Menyisipkan, memperbarui, dan menghapus data menggunakan mutasi

Halaman ini menjelaskan cara menyisipkan, memperbarui, dan menghapus data menggunakan mutasi. Mutasi mewakili urutan penyisipan, pembaruan, dan penghapusan yang diterapkan secara atomik ke berbagai baris dan tabel di database Spanner.

Meskipun Anda dapat melakukan mutasi dengan menggunakan gRPC atau REST, API melalui library klien akan lebih umum diakses.

Halaman ini menunjukkan tugas dasar menyisipkan, memperbarui, dan menghapus. Anda dapat menemukan contoh lainnya di Tutorial memulai.

Jika perlu melakukan commit dalam jumlah besar buta tulis, tetapi tidak memerlukan transaksi atomik, Anda dapat mengubah tabel Spanner secara massal menggunakan batch operasi tulis. Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat Memodifikasi data menggunakan batch operasi tulis.

Menyisipkan baris baru dalam tabel

C++

Anda menulis data menggunakan fungsi InsertMutationBuilder(). Client::Commit() menambahkan baris baru ke tabel. Semua penyisipan dalam satu batch diterapkan secara atomik.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menulis data:

void InsertData(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;
  auto insert_singers = spanner::InsertMutationBuilder(
                            "Singers", {"SingerId", "FirstName", "LastName"})
                            .EmplaceRow(1, "Marc", "Richards")
                            .EmplaceRow(2, "Catalina", "Smith")
                            .EmplaceRow(3, "Alice", "Trentor")
                            .EmplaceRow(4, "Lea", "Martin")
                            .EmplaceRow(5, "David", "Lomond")
                            .Build();

  auto insert_albums = spanner::InsertMutationBuilder(
                           "Albums", {"SingerId", "AlbumId", "AlbumTitle"})
                           .EmplaceRow(1, 1, "Total Junk")
                           .EmplaceRow(1, 2, "Go, Go, Go")
                           .EmplaceRow(2, 1, "Green")
                           .EmplaceRow(2, 2, "Forever Hold Your Peace")
                           .EmplaceRow(2, 3, "Terrified")
                           .Build();

  auto commit_result =
      client.Commit(spanner::Mutations{insert_singers, insert_albums});
  if (!commit_result) throw std::move(commit_result).status();
  std::cout << "Insert was successful [spanner_insert_data]\n";
}

C#

Anda dapat menyisipkan data menggunakan metode connection.CreateInsertCommand(), yang membuat SpannerCommand baru untuk menyisipkan baris ke dalam tabel. Metode SpannerCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync() menambahkan baris baru ke tabel.

Catatan: Anda dapat menjalankan beberapa transaksi secara paralel menggunakan satu objek SpannerConnection. Saat menjalankan transaksi tambahan, Anda harus memastikan bahwa objek SpannerConnection berada dalam status Open sebelum menjalankan perintah transaksi tambahan dengan memanggil metode SpannerCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync(), seperti yang terlihat dalam contoh berikut.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menyisipkan data:

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class InsertDataAsyncSample
{
    public class Singer
    {
        public int SingerId { get; set; }
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
    }

    public class Album
    {
        public int SingerId { get; set; }
        public int AlbumId { get; set; }
        public string AlbumTitle { get; set; }
    }

    public async Task InsertDataAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        List<Singer> singers = new List<Singer>
        {
            new Singer { SingerId = 1, FirstName = "Marc", LastName = "Richards" },
            new Singer { SingerId = 2, FirstName = "Catalina", LastName = "Smith" },
            new Singer { SingerId = 3, FirstName = "Alice", LastName = "Trentor" },
            new Singer { SingerId = 4, FirstName = "Lea", LastName = "Martin" },
            new Singer { SingerId = 5, FirstName = "David", LastName = "Lomond" },
        };
        List<Album> albums = new List<Album>
        {
            new Album { SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 1, AlbumTitle = "Total Junk" },
            new Album { SingerId = 1, AlbumId = 2, AlbumTitle = "Go, Go, Go" },
            new Album { SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 1, AlbumTitle = "Green" },
            new Album { SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 2, AlbumTitle = "Forever Hold your Peace" },
            new Album { SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 3, AlbumTitle = "Terrified" },
        };

        // Create connection to Cloud Spanner.
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        await connection.OpenAsync();

        await connection.RunWithRetriableTransactionAsync(async transaction =>
        {
            await Task.WhenAll(singers.Select(singer =>
            {
                // Insert rows into the Singers table.
                using var cmd = connection.CreateInsertCommand("Singers", new SpannerParameterCollection
                {
                        { "SingerId", SpannerDbType.Int64, singer.SingerId },
                        { "FirstName", SpannerDbType.String, singer.FirstName },
                        { "LastName", SpannerDbType.String, singer.LastName }
                });
                cmd.Transaction = transaction;
                return cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
            }));

            await Task.WhenAll(albums.Select(album =>
            {
                // Insert rows into the Albums table.
                using var cmd = connection.CreateInsertCommand("Albums", new SpannerParameterCollection
                {
                        { "SingerId", SpannerDbType.Int64, album.SingerId },
                        { "AlbumId", SpannerDbType.Int64, album.AlbumId },
                        { "AlbumTitle", SpannerDbType.String,album.AlbumTitle }
                });
                cmd.Transaction = transaction;
                return cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
            }));
        });
        Console.WriteLine("Data inserted.");
    }
}

Go

Anda menulis data menggunakan Mutation. Mutation adalah container untuk operasi mutasi. Mutation mewakili urutan penyisipan, pembaruan, penghapusan, dan sebagainya yang dapat diterapkan secara atomik ke berbagai baris dan tabel dalam database Spanner.

Gunakan Mutation.InsertOrUpdate() untuk membuat mutasi INSERT_OR_UPDATE, yang menambahkan baris baru atau memperbarui nilai kolom jika baris sudah ada. Atau, gunakan metode Mutation.Insert() untuk membuat mutasi INSERT, yang menambahkan baris baru.

Client.Apply() menerapkan mutasi secara atomik ke database.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menulis data:

import (
	"context"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
)

func write(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	singerColumns := []string{"SingerId", "FirstName", "LastName"}
	albumColumns := []string{"SingerId", "AlbumId", "AlbumTitle"}
	m := []*spanner.Mutation{
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Singers", singerColumns, []interface{}{1, "Marc", "Richards"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Singers", singerColumns, []interface{}{2, "Catalina", "Smith"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Singers", singerColumns, []interface{}{3, "Alice", "Trentor"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Singers", singerColumns, []interface{}{4, "Lea", "Martin"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Singers", singerColumns, []interface{}{5, "David", "Lomond"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Albums", albumColumns, []interface{}{1, 1, "Total Junk"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Albums", albumColumns, []interface{}{1, 2, "Go, Go, Go"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Albums", albumColumns, []interface{}{2, 1, "Green"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Albums", albumColumns, []interface{}{2, 2, "Forever Hold Your Peace"}),
		spanner.InsertOrUpdate("Albums", albumColumns, []interface{}{2, 3, "Terrified"}),
	}
	_, err = client.Apply(ctx, m)
	return err
}

Java

Anda menulis data menggunakan objek Mutation. Objek Mutation adalah penampung untuk operasi mutasi. Mutation merepresentasikan urutan penyisipan, pembaruan, dan penghapusan yang diterapkan Spanner secara atomik ke berbagai baris dan tabel di database Spanner.

Metode newInsertBuilder() di class Mutation membuat mutasi INSERT, yang menyisipkan baris baru dalam tabel. Jika baris sudah ada, penulisan akan gagal. Atau, Anda dapat menggunakan metode newInsertOrUpdateBuilder untuk membuat mutasi INSERT_OR_UPDATE, yang memperbarui nilai kolom jika baris sudah ada.

Metode write() di class DatabaseClient menulis mutasi. Semua mutasi dalam satu batch diterapkan secara atomik.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menulis data:

static final List<Singer> SINGERS =
    Arrays.asList(
        new Singer(1, "Marc", "Richards"),
        new Singer(2, "Catalina", "Smith"),
        new Singer(3, "Alice", "Trentor"),
        new Singer(4, "Lea", "Martin"),
        new Singer(5, "David", "Lomond"));

static final List<Album> ALBUMS =
    Arrays.asList(
        new Album(1, 1, "Total Junk"),
        new Album(1, 2, "Go, Go, Go"),
        new Album(2, 1, "Green"),
        new Album(2, 2, "Forever Hold Your Peace"),
        new Album(2, 3, "Terrified"));
static void writeExampleData(DatabaseClient dbClient) {
  List<Mutation> mutations = new ArrayList<>();
  for (Singer singer : SINGERS) {
    mutations.add(
        Mutation.newInsertBuilder("Singers")
            .set("SingerId")
            .to(singer.singerId)
            .set("FirstName")
            .to(singer.firstName)
            .set("LastName")
            .to(singer.lastName)
            .build());
  }
  for (Album album : ALBUMS) {
    mutations.add(
        Mutation.newInsertBuilder("Albums")
            .set("SingerId")
            .to(album.singerId)
            .set("AlbumId")
            .to(album.albumId)
            .set("AlbumTitle")
            .to(album.albumTitle)
            .build());
  }
  dbClient.write(mutations);
}

Node.js

Anda menulis data menggunakan objek Table. Metode Table.insert() menambahkan baris baru ke tabel. Semua penyisipan dalam satu batch diterapkan secara atomik.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menulis data:

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

// Instantiate Spanner table objects
const singersTable = database.table('Singers');
const albumsTable = database.table('Albums');

// Inserts rows into the Singers table
// Note: Cloud Spanner interprets Node.js numbers as FLOAT64s, so
// they must be converted to strings before being inserted as INT64s
try {
  await singersTable.insert([
    {SingerId: '1', FirstName: 'Marc', LastName: 'Richards'},
    {SingerId: '2', FirstName: 'Catalina', LastName: 'Smith'},
    {SingerId: '3', FirstName: 'Alice', LastName: 'Trentor'},
    {SingerId: '4', FirstName: 'Lea', LastName: 'Martin'},
    {SingerId: '5', FirstName: 'David', LastName: 'Lomond'},
  ]);

  await albumsTable.insert([
    {SingerId: '1', AlbumId: '1', AlbumTitle: 'Total Junk'},
    {SingerId: '1', AlbumId: '2', AlbumTitle: 'Go, Go, Go'},
    {SingerId: '2', AlbumId: '1', AlbumTitle: 'Green'},
    {SingerId: '2', AlbumId: '2', AlbumTitle: 'Forever Hold your Peace'},
    {SingerId: '2', AlbumId: '3', AlbumTitle: 'Terrified'},
  ]);

  console.log('Inserted data.');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
} finally {
  await database.close();
}

PHP

Anda menulis data menggunakan metode Database::insertBatch. insertBatch menambahkan baris baru ke tabel. Semua penyisipan dalam satu tumpukan diterapkan secara atomik.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menulis data:

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;

/**
 * Inserts sample data into the given database.
 *
 * The database and table must already exist and can be created using
 * `create_database`.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * insert_data($instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function insert_data(string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    $spanner = new SpannerClient();
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    $operation = $database->transaction(['singleUse' => true])
        ->insertBatch('Singers', [
            ['SingerId' => 1, 'FirstName' => 'Marc', 'LastName' => 'Richards'],
            ['SingerId' => 2, 'FirstName' => 'Catalina', 'LastName' => 'Smith'],
            ['SingerId' => 3, 'FirstName' => 'Alice', 'LastName' => 'Trentor'],
            ['SingerId' => 4, 'FirstName' => 'Lea', 'LastName' => 'Martin'],
            ['SingerId' => 5, 'FirstName' => 'David', 'LastName' => 'Lomond'],
        ])
        ->insertBatch('Albums', [
            ['SingerId' => 1, 'AlbumId' => 1, 'AlbumTitle' => 'Total Junk'],
            ['SingerId' => 1, 'AlbumId' => 2, 'AlbumTitle' => 'Go, Go, Go'],
            ['SingerId' => 2, 'AlbumId' => 1, 'AlbumTitle' => 'Green'],
            ['SingerId' => 2, 'AlbumId' => 2, 'AlbumTitle' => 'Forever Hold Your Peace'],
            ['SingerId' => 2, 'AlbumId' => 3, 'AlbumTitle' => 'Terrified']
        ])
        ->commit();

    print('Inserted data.' . PHP_EOL);
}

Python

Anda menulis data menggunakan objek Batch. Objek Batch adalah container untuk operasi mutasi. Mutasi mewakili urutan penyisipan, pembaruan, penghapusan, dan sebagainya yang dapat diterapkan secara atomik ke baris dan tabel yang berbeda di database Spanner.

Metode insert() di class Batch digunakan untuk menambahkan satu atau beberapa mutasi penyisipan ke batch. Semua mutasi dalam satu tumpukan diterapkan secara atomik.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menulis data:

def insert_data(instance_id, database_id):
    """Inserts sample data into the given database.

    The database and table must already exist and can be created using
    `create_database`.
    """
    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
    database = instance.database(database_id)

    with database.batch() as batch:
        batch.insert(
            table="Singers",
            columns=("SingerId", "FirstName", "LastName"),
            values=[
                (1, "Marc", "Richards"),
                (2, "Catalina", "Smith"),
                (3, "Alice", "Trentor"),
                (4, "Lea", "Martin"),
                (5, "David", "Lomond"),
            ],
        )

        batch.insert(
            table="Albums",
            columns=("SingerId", "AlbumId", "AlbumTitle"),
            values=[
                (1, 1, "Total Junk"),
                (1, 2, "Go, Go, Go"),
                (2, 1, "Green"),
                (2, 2, "Forever Hold Your Peace"),
                (2, 3, "Terrified"),
            ],
        )

    print("Inserted data.")

Ruby

Anda menulis data menggunakan objek Client. Metode Client#commit membuat dan meng-commit transaksi untuk penulisan yang berjalan secara atomik pada satu waktu logis di seluruh kolom, baris, dan tabel dalam suatu database.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menulis data:

# project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
# instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
# database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id

client.commit do |c|
  c.insert "Singers", [
    { SingerId: 1, FirstName: "Marc",     LastName: "Richards" },
    { SingerId: 2, FirstName: "Catalina", LastName: "Smith"    },
    { SingerId: 3, FirstName: "Alice",    LastName: "Trentor"  },
    { SingerId: 4, FirstName: "Lea",      LastName: "Martin"   },
    { SingerId: 5, FirstName: "David",    LastName: "Lomond"   }
  ]
  c.insert "Albums", [
    { SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: "Total Junk" },
    { SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: "Go, Go, Go" },
    { SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 1, AlbumTitle: "Green" },
    { SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2, AlbumTitle: "Forever Hold Your Peace" },
    { SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 3, AlbumTitle: "Terrified" }
  ]
end

puts "Inserted data"

Memperbarui baris dalam tabel

Misalkan penjualan Albums(1, 1) lebih rendah dari yang diharapkan. Akibatnya, Anda ingin memindahkan $200.000 dari anggaran pemasaran sebesar Albums(2, 2) ke Albums(1, 1), tetapi hanya jika dana tersebut tersedia dalam anggaran sebesar Albums(2, 2).

Karena perlu membaca data dalam tabel untuk menentukan apakah akan menulis nilai baru atau tidak, Anda harus menggunakan transaksi baca-tulis untuk melakukan pembacaan dan penulisan secara atomik.

C++

Gunakan fungsi Transaction() untuk menjalankan transaksi untuk klien.

Berikut adalah kode untuk menjalankan transaksi:

void ReadWriteTransaction(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;
  using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;

  // A helper to read a single album MarketingBudget.
  auto get_current_budget =
      [](spanner::Client client, spanner::Transaction txn,
         std::int64_t singer_id,
         std::int64_t album_id) -> StatusOr<std::int64_t> {
    auto key = spanner::KeySet().AddKey(spanner::MakeKey(singer_id, album_id));
    auto rows = client.Read(std::move(txn), "Albums", std::move(key),
                            {"MarketingBudget"});
    using RowType = std::tuple<std::int64_t>;
    auto row = spanner::GetSingularRow(spanner::StreamOf<RowType>(rows));
    if (!row) return std::move(row).status();
    return std::get<0>(*std::move(row));
  };

  auto commit = client.Commit(
      [&client, &get_current_budget](
          spanner::Transaction const& txn) -> StatusOr<spanner::Mutations> {
        auto b1 = get_current_budget(client, txn, 1, 1);
        if (!b1) return std::move(b1).status();
        auto b2 = get_current_budget(client, txn, 2, 2);
        if (!b2) return std::move(b2).status();
        std::int64_t transfer_amount = 200000;

        return spanner::Mutations{
            spanner::UpdateMutationBuilder(
                "Albums", {"SingerId", "AlbumId", "MarketingBudget"})
                .EmplaceRow(1, 1, *b1 + transfer_amount)
                .EmplaceRow(2, 2, *b2 - transfer_amount)
                .Build()};
      });

  if (!commit) throw std::move(commit).status();
  std::cout << "Transfer was successful [spanner_read_write_transaction]\n";
}

C#

Untuk .NET Standard 2.0 (atau .NET 4.5) dan yang lebih baru, Anda dapat menggunakan TransactionScope() framework .NET untuk menjalankan transaksi. Untuk semua versi .NET yang didukung, Anda dapat membuat transaksi dengan menetapkan hasil SpannerConnection.BeginTransactionAsync sebagai properti Transaction dari SpannerCommand.

Berikut adalah dua cara untuk menjalankan transaksi:

.NET Standard 2.0

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Transactions;

public class ReadWriteWithTransactionAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> ReadWriteWithTransactionAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        // This sample transfers 200,000 from the MarketingBudget
        // field of the second Album to the first Album. Make sure to run
        // the Add Column and Write Data To New Column samples first,
        // in that order.

        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";

        using TransactionScope scope = new TransactionScope(TransactionScopeAsyncFlowOption.Enabled);
        decimal transferAmount = 200000;
        decimal secondBudget = 0;
        decimal firstBudget = 0;

        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var cmdLookup1 = connection.CreateSelectCommand("SELECT * FROM Albums WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 2");

        using (var reader = await cmdLookup1.ExecuteReaderAsync())
        {
            while (await reader.ReadAsync())
            {
                // Read the second album's budget.
                secondBudget = reader.GetFieldValue<decimal>("MarketingBudget");
                // Confirm second Album's budget is sufficient and
                // if not raise an exception. Raising an exception
                // will automatically roll back the transaction.
                if (secondBudget < transferAmount)
                {
                    throw new Exception($"The second album's budget {secondBudget} is less than the amount to transfer.");
                }
            }
        }

        // Read the first album's budget.
        using var cmdLookup2 = connection.CreateSelectCommand("SELECT * FROM Albums WHERE SingerId = 1 and AlbumId = 1");
        using (var reader = await cmdLookup2.ExecuteReaderAsync())
        {
            while (await reader.ReadAsync())
            {
                firstBudget = reader.GetFieldValue<decimal>("MarketingBudget");
            }
        }

        // Specify update command parameters.
        using var cmdUpdate = connection.CreateUpdateCommand("Albums", new SpannerParameterCollection
        {
            { "SingerId", SpannerDbType.Int64 },
            { "AlbumId", SpannerDbType.Int64 },
            { "MarketingBudget", SpannerDbType.Int64 },
        });

        // Update second album to remove the transfer amount.
        secondBudget -= transferAmount;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["SingerId"].Value = 2;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["AlbumId"].Value = 2;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["MarketingBudget"].Value = secondBudget;
        var rowCount = await cmdUpdate.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

        // Update first album to add the transfer amount.
        firstBudget += transferAmount;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["SingerId"].Value = 1;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["AlbumId"].Value = 1;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["MarketingBudget"].Value = firstBudget;
        rowCount += await cmdUpdate.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        scope.Complete();
        Console.WriteLine("Transaction complete.");
        return rowCount;
    }
}

.NET Standard 1.5

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class ReadWriteWithTransactionCoreAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> ReadWriteWithTransactionCoreAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        // This sample transfers 200,000 from the MarketingBudget
        // field of the second Album to the first Album. Make sure to run
        // the Add Column and Write Data To New Column samples first,
        // in that order.
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";

        decimal transferAmount = 200000;
        decimal secondBudget = 0;
        decimal firstBudget = 0;

        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        await connection.OpenAsync();

        using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync();

        using var cmdLookup1 = connection.CreateSelectCommand("SELECT * FROM Albums WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 2");
        cmdLookup1.Transaction = transaction;

        using (var reader = await cmdLookup1.ExecuteReaderAsync())
        {
            while (await reader.ReadAsync())
            {
                // Read the second album's budget.
                secondBudget = reader.GetFieldValue<decimal>("MarketingBudget");
                // Confirm second Album's budget is sufficient and
                // if not raise an exception. Raising an exception
                // will automatically roll back the transaction.
                if (secondBudget < transferAmount)
                {
                    throw new Exception($"The second album's budget {secondBudget} contains less than the amount to transfer.");
                }
            }
        }
        // Read the first album's budget.
        using var cmdLookup2 = connection.CreateSelectCommand("SELECT * FROM Albums WHERE SingerId = 1 and AlbumId = 1");
        cmdLookup2.Transaction = transaction;
        using (var reader = await cmdLookup2.ExecuteReaderAsync())
        {
            while (await reader.ReadAsync())
            {
                firstBudget = reader.GetFieldValue<decimal>("MarketingBudget");
            }
        }

        // Specify update command parameters.
        using var cmdUpdate = connection.CreateUpdateCommand("Albums", new SpannerParameterCollection
        {
            { "SingerId", SpannerDbType.Int64 },
            { "AlbumId", SpannerDbType.Int64 },
            { "MarketingBudget", SpannerDbType.Int64 },
        });
        cmdUpdate.Transaction = transaction;

        // Update second album to remove the transfer amount.
        secondBudget -= transferAmount;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["SingerId"].Value = 2;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["AlbumId"].Value = 2;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["MarketingBudget"].Value = secondBudget;
        var rowCount = await cmdUpdate.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

        // Update first album to add the transfer amount.
        firstBudget += transferAmount;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["SingerId"].Value = 1;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["AlbumId"].Value = 1;
        cmdUpdate.Parameters["MarketingBudget"].Value = firstBudget;
        rowCount += await cmdUpdate.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

        await transaction.CommitAsync();
        Console.WriteLine("Transaction complete.");
        return rowCount;
    }
}

Go

Gunakan jenis ReadWriteTransaction untuk menjalankan isi tugas dalam konteks transaksi baca-tulis. Client.ReadWriteTransaction() menampilkan objek ReadWriteTransaction.

Contoh ini menggunakan ReadWriteTransaction.ReadRow() untuk mengambil satu baris data.

Contoh ini juga menggunakan ReadWriteTransaction.BufferWrite(), yang menambahkan daftar mutasi ke kumpulan update yang akan diterapkan saat transaksi di-commit.

Contoh ini juga menggunakan jenis Key, yang mewakili row key dalam tabel atau indeks Spanner.

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
)

func writeWithTransaction(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	_, err = client.ReadWriteTransaction(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, txn *spanner.ReadWriteTransaction) error {
		getBudget := func(key spanner.Key) (int64, error) {
			row, err := txn.ReadRow(ctx, "Albums", key, []string{"MarketingBudget"})
			if err != nil {
				return 0, err
			}
			var budget int64
			if err := row.Column(0, &budget); err != nil {
				return 0, err
			}
			return budget, nil
		}
		album2Budget, err := getBudget(spanner.Key{2, 2})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		const transferAmt = 200000
		if album2Budget >= transferAmt {
			album1Budget, err := getBudget(spanner.Key{1, 1})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			album1Budget += transferAmt
			album2Budget -= transferAmt
			cols := []string{"SingerId", "AlbumId", "MarketingBudget"}
			txn.BufferWrite([]*spanner.Mutation{
				spanner.Update("Albums", cols, []interface{}{1, 1, album1Budget}),
				spanner.Update("Albums", cols, []interface{}{2, 2, album2Budget}),
			})
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Moved %d from Album2's MarketingBudget to Album1's.", transferAmt)
		}
		return nil
	})
	return err
}

Java

Gunakan antarmuka TransactionRunner untuk menjalankan isi tugas dalam konteks transaksi baca-tulis. Antarmuka ini berisi metode run(), yang digunakan untuk menjalankan transaksi baca tulis, dengan percobaan ulang sesuai kebutuhan. Metode readWriteTransaction dari class DatabaseClient menampilkan objek TransactionRunner untuk mengeksekusi satu transaksi logis.

Class TransactionRunner.TransactionCallable berisi metode run() untuk melakukan satu upaya transaksi. run() mengambil objek TransactionContext, yang merupakan konteks untuk transaksi.

Contoh ini menggunakan class Struct, yang berguna untuk menyimpan hasil panggilan readRow(). Contoh ini juga menggunakan class Key, yang mewakili row key dalam tabel atau indeks Spanner.

Berikut adalah kode untuk menjalankan transaksi:

static void writeWithTransaction(DatabaseClient dbClient) {
  dbClient
      .readWriteTransaction()
      .run(transaction -> {
        // Transfer marketing budget from one album to another. We do it in a transaction to
        // ensure that the transfer is atomic.
        Struct row =
            transaction.readRow("Albums", Key.of(2, 2), Arrays.asList("MarketingBudget"));
        long album2Budget = row.getLong(0);
        // Transaction will only be committed if this condition still holds at the time of
        // commit. Otherwise it will be aborted and the callable will be rerun by the
        // client library.
        long transfer = 200000;
        if (album2Budget >= transfer) {
          long album1Budget =
              transaction
                  .readRow("Albums", Key.of(1, 1), Arrays.asList("MarketingBudget"))
                  .getLong(0);
          album1Budget += transfer;
          album2Budget -= transfer;
          transaction.buffer(
              Mutation.newUpdateBuilder("Albums")
                  .set("SingerId")
                  .to(1)
                  .set("AlbumId")
                  .to(1)
                  .set("MarketingBudget")
                  .to(album1Budget)
                  .build());
          transaction.buffer(
              Mutation.newUpdateBuilder("Albums")
                  .set("SingerId")
                  .to(2)
                  .set("AlbumId")
                  .to(2)
                  .set("MarketingBudget")
                  .to(album2Budget)
                  .build());
        }
        return null;
      });
}

Node.js

Gunakan Database.runTransaction() untuk menjalankan transaksi.

Berikut adalah kode untuk menjalankan transaksi:

// This sample transfers 200,000 from the MarketingBudget field
// of the second Album to the first Album, as long as the second
// Album has enough money in its budget. Make sure to run the
// addColumn and updateData samples first (in that order).

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

const transferAmount = 200000;

database.runTransaction(async (err, transaction) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error(err);
    return;
  }
  let firstBudget, secondBudget;
  const queryOne = {
    columns: ['MarketingBudget'],
    keys: [[2, 2]], // SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2
  };

  const queryTwo = {
    columns: ['MarketingBudget'],
    keys: [[1, 1]], // SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1
  };

  Promise.all([
    // Reads the second album's budget
    transaction.read('Albums', queryOne).then(results => {
      // Gets second album's budget
      const rows = results[0].map(row => row.toJSON());
      secondBudget = rows[0].MarketingBudget;
      console.log(`The second album's marketing budget: ${secondBudget}`);

      // Makes sure the second album's budget is large enough
      if (secondBudget < transferAmount) {
        throw new Error(
          `The second album's budget (${secondBudget}) is less than the transfer amount (${transferAmount}).`
        );
      }
    }),

    // Reads the first album's budget
    transaction.read('Albums', queryTwo).then(results => {
      // Gets first album's budget
      const rows = results[0].map(row => row.toJSON());
      firstBudget = rows[0].MarketingBudget;
      console.log(`The first album's marketing budget: ${firstBudget}`);
    }),
  ])
    .then(() => {
      console.log(firstBudget, secondBudget);
      // Transfers the budgets between the albums
      firstBudget += transferAmount;
      secondBudget -= transferAmount;

      console.log(firstBudget, secondBudget);

      // Updates the database
      // Note: Cloud Spanner interprets Node.js numbers as FLOAT64s, so they
      // must be converted (back) to strings before being inserted as INT64s.
      transaction.update('Albums', [
        {
          SingerId: '1',
          AlbumId: '1',
          MarketingBudget: firstBudget.toString(),
        },
        {
          SingerId: '2',
          AlbumId: '2',
          MarketingBudget: secondBudget.toString(),
        },
      ]);
    })
    .then(() => {
      // Commits the transaction and send the changes to the database
      return transaction.commit();
    })
    .then(() => {
      console.log(
        `Successfully executed read-write transaction to transfer ${transferAmount} from Album 2 to Album 1.`
      );
    })
    .catch(err => {
      console.error('ERROR:', err);
    })
    .then(() => {
      transaction.end();
      // Closes the database when finished
      return database.close();
    });
});

PHP

Gunakan Database::runTransaction untuk menjalankan transaksi.

Berikut adalah kode untuk menjalankan transaksi:

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Transaction;
use UnexpectedValueException;

/**
 * Performs a read-write transaction to update two sample records in the
 * database.
 *
 * This will transfer 200,000 from the `MarketingBudget` field for the second
 * Album to the first Album. If the `MarketingBudget` for the second Album is
 * too low, it will raise an exception.
 *
 * Before running this sample, you will need to run the `update_data` sample
 * to populate the fields.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * read_write_transaction($instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function read_write_transaction(string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    $spanner = new SpannerClient();
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    $database->runTransaction(function (Transaction $t) use ($spanner) {
        $transferAmount = 200000;

        // Read the second album's budget.
        $secondAlbumKey = [2, 2];
        $secondAlbumKeySet = $spanner->keySet(['keys' => [$secondAlbumKey]]);
        $secondAlbumResult = $t->read(
            'Albums',
            $secondAlbumKeySet,
            ['MarketingBudget'],
            ['limit' => 1]
        );

        $firstRow = $secondAlbumResult->rows()->current();
        $secondAlbumBudget = $firstRow['MarketingBudget'];
        if ($secondAlbumBudget < $transferAmount) {
            // Throwing an exception will automatically roll back the transaction.
            throw new UnexpectedValueException(
                'The second album\'s budget is lower than the transfer amount: ' . $transferAmount
            );
        }

        $firstAlbumKey = [1, 1];
        $firstAlbumKeySet = $spanner->keySet(['keys' => [$firstAlbumKey]]);
        $firstAlbumResult = $t->read(
            'Albums',
            $firstAlbumKeySet,
            ['MarketingBudget'],
            ['limit' => 1]
        );

        // Read the first album's budget.
        $firstRow = $firstAlbumResult->rows()->current();
        $firstAlbumBudget = $firstRow['MarketingBudget'];

        // Update the budgets.
        $secondAlbumBudget -= $transferAmount;
        $firstAlbumBudget += $transferAmount;
        printf('Setting first album\'s budget to %s and the second album\'s ' .
            'budget to %s.' . PHP_EOL, $firstAlbumBudget, $secondAlbumBudget);

        // Update the rows.
        $t->updateBatch('Albums', [
            ['SingerId' => 1, 'AlbumId' => 1, 'MarketingBudget' => $firstAlbumBudget],
            ['SingerId' => 2, 'AlbumId' => 2, 'MarketingBudget' => $secondAlbumBudget],
        ]);

        // Commit the transaction!
        $t->commit();

        print('Transaction complete.' . PHP_EOL);
    });
}

Python

Gunakan metode run_in_transaction() dari class Database untuk menjalankan transaksi.

Berikut adalah kode untuk menjalankan transaksi:

def read_write_transaction(instance_id, database_id):
    """Performs a read-write transaction to update two sample records in the
    database.

    This will transfer 200,000 from the `MarketingBudget` field for the second
    Album to the first Album. If the `MarketingBudget` is too low, it will
    raise an exception.

    Before running this sample, you will need to run the `update_data` sample
    to populate the fields.
    """
    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
    database = instance.database(database_id)

    def update_albums(transaction):
        # Read the second album budget.
        second_album_keyset = spanner.KeySet(keys=[(2, 2)])
        second_album_result = transaction.read(
            table="Albums",
            columns=("MarketingBudget",),
            keyset=second_album_keyset,
            limit=1,
        )
        second_album_row = list(second_album_result)[0]
        second_album_budget = second_album_row[0]

        transfer_amount = 200000

        if second_album_budget < transfer_amount:
            # Raising an exception will automatically roll back the
            # transaction.
            raise ValueError("The second album doesn't have enough funds to transfer")

        # Read the first album's budget.
        first_album_keyset = spanner.KeySet(keys=[(1, 1)])
        first_album_result = transaction.read(
            table="Albums",
            columns=("MarketingBudget",),
            keyset=first_album_keyset,
            limit=1,
        )
        first_album_row = list(first_album_result)[0]
        first_album_budget = first_album_row[0]

        # Update the budgets.
        second_album_budget -= transfer_amount
        first_album_budget += transfer_amount
        print(
            "Setting first album's budget to {} and the second album's "
            "budget to {}.".format(first_album_budget, second_album_budget)
        )

        # Update the rows.
        transaction.update(
            table="Albums",
            columns=("SingerId", "AlbumId", "MarketingBudget"),
            values=[(1, 1, first_album_budget), (2, 2, second_album_budget)],
        )

    database.run_in_transaction(update_albums)

    print("Transaction complete.")

Ruby

Gunakan metode transaction dari class Client untuk menjalankan transaksi.

Berikut adalah kode untuk menjalankan transaksi:

# project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
# instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
# database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner         = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
client          = spanner.client instance_id, database_id
transfer_amount = 200_000

client.transaction do |transaction|
  first_album  = transaction.read("Albums", [:MarketingBudget], keys: [[1, 1]]).rows.first
  second_album = transaction.read("Albums", [:MarketingBudget], keys: [[2, 2]]).rows.first

  raise "The second album does not have enough funds to transfer" if second_album[:MarketingBudget] < transfer_amount

  new_first_album_budget  = first_album[:MarketingBudget] + transfer_amount
  new_second_album_budget = second_album[:MarketingBudget] - transfer_amount

  transaction.update "Albums", [
    { SingerId: 1, AlbumId: 1, MarketingBudget: new_first_album_budget  },
    { SingerId: 2, AlbumId: 2, MarketingBudget: new_second_album_budget }
  ]
end

puts "Transaction complete"

Menghapus baris dalam tabel

Setiap library klien menyediakan beberapa cara untuk menghapus baris:

• Menghapus semua baris dalam tabel.
• Hapus satu baris dengan menentukan nilai kolom utama untuk baris tersebut.
• Hapus sekelompok baris dengan membuat rentang kunci.
• Hapus baris dalam tabel sisipan dengan menghapus baris induk, jika tabel yang disisipkan menyertakan ON DELETE CASCADE dalam definisi skemanya.

Catatan: Batas mutasi per commit adalah 80.000. Setiap indeks sekunder pada tabel adalah mutasi tambahan per baris. Misalnya, pada tabel dengan satu indeks sekunder, Anda dapat menghapus hingga 40.000 baris dalam commit. Untuk menghapus data dalam jumlah besar, gunakan DML Terpartisi. DML yang dipartisi menangani batas transaksi dan dioptimalkan untuk menangani penghapusan berskala besar.

C++

Hapus baris menggunakan fungsi DeleteMutationBuilder() untuk klien.

Kode ini menunjukkan cara menghapus data:

void DeleteData(google::cloud::spanner::Client client) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;

  // Delete the albums with key (2,1) and (2,3).
  auto delete_albums = spanner::DeleteMutationBuilder(
                           "Albums", spanner::KeySet()
                                         .AddKey(spanner::MakeKey(2, 1))
                                         .AddKey(spanner::MakeKey(2, 3)))
                           .Build();

  // Delete some singers using the keys in the range [3, 5]
  auto delete_singers_range =
      spanner::DeleteMutationBuilder(
          "Singers", spanner::KeySet().AddRange(spanner::MakeKeyBoundClosed(3),
                                                spanner::MakeKeyBoundOpen(5)))
          .Build();

  // Deletes remaining rows from the Singers table and the Albums table, because
  // the Albums table is defined with ON DELETE CASCADE.
  auto delete_singers_all =
      spanner::MakeDeleteMutation("Singers", spanner::KeySet::All());

  auto commit_result = client.Commit(spanner::Mutations{
      delete_albums, delete_singers_range, delete_singers_all});
  if (!commit_result) throw std::move(commit_result).status();
  std::cout << "Delete was successful [spanner_delete_data]\n";
}

C#

Hapus baris menggunakan metode connection.CreateDeleteCommand(), yang membuat SpannerCommand baru untuk menghapus baris. Metode SpannerCommand.ExecuteNonQueryAsync() menghapus baris dari tabel.

Contoh ini menghapus baris dalam tabel Singers satu per satu. Baris dalam tabel Albums dihapus karena tabel Albums disisipkan dalam tabel Singers dan ditentukan dengan ON DELETE CASCADE.

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class DeleteDataAsyncSample
{
    public class Album
    {
        public int SingerId { get; set; }
        public int AlbumId { get; set; }
        public string AlbumTitle { get; set; }
    }

    public async Task<int> DeleteDataAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";

        var albums = new List<Album>
        {
            new Album { SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 1, AlbumTitle = "Green" },
            new Album { SingerId = 2, AlbumId = 3, AlbumTitle = "Terrified" },
        };

        int rowCount = 0;
        using (var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString))
        {
            await connection.OpenAsync();

            // Delete individual rows from the Albums table.
            await Task.WhenAll(albums.Select(async album =>
            {
                var cmd = connection.CreateDeleteCommand("Albums", new SpannerParameterCollection
                {
                    { "SingerId", SpannerDbType.Int64, album.SingerId },
                    { "AlbumId", SpannerDbType.Int64, album.AlbumId }
                });
                rowCount += await cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
            }));
            Console.WriteLine("Deleted individual rows in Albums.");

            // Delete a range of rows from the Singers table where the column key is >=3 and <5.
            var cmd = connection.CreateDmlCommand("DELETE FROM Singers WHERE SingerId >= 3 AND SingerId < 5");
            rowCount += await cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
            Console.WriteLine($"{rowCount} row(s) deleted from Singers.");

            // Delete remaining Singers rows, which will also delete the remaining
            // Albums rows since it was defined with ON DELETE CASCADE.
            cmd = connection.CreateDmlCommand("DELETE FROM Singers WHERE true");
            rowCount += await cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
            Console.WriteLine($"{rowCount} row(s) deleted from Singers.");
        }
        return rowCount;
    }
}

Go

Hapus baris menggunakan Mutation. Gunakan metode Mutation.Delete() untuk membuat mutasi DELETE, yang menghapus baris. Metode Client.Apply() menerapkan mutasi secara atomik ke database.

Contoh ini menghapus baris dalam tabel Albums satu per satu, lalu menghapus semua baris dalam tabel Singers menggunakan KeyRange.

import (
	"context"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
)

func delete(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := spanner.NewClient(ctx, db)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer client.Close()

	m := []*spanner.Mutation{
		// spanner.Key can be used to delete a specific set of rows.
		// Delete the Albums with the key values (2,1) and (2,3).
		spanner.Delete("Albums", spanner.Key{2, 1}),
		spanner.Delete("Albums", spanner.Key{2, 3}),
		// spanner.KeyRange can be used to delete rows with a key in a specific range.
		// Delete a range of rows where the column key is >=3 and <5
		spanner.Delete("Singers", spanner.KeyRange{Start: spanner.Key{3}, End: spanner.Key{5}, Kind: spanner.ClosedOpen}),
		// spanner.AllKeys can be used to delete all the rows in a table.
		// Delete remaining Singers rows, which will also delete the remaining Albums rows since it was
		// defined with ON DELETE CASCADE.
		spanner.Delete("Singers", spanner.AllKeys()),
	}
	_, err = client.Apply(ctx, m)
	return err
}

Java

Hapus baris menggunakan metode Mutation.delete().

Contoh ini menggunakan metode KeySet.all() untuk menghapus semua baris dalam tabel Albums. Setelah menghapus baris dalam tabel Albums, contoh ini akan menghapus baris dalam tabel Singers satu per satu menggunakan kunci yang dibuat dengan metode KeySet.singleKey().

static void deleteExampleData(DatabaseClient dbClient) {
  List<Mutation> mutations = new ArrayList<>();

  // KeySet.Builder can be used to delete a specific set of rows.
  // Delete the Albums with the key values (2,1) and (2,3).
  mutations.add(
      Mutation.delete(
          "Albums", KeySet.newBuilder().addKey(Key.of(2, 1)).addKey(Key.of(2, 3)).build()));

  // KeyRange can be used to delete rows with a key in a specific range.
  // Delete a range of rows where the column key is >=3 and <5
  mutations.add(
      Mutation.delete("Singers", KeySet.range(KeyRange.closedOpen(Key.of(3), Key.of(5)))));

  // KeySet.all() can be used to delete all the rows in a table.
  // Delete remaining Singers rows, which will also delete the remaining Albums rows since it was
  // defined with ON DELETE CASCADE.
  mutations.add(Mutation.delete("Singers", KeySet.all()));

  dbClient.write(mutations);
  System.out.printf("Records deleted.\n");
}

Node.js

Hapus baris menggunakan metode table.deleteRows().

Contoh ini menggunakan metode table.deleteRows() untuk menghapus semua baris dari tabel Singers. Baris dalam tabel Albums dihapus karena tabel Albums disisipkan dalam tabel Singers dan ditentukan dengan ON DELETE CASCADE.

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';

// Creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

// Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
const database = instance.database(databaseId);

// Instantiate Spanner table object
const albumsTable = database.table('Albums');

// Deletes individual rows from the Albums table.
try {
  const keys = [
    [2, 1],
    [2, 3],
  ];
  await albumsTable.deleteRows(keys);
  console.log('Deleted individual rows in Albums.');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('ERROR:', err);
}

// Delete a range of rows where the column key is >=3 and <5
database.runTransaction(async (err, transaction) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error(err);
    return;
  }
  try {
    const [rowCount] = await transaction.runUpdate({
      sql: 'DELETE FROM Singers WHERE SingerId >= 3 AND SingerId < 5',
    });
    console.log(`${rowCount} records deleted from Singers.`);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  }

  // Deletes remaining rows from the Singers table and the Albums table,
  // because Albums table is defined with ON DELETE CASCADE.
  try {
    // The WHERE clause is required for DELETE statements to prevent
    // accidentally deleting all rows in a table.
    // https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/dml-syntax#where_clause
    const [rowCount] = await transaction.runUpdate({
      sql: 'DELETE FROM Singers WHERE true',
    });
    console.log(`${rowCount} records deleted from Singers.`);
    await transaction.commit();
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  } finally {
    // Close the database when finished.
    await database.close();
  }
});

PHP

Hapus baris menggunakan Database::delete() method. Halaman metode Database::delete() menyertakan contoh.

Python

Hapus baris menggunakan metode Batch.delete().

Contoh ini menghapus semua baris dalam tabel Albums dan Singers satu per satu menggunakan objek KeySet.

def delete_data(instance_id, database_id):
    """Deletes sample data from the given database.

    The database, table, and data must already exist and can be created using
    `create_database` and `insert_data`.
    """
    spanner_client = spanner.Client()
    instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
    database = instance.database(database_id)

    # Delete individual rows
    albums_to_delete = spanner.KeySet(keys=[[2, 1], [2, 3]])

    # Delete a range of rows where the column key is >=3 and <5
    singers_range = spanner.KeyRange(start_closed=[3], end_open=[5])
    singers_to_delete = spanner.KeySet(ranges=[singers_range])

    # Delete remaining Singers rows, which will also delete the remaining
    # Albums rows because Albums was defined with ON DELETE CASCADE
    remaining_singers = spanner.KeySet(all_=True)

    with database.batch() as batch:
        batch.delete("Albums", albums_to_delete)
        batch.delete("Singers", singers_to_delete)
        batch.delete("Singers", remaining_singers)

    print("Deleted data.")

Ruby

Hapus baris menggunakan metode Client#delete. Halaman Client#delete menyertakan contoh.

# project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
# instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
# database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
client  = spanner.client instance_id, database_id

# Delete individual rows
client.delete "Albums", [[2, 1], [2, 3]]

# Delete a range of rows where the column key is >=3 and <5
key_range = client.range 3, 5, exclude_end: true
client.delete "Singers", key_range

# Delete remaining Singers rows, which will also delete the remaining
# Albums rows because Albums was defined with ON DELETE CASCADE
client.delete "Singers"