/**
 * Queries sample data from the database using a struct field value.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * query_data_with_struct_field($instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function query_data_with_struct_field(string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    $spanner = new SpannerClient();
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    $nameType = (new StructType)
        ->add('FirstName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
        ->add('LastName', Database::TYPE_STRING);
    $results = $database->execute(
        'SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName',
        [
            'parameters' => [
                'name' => [
                    'FirstName' => 'Elena',
                    'LastName' => 'Campbell'
                ]
            ],
            'types' => [
                'name' => $nameType
            ]
        ]
    );
    foreach ($results as $row) {
        printf('SingerId: %s' . PHP_EOL,
            $row['SingerId']);
    }
}

Python

def query_struct_field(instance_id, database_id):
    """Query a table using field access on a STRUCT parameter."""
    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
    database = instance.database(database_id)

    name_type = param_types.Struct(
        [
            param_types.StructField("FirstName", param_types.STRING),
            param_types.StructField("LastName", param_types.STRING),
        ]
    )

    with database.snapshot() as snapshot:
        results = snapshot.execute_sql(
            "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers " "WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName",
            params={"name": ("Elena", "Campbell")},
            param_types={"name": name_type},
        )

    for row in results:
        print("SingerId: {}".format(*row))

Ruby

# project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
# instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
# database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id

name_struct = { FirstName: "Elena", LastName: "Campbell" }
client.execute(
  "SELECT SingerId FROM Singers WHERE FirstName = @name.FirstName",
  params: { name: name_struct }
).rows.each do |row|
  puts row[:SingerId]
end

Anda bahkan dapat memiliki kolom jenis STRUCT atau ARRAY<STRUCT> di dalam nilai STRUCT dan mengaksesnya dengan cara yang sama:

C++

void FieldAccessOnNestedStruct(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;

  // Cloud Spanner STRUCT<> with named fields is represented as
  // tuple<pair<string, T>...>. Create a type alias for this example:
  using SingerFullName = std::tuple<std::pair<std::string, std::string>,
                                    std::pair<std::string, std::string>>;
  auto make_name = [](std::string fname, std::string lname) {
    return SingerFullName({"FirstName", std::move(fname)},
                          {"LastName", std::move(lname)});
  };
  using SongInfo =
      std::tuple<std::pair<std::string, std::string>,
                 std::pair<std::string, std::vector<SingerFullName>>>;
  auto songinfo = SongInfo(
      {"SongName", "Imagination"},
      {"ArtistNames",
       {make_name("Elena", "Campbell"), make_name("Hannah", "Harris")}});

  auto rows = client.ExecuteQuery(spanner::SqlStatement(
      "SELECT SingerId, @songinfo.SongName FROM Singers"
      " WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName)"
      "    IN UNNEST(@songinfo.ArtistNames)",
      {{"songinfo", spanner::Value(songinfo)}}));

  using RowType = std::tuple<std::int64_t, std::string>;
  for (auto& row : spanner::StreamOf<RowType>(rows)) {
    if (!row) throw std::move(row).status();
    std::cout << "SingerId: " << std::get<0>(*row)
              << " SongName: " << std::get<1>(*row) << "\n";
  }
  std::cout << "Query completed for [spanner_field_access_on_nested_struct]\n";
}

C#

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class QueryDataWithNestedStructFieldAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<List<int>> QueryDataWithNestedStructFieldAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";

        SpannerStruct name1 = new SpannerStruct
        {
            { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Elena" },
            { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Campbell" }
        };
        SpannerStruct name2 = new SpannerStruct
        {
            { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, "Hannah" },
            { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, "Harris" }
        };
        SpannerStruct songInfo = new SpannerStruct
        {
            { "song_name", SpannerDbType.String, "Imagination" },
            { "artistNames", SpannerDbType.ArrayOf(name1.GetSpannerDbType()), new[] { name1, name2 } }
        };

        var singerIds = new List<int>();
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var cmd = connection.CreateSelectCommand(
            "SELECT SingerId, @song_info.song_name "
            + "FROM Singers WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) "
            + "IN UNNEST(@song_info.artistNames)");

        cmd.Parameters.Add("song_info", songInfo.GetSpannerDbType(), songInfo);

        using var reader = await cmd.ExecuteReaderAsync();
        while (await reader.ReadAsync())
        {
            var singerId = reader.GetFieldValue<int>("SingerId");
            singerIds.Add(singerId);
            Console.WriteLine($"SingerId: {singerId}");
            Console.WriteLine($"Song Name: {reader.GetFieldValue<string>(1)}");
        }
        return singerIds;
    }
}

Go

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

func queryWithNestedStructField(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	type nameType struct {
		FirstName string
		LastName  string
	}
	type songInfoStruct struct {
		SongName    string
		ArtistNames []nameType
	}
	var songInfo = songInfoStruct{
		SongName: "Imagination",
		ArtistNames: []nameType{
			{FirstName: "Elena", LastName: "Campbell"},
			{FirstName: "Hannah", LastName: "Harris"},
		},
	}
	stmt := spanner.Statement{
		SQL: `SELECT SingerId, @songinfo.SongName FROM Singers
			WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName)
			IN UNNEST(@songinfo.ArtistNames)`,
		Params: map[string]interface{}{"songinfo": songInfo},
	}
	iter := client.Single().Query(ctx, stmt)
	defer iter.Stop()
	for {
		row, err := iter.Next()
		if err == iterator.Done {
			return nil
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		var singerID int64
		var songName string
		if err := row.Columns(&singerID, &songName); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d %s\n", singerID, songName)
	}
}

Java

static void queryNestedStructField(DatabaseClient dbClient) {
  Type nameType =
      Type.struct(
          Arrays.asList(
              StructField.of("FirstName", Type.string()),
              StructField.of("LastName", Type.string())));

  Struct songInfo =
      Struct.newBuilder()
          .set("song_name")
          .to("Imagination")
          .set("artistNames")
          .toStructArray(
              nameType,
              Arrays.asList(
                  Struct.newBuilder()
                      .set("FirstName")
                      .to("Elena")
                      .set("LastName")
                      .to("Campbell")
                      .build(),
                  Struct.newBuilder()
                      .set("FirstName")
                      .to("Hannah")
                      .set("LastName")
                      .to("Harris")
                      .build()))
          .build();
  Statement s =
      Statement.newBuilder(
              "SELECT SingerId, @song_info.song_name "
                  + "FROM Singers WHERE "
                  + "STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) "
                  + "IN UNNEST(@song_info.artistNames)")
          .bind("song_info")
          .to(songInfo)
          .build();
  try (ResultSet resultSet = dbClient.singleUse().executeQuery(s)) {
    while (resultSet.next()) {
      System.out.printf("%d %s\n", resultSet.getLong("SingerId"), resultSet.getString(1));
    }
  }
}

Node.js

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const nameType = {
  type: 'struct',
  fields: [
    {
      name: 'FirstName',
      type: 'string',
    },
    {
      name: 'LastName',
      type: 'string',
    },
  ],
};

// Creates Song info STRUCT with a nested ArtistNames array
const songInfoType = {
  type: 'struct',
  fields: [
    {
      name: 'SongName',
      type: 'string',
    },
    {
      name: 'ArtistNames',
      type: 'array',
      child: nameType,
    },
  ],
};

const songInfoStruct = Spanner.struct({
  SongName: 'Imagination',
  ArtistNames: [
    Spanner.struct({FirstName: 'Elena', LastName: 'Campbell'}),
    Spanner.struct({FirstName: 'Hannah', LastName: 'Harris'}),
  ],
});

const query = {
  sql:
    'SELECT SingerId, @songInfo.SongName FROM Singers ' +
    'WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) ' +
    'IN UNNEST(@songInfo.ArtistNames)',
  params: {
    songInfo: songInfoStruct,
  },
  types: {
    songInfo: songInfoType,
  },
};

// Queries rows from the Singers table
try {
  const [rows] = await database.run(query);

  rows.forEach(row => {
    const json = row.toJSON();
    console.log(`SingerId: ${json.SingerId}, SongName: ${json.SongName}`);
  });
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  // Close the database when finished.
  database.close();
}

PHP

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Database;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\StructType;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\StructValue;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\ArrayType;

/**
 * Queries sample data from the database using a nested struct field value.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * query_data_with_nested_struct_field($instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function query_data_with_nested_struct_field(string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    $spanner = new SpannerClient();
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    $nameType = new ArrayType(
        (new StructType)
            ->add('FirstName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
            ->add('LastName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
    );
    $songInfoType = (new StructType)
        ->add('SongName', Database::TYPE_STRING)
        ->add('ArtistNames', $nameType);
    $nameStructValue1 = (new StructValue)
        ->add('FirstName', 'Elena')
        ->add('LastName', 'Campbell');
    $nameStructValue2 = (new StructValue)
        ->add('FirstName', 'Hannah')
        ->add('LastName', 'Harris');
    $songInfoValues = (new StructValue)
        ->add('SongName', 'Imagination')
        ->add('ArtistNames', [$nameStructValue1, $nameStructValue2]);
    $results = $database->execute(
        'SELECT SingerId, @song_info.SongName FROM Singers ' .
        'WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) ' .
        'IN UNNEST(@song_info.ArtistNames)',
        [
            'parameters' => [
                'song_info' => $songInfoValues
            ],
            'types' => [
                'song_info' => $songInfoType
            ]
        ]
    );
    foreach ($results as $row) {
        printf('SingerId: %s SongName: %s' . PHP_EOL,
            $row['SingerId'], $row['SongName']);
    }
}

Python

def query_nested_struct_field(instance_id, database_id):
    """Query a table using nested field access on a STRUCT parameter."""
    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
    database = instance.database(database_id)

    song_info_type = param_types.Struct(
        [
            param_types.StructField("SongName", param_types.STRING),
            param_types.StructField(
                "ArtistNames",
                param_types.Array(
                    param_types.Struct(
                        [
                            param_types.StructField("FirstName", param_types.STRING),
                            param_types.StructField("LastName", param_types.STRING),
                        ]
                    )
                ),
            ),
        ]
    )

    song_info = ("Imagination", [("Elena", "Campbell"), ("Hannah", "Harris")])

    with database.snapshot() as snapshot:
        results = snapshot.execute_sql(
            "SELECT SingerId, @song_info.SongName "
            "FROM Singers WHERE "
            "STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>"
            "(FirstName, LastName) "
            "IN UNNEST(@song_info.ArtistNames)",
            params={"song_info": song_info},
            param_types={"song_info": song_info_type},
        )

    for row in results:
        print("SingerId: {} SongName: {}".format(*row))

Ruby

# project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
# instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
# database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id

name_type = client.fields FirstName: :STRING, LastName: :STRING

song_info_struct = {
  SongName:    "Imagination",
  ArtistNames: [name_type.struct(["Elena", "Campbell"]), name_type.struct(["Hannah", "Harris"])]
}

client.execute(
  "SELECT SingerId, @song_info.SongName " \
  "FROM Singers WHERE STRUCT<FirstName STRING, LastName STRING>(FirstName, LastName) " \
  "IN UNNEST(@song_info.ArtistNames)",
  params: { song_info: song_info_struct }
).rows.each do |row|
  puts (row[:SingerId]), (row[:SongName])
end