Mengonfigurasi kontrol akses yang sangat terperinci

Halaman ini menjelaskan cara mengonfigurasi kontrol akses terperinci untuk database Spanner.

Untuk mempelajari kontrol akses terperinci, lihat Tentang kontrol akses terperinci.

Mengonfigurasi kontrol akses yang sangat terperinci melibatkan langkah-langkah berikut:

  1. Membuat peran database dan memberikan hak istimewa.

  2. Opsional: Buat hierarki peran dengan pewarisan.

  3. Berikan akses ke peran database kepada akun utama Identity and Access Management (IAM).

  4. Beri tahu pengguna dan developer untuk mulai menggunakan peran database.

Pengguna kontrol akses terperinci kemudian harus menentukan peran database untuk menjalankan kueri, DML, atau operasi baris terhadap database.

Sebelum memulai

Pastikan setiap akun utama yang akan menjadi pengguna kontrol akses terperinci diberi peran IAM Cloud Spanner Viewer (roles/spanner.viewer). Peran ini direkomendasikan di tingkat project untuk pengguna yang harus berinteraksi dengan resource Spanner di konsol Google Cloud.

Untuk mengetahui petunjuknya, lihat Memberikan izin kepada akun utama.

Membuat peran database dan memberikan hak istimewa

Peran database adalah kumpulan hak istimewa akses yang sangat terperinci. Anda dapat membuat hingga 100 peran database untuk setiap database.

Tentukan peran dan hierarki peran di database Anda, lalu encode dalam DDL. Seperti perubahan skema lainnya di Spanner, sebaiknya terbitkan perubahan skema dalam batch, bukan secara terpisah. Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat Membatasi frekuensi pembaruan skema.

Konsol

Untuk membuat peran database dan memberikan hak istimewa akses terperinci ke peran tersebut, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

  1. Buka halaman Instance di konsol Google Cloud.

    Instance

  2. Pilih instance yang berisi database yang ingin Anda tambahi peran.

  3. Pilih database.

  4. Di halaman Ringkasan, klik Spanner Studio.

  5. Di halaman Spanner Studio, untuk setiap peran database yang ingin Anda buat dan berikan hak istimewa, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

    1. Untuk membuat peran, masukkan pernyataan berikut:

      CREATE ROLE ROLE_NAME;

      Jangan klik Kirim terlebih dahulu.

    2. Untuk memberikan hak istimewa ke peran, masukkan pernyataan GRANT di baris berikutnya setelah pernyataan CREATE ROLE.

      Untuk mengetahui detail sintaksis pernyataan GRANT, lihat bahasa definisi data GoogleSQL. Untuk informasi tentang hak istimewa, lihat Hak istimewa kontrol akses terperinci.

      Misalnya, untuk memberikan SELECT, INSERT, dan UPDATE pada tabel employees dan contractors ke peran database hr_manager, masukkan pernyataan berikut:

      GoogleSQL

      GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON TABLE employees, contractors TO ROLE hr_manager;
      

      PostgreSQL

      GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON TABLE employees, contractors TO hr_manager;
      

      Anda dapat menggunakan template DDL untuk pernyataan GRANT. Di panel Penjelajah, buka peran yang hak istimewanya ingin Anda berikan. Klik Lihat tindakan dan pilih jenis hak istimewa yang ingin Anda berikan akses untuk peran ini. Pernyataan template GRANT akan diisi di tab editor baru.

  6. Klik Kirim.

    Jika ada error dalam DDL, konsol Google Cloud akan menampilkan error.

gcloud

Untuk membuat peran database dan memberikan hak istimewa akses terperinci ke peran tersebut, gunakan perintah gcloud spanner databases ddl update dengan pernyataan CREATE ROLE dan GRANT.

Untuk mengetahui detail sintaksis pada pernyataan CREATE ROLE dan GRANT, lihat bahasa definisi data GoogleSQL.

Misalnya, gunakan perintah berikut untuk membuat peran database dan memberikan hak istimewa ke peran tersebut di satu atau beberapa tabel.

GoogleSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update DATABASE_NAME --instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--ddl='CREATE ROLE ROLE_NAME; GRANT PRIVILEGES ON TABLE TABLES TO ROLE ROLE_NAME;'

PostgreSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update DATABASE_NAME --instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--ddl='CREATE ROLE ROLE_NAME; GRANT PRIVILEGES ON TABLE TABLES TO ROLE_NAME;'

Ganti kode berikut:

  • PRIVILEGES adalah daftar hak istimewa kontrol akses terperinci yang dipisahkan koma. Untuk informasi tentang hak istimewa, lihat Hak istimewa kontrol akses terperinci.

  • TABLES adalah daftar tabel yang dipisahkan koma.

Misalnya, untuk memberikan SELECT, INSERT, dan UPDATE pada tabel employees dan contractors ke peran database hr_analyst di database hrdb1 dalam instance hr, masukkan pernyataan berikut:

GoogleSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update hrdb1 --instance=hr \
--ddl='CREATE ROLE hr_analyst; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON TABLE employees, contractors TO ROLE hr_analyst;'

PostgreSQL

gcloud spanner databases ddl update hrdb1 --instance=hr \
--ddl='CREATE ROLE hr_analyst; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON TABLE employees, contractors TO hr_analyst;'

Library klien

Contoh kode ini membuat dan menghapus peran database.

C++

void AddAndDropDatabaseRole(
    google::cloud::spanner_admin::DatabaseAdminClient client,
    std::string const& project_id, std::string const& instance_id,
    std::string const& database_id, std::string const& role_parent,
    std::string const& role_child) {
  google::cloud::spanner::Database database(project_id, instance_id,
                                            database_id);
  std::vector<std::string> grant_statements = {
      "CREATE ROLE " + role_parent,
      "GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE " + role_parent,
      "CREATE ROLE " + role_child,
      "GRANT ROLE " + role_parent + " TO ROLE " + role_child,
  };
  auto metadata =
      client.UpdateDatabaseDdl(database.FullName(), grant_statements).get();
  google::cloud::spanner_testing::LogUpdateDatabaseDdl(  //! TODO(#4758)
      client, database, metadata.status());              //! TODO(#4758)
  if (!metadata) throw std::move(metadata).status();
  std::cout << "Created roles " << role_parent << " and " << role_child
            << " and granted privileges\n";

  std::vector<std::string> revoke_statements = {
      "REVOKE ROLE " + role_parent + " FROM ROLE " + role_child,
      "DROP ROLE " + role_child,
  };
  metadata =
      client.UpdateDatabaseDdl(database.FullName(), revoke_statements).get();
  google::cloud::spanner_testing::LogUpdateDatabaseDdl(  //! TODO(#4758)
      client, database, metadata.status());              //! TODO(#4758)
  if (!metadata) throw std::move(metadata).status();
  std::cout << "Revoked privileges and dropped role " << role_child << "\n";
}

C#


using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class AddAndDropDatabaseRoleAsyncSample
{
    public async Task AddDatabaseRoleAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId, string databaseRole)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        string createRoleStatement = $"CREATE ROLE {databaseRole}";

        // Creates the given database role.
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var updateCmd = connection.CreateDdlCommand(createRoleStatement);
        await updateCmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }

    public async Task DropDatabaseRoleAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId, string databaseRole)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        string deleteRoleStatement = $"DROP ROLE {databaseRole}";

        // Drops the given database role.
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var updateCmd = connection.CreateDdlCommand(deleteRoleStatement);
        await updateCmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }
}

Go


import (
	"context"
	"io"

	database "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1"
	adminpb "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1/databasepb"
)

func addAndDropDatabaseRole(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	adminClient, err := database.NewDatabaseAdminClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer adminClient.Close()

	// Set up database roles and membership. After database roles are created,
	// users can be granted roles by setting IAM policies.
	op, err := adminClient.UpdateDatabaseDdl(ctx, &adminpb.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest{
		Database: db,
		Statements: []string{
			"CREATE ROLE parent",
			"GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Albums TO ROLE parent",
			"CREATE ROLE child",
			"GRANT ROLE parent TO ROLE child",
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Delete role and membership.
	op, err = adminClient.UpdateDatabaseDdl(ctx, &adminpb.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest{
		Database: db,
		Statements: []string{
			"REVOKE ROLE parent FROM ROLE child",
			"DROP ROLE child",
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

Java


import com.google.cloud.spanner.Spanner;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminClient;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseName;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class AddAndDropDatabaseRole {

  static void addAndDropDatabaseRole() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project";
    String instanceId = "my-instance";
    String databaseId = "my-database";
    String parentRole = "parent_role";
    String childRole = "child_role";
    addAndDropDatabaseRole(projectId, instanceId, databaseId, parentRole, childRole);
  }

  static void addAndDropDatabaseRole(
      String projectId, String instanceId, String databaseId,
      String parentRole, String childRole) {
    try (Spanner spanner =
        SpannerOptions.newBuilder()
            .setProjectId(projectId)
            .build()
            .getService();
        DatabaseAdminClient databaseAdminClient = spanner.createDatabaseAdminClient()) {
      System.out.println("Waiting for role create operation to complete...");
      databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdlAsync(
              DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId),
              ImmutableList.of(
                  String.format("CREATE ROLE %s", parentRole),
                  String.format("GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Albums TO ROLE %s", parentRole),
                  String.format("CREATE ROLE %s", childRole),
                  String.format("GRANT ROLE %s TO ROLE %s", parentRole, childRole)))
          .get(5, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
      System.out.printf(
          "Created roles %s and %s and granted privileges%n", parentRole, childRole);
      // Delete role and membership.
      System.out.println("Waiting for role revoke & drop operation to complete...");
      databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdlAsync(
          DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId),
          ImmutableList.of(
              String.format("REVOKE ROLE %s FROM ROLE %s", parentRole, childRole),
              String.format("DROP ROLE %s", childRole))).get(5, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
      System.out.printf("Revoked privileges and dropped role %s%n", childRole);
    } catch (ExecutionException | TimeoutException e) {
      System.out.printf(
          "Error: AddAndDropDatabaseRole failed with error message %s\n", e.getMessage());
      e.printStackTrace();
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println(
          "Error: Waiting for AddAndDropDatabaseRole operation to finish was interrupted");
    }
  }
}

Node.js

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

async function addAndDropNewDatabaseRole() {
  // Creates a new user defined role and grant permissions
  try {
    const request = [
      'CREATE ROLE parent',
      'GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE parent',
      'CREATE ROLE child',
      'GRANT ROLE parent TO ROLE child',
    ];
    const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
      database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
        projectId,
        instanceId,
        databaseId
      ),
      statements: request,
    });

    console.log('Waiting for operation to complete...');
    await operation.promise();

    console.log('Created roles child and parent and granted privileges');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  }

  // Revoke permissions and drop child role.
  // A role can't be dropped until all its permissions are revoked.
  try {
    const request = ['REVOKE ROLE parent FROM ROLE child', 'DROP ROLE child'];
    const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
      database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
        projectId,
        instanceId,
        databaseId
      ),
      statements: request,
    });

    console.log('Waiting for operation to complete...');
    await operation.promise();

    console.log('Revoked privileges and dropped role child');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  } finally {
    // Close the spanner client when finished.
    // The databaseAdminClient does not require explicit closure. The closure of the Spanner client will automatically close the databaseAdminClient.
    spanner.close();
  }
}
addAndDropNewDatabaseRole();

PHP

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\Client\DatabaseAdminClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest;

/**
 * Adds and drops roles to the Singers table in the example database.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * add_drop_database_role($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $projectId The Google Cloud project ID.
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function add_drop_database_role(string $projectId, string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    $databaseAdminClient = new DatabaseAdminClient();
    $databaseName = DatabaseAdminClient::databaseName($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);

    $request = new UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest([
        'database' => $databaseName,
        'statements' => [
            'CREATE ROLE new_parent',
            'GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE new_parent',
            'CREATE ROLE new_child',
            'GRANT ROLE new_parent TO ROLE new_child'
        ]
    ]);

    $operation = $databaseAdminClient->updateDatabaseDdl($request);

    printf('Waiting for create role and grant operation to complete...%s', PHP_EOL);
    $operation->pollUntilComplete();

    printf('Created roles %s and %s and granted privileges%s', 'new_parent', 'new_child', PHP_EOL);

    $request = new UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest([
        'database' => $databaseName,
        'statements' => [
            'REVOKE ROLE new_parent FROM ROLE new_child',
            'DROP ROLE new_child'
        ]
    ]);

    $operation = $databaseAdminClient->updateDatabaseDdl($request);

    printf('Waiting for revoke role and drop role operation to complete...%s', PHP_EOL);
    $operation->pollUntilComplete();

    printf('Revoked privileges and dropped role %s%s', 'new_child', PHP_EOL);
}

Python

# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"

from google.cloud.spanner_admin_database_v1.types import spanner_database_admin

spanner_client = spanner.Client()
database_admin_api = spanner_client.database_admin_api

role_parent = "new_parent"
role_child = "new_child"

request = spanner_database_admin.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest(
    database=database_admin_api.database_path(
        spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
    ),
    statements=[
        "CREATE ROLE {}".format(role_parent),
        "GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE {}".format(role_parent),
        "CREATE ROLE {}".format(role_child),
        "GRANT ROLE {} TO ROLE {}".format(role_parent, role_child),
    ],
)
operation = database_admin_api.update_database_ddl(request)

operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
    "Created roles {} and {} and granted privileges".format(role_parent, role_child)
)

request = spanner_database_admin.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest(
    database=database_admin_api.database_path(
        spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
    ),
    statements=[
        "REVOKE ROLE {} FROM ROLE {}".format(role_parent, role_child),
        "DROP ROLE {}".format(role_child),
    ],
)
operation = database_admin_api.update_database_ddl(request)

operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Revoked privileges and dropped role {}".format(role_child))

Ruby

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_add_and_drop_database_role project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:
  # project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
  # instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
  # database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

  admin_client = Google::Cloud::Spanner::Admin::Database::V1::DatabaseAdmin::Client.new
  role_parent = "new_parent"
  role_child = "new_child"

  db_path = admin_client.database_path project: project_id, instance: instance_id, database: database_id

  job = admin_client.update_database_ddl database: db_path, statements: [
    "CREATE ROLE #{role_parent}",
    "GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE #{role_parent}",
    "CREATE ROLE #{role_child}",
    "GRANT ROLE #{role_parent} TO ROLE #{role_child}"
  ]

  job.wait_until_done!
  puts "Created roles #{role_parent} and #{role_child} and granted privileges"


  job = admin_client.update_database_ddl database: db_path, statements: [
    "REVOKE ROLE #{role_parent} FROM ROLE #{role_child}",
    "DROP ROLE #{role_child}"
  ]

  job.wait_until_done!
  puts "Revoked privileges and dropped role #{role_child}"
end

Membuat hierarki peran dengan pewarisan

Anda dapat membuat hierarki peran database dengan memberikan satu peran database ke peran database lainnya. Peran turunan (dikenal sebagai peran anggota) mewarisi hak istimewa dari peran induk.

Untuk memberikan peran database ke peran database lain, gunakan pernyataan berikut:

GoogleSQL

GRANT ROLE role1 TO ROLE role2;

PostgreSQL

GRANT role1 TO role2;

Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat Hierarki dan pewarisan peran database.

Memberikan akses ke peran database kepada akun utama IAM

Sebelum akun utama dapat menggunakan peran database untuk mengakses resource Spanner, Anda harus memberinya akses ke peran database.

Konsol

Untuk memberikan akses ke peran database ke akun utama IAM, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

  1. Di halaman Ringkasan database, klik SHOW INFO PANEL jika Panel info belum terbuka.

  2. Klik ADD PRINCIPAL.

  3. Di panel Grant access to database_name, pada bagian Add principals, tentukan satu atau beberapa akun utama IAM.

  4. Di bagian Assign roles, pada menu Select a role, pilih Cloud Spanner > Cloud Spanner Fine-grained Access User.

    Anda hanya perlu memberikan peran ini satu kali kepada setiap akun utama. Hal ini membuat prinsipal menjadi pengguna kontrol akses yang sangat terperinci.

  5. Klik ADD ANOTHER ROLE.

  6. Di menu Select a role, pilih Cloud Spanner > Cloud Spanner Database Role User.

  7. Ikuti langkah-langkah berikut untuk membuat kondisi IAM yang menentukan peran yang akan diberikan.

    1. Di samping peran Pengguna Peran Database Cloud Spanner, klik TAMBAHKAN KETENTUAN IAM.

    2. Di panel Tambahkan kondisi, masukkan judul dan deskripsi opsional untuk kondisi.

      Jika memberikan satu peran database, Anda biasanya akan menyertakan nama peran dalam judul kondisi. Jika memberikan beberapa peran, Anda dapat menunjukkan sesuatu tentang kumpulan peran.

    3. Klik EDITOR KONDISI.

    4. Di kolom Expression, masukkan kode berikut:

      resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" &&
      resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE")

      Ganti ROLE dengan nama peran Anda.

      Atau, untuk memberikan akses ke akun utama ke lebih dari satu peran, tambahkan lebih banyak kondisi dengan operator atau (||), seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam contoh berikut:

      resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" &&
      (resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE1") || resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE2"))

      Kode ini memberikan dua peran. Ganti ROLE1 dan ROLE2 dengan nama peran Anda. Untuk memberikan lebih dari dua peran, tambahkan lebih banyak kondisi atau.

      Anda dapat menggunakan ekspresi kondisi apa pun yang didukung oleh IAM. Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Ringkasan kondisi IAM.

    5. Klik Simpan.

    6. Kembali ke panel sebelumnya, pastikan kondisi muncul di kolom IAM Condition di samping kolom Role.

    7. Klik Simpan.

      Kembali ke panel Info, di bagian Peran/Prinsipal, perhatikan bahwa Pengguna Peran Database Cloud Spanner muncul untuk setiap kondisi yang ditentukan.

      Angka dalam tanda kurung di samping kondisi menunjukkan jumlah akun utama yang diberi peran database oleh kondisi tersebut. Anda dapat mengklik panah peluas untuk melihat daftar akun utama.

    8. Untuk memperbaiki error pada nama atau kondisi peran database, atau untuk menambahkan peran database tambahan bagi akun utama, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

      1. Luaskan entri Pengguna Peran Database Cloud Spanner yang mencantumkan kondisi yang Anda inginkan.

      2. Klik ikon Edit (pensil) di samping akun utama.

      3. Di panel Edit access to database_name, lakukan salah satu hal berikut:

        • Klik ADD ANOTHER ROLE.

        • Untuk mengedit kondisi, klik ikon Edit (pensil) di samping nama kondisi. Kemudian, di halaman Edit condition, klik CONDITION EDITOR, lakukan koreksi, lalu klik Save dua kali.

gcloud

Untuk memberikan akses ke peran database ke akun utama IAM, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

  1. Aktifkan kontrol akses terperinci untuk akun utama menggunakan perintah gcloud spanner databases add-iam-policy-binding sebagai berikut:

    gcloud spanner databases add-iam-policy-binding DATABASE_NAME \
    --instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
    --role=roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser \
    --member=MEMBER_NAME \
    --condition=None
    • MEMBER_NAME adalah ID untuk prinsipal. Harus dalam format user|group|serviceAccount:email atau domain:domain.

    • Perintah ini menjadikan akun utama sebagai pengguna kontrol akses terperinci. Kirim perintah ini hanya sekali untuk setiap akun utama.

    • Jika berhasil, perintah akan menampilkan seluruh kebijakan untuk database.

  2. Berikan izin untuk menggunakan satu atau beberapa peran database menggunakan perintah gcloud spanner databases add-iam-policy-binding sebagai berikut:

    gcloud spanner databases add-iam-policy-binding DATABASE_NAME \
    --instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
    --role=roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser \
    --member=MEMBER_NAME \
    --condition=CONDITION
    • MEMBER_NAME adalah ID untuk prinsipal. Harus dalam format user|group|serviceAccount:email atau domain:domain.

    • CONDITION adalah ekspresi kondisi IAM yang menentukan peran yang akan diberikan kepada akun utama.

      CONDITION memiliki bentuk berikut:

      --condition='expression=(resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" && resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE1")),title=TITLE,description=DESCRIPTION'

      Atau, untuk memberikan akses ke akun utama ke lebih dari satu peran, tambahkan lebih banyak kondisi dengan operator atau (||), seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam contoh berikut:

      --condition='expression=(resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" && (resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE1") || resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE2"))),title=TITLE,description=DESCRIPTION'

      Kode ini memberikan dua peran. Ganti ROLE1 dan ROLE2 dengan nama peran Anda. Untuk memberikan lebih dari dua peran, tambahkan lebih banyak kondisi atau dengan operator ||.

      Anda dapat menggunakan ekspresi kondisi apa pun yang didukung oleh IAM. Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Ringkasan kondisi IAM.

    Jika berhasil, perintah akan menampilkan seluruh kebijakan untuk database.

    Contoh berikut memberikan peran database hr_rep dan hr_manager ke akun utama jsmith@example.com.

    gcloud spanner databases add-iam-policy-binding myDatabase \
      --instance=myInstance \
      --role=roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser \
      --member=user:jsmith@example.com \
      --condition='expression=(resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" && (resource.name.endsWith("/hr_rep") || resource.name.endsWith("/hr_manager"))),title=HR roles,description=Grant permissions on HR roles'
    

Library klien

C++

void EnableFineGrainedAccess(
    google::cloud::spanner_admin::DatabaseAdminClient client,
    std::string const& project_id, std::string const& instance_id,
    std::string const& database_id, std::string const& iam_member,
    std::string const& database_role, std::string const& title) {
  google::cloud::spanner::Database database(project_id, instance_id,
                                            database_id);

  google::iam::v1::GetIamPolicyRequest request;
  request.set_resource(database.FullName());
  request.mutable_options()->set_requested_policy_version(3);
  auto policy = client.GetIamPolicy(request);
  if (!policy) throw std::move(policy).status();
  if (policy->version() < 3) policy->set_version(3);

  auto& binding = *policy->add_bindings();
  binding.set_role("roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser");
  binding.add_members(iam_member);
  auto& condition = *binding.mutable_condition();
  condition.set_expression("resource.name.endsWith(\"/databaseRoles/" +
                           database_role + "\")");
  condition.set_title(title);

  auto new_policy =
      client.SetIamPolicy(database.FullName(), *std::move(policy));
  if (!new_policy) throw std::move(new_policy).status();
  std::cout << "Enabled fine-grained access in IAM. New policy has version "
            << new_policy->version() << "\n";
}

C#


using Google.Api.Gax;
using Google.Cloud.Iam.V1;
using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Admin.Database.V1;

public class EnableFineGrainedAccessSample
{
    public Policy EnableFineGrainedAccess(
        string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId, 
        string databaseRole, string iamMember)
    {
        var resourceName = new UnparsedResourceName($"projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}");

        var client = new DatabaseAdminClientBuilder().Build();

        // Request policy version 3 as earlier versions do not support condition field in role binding.
        // For more information see https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/policies#versions.

        GetIamPolicyRequest getIamPolicyRequest = new GetIamPolicyRequest
        {
            ResourceAsResourceName = resourceName,
            Options = new GetPolicyOptions
            {
                RequestedPolicyVersion = 3
            }
        };

        var policy = client.GetIamPolicy(getIamPolicyRequest);

        // Gives the given IAM member access to the all the database roles
        // with resource name ending in ../databaseRoles/{databaseRole}.
        // For more information see https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/conditions-overview.
        Binding newBinding = new Binding
        {
            Role = "roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser",
            Members = { iamMember },
            Condition = new Google.Type.Expr
            {
                Title = "DatabaseRoleBindingTitle",
                Expression = $"resource.name.endsWith('/databaseRoles/{databaseRole}')"
            }
        };

        policy.Bindings.Add(newBinding);
        if (policy.Version < 3)
        {
            policy.Version = 3;
        }
        SetIamPolicyRequest setIamPolicyRequest = new SetIamPolicyRequest
        {
            Policy = policy,
            ResourceAsResourceName = resourceName,
        };
        var updatedPolicy = client.SetIamPolicy(setIamPolicyRequest);
        return updatedPolicy;
    }
}

Go


import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/iam/apiv1/iampb"
	database "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1"
	expr "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/type/expr"
)

func enableFineGrainedAccess(w io.Writer, db string, iamMember string, databaseRole string, title string) error {
	// iamMember = "user:alice@example.com"
	// databaseRole = "parent"
	// title = "condition title"
	ctx := context.Background()
	adminClient, err := database.NewDatabaseAdminClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer adminClient.Close()

	policy, err := adminClient.GetIamPolicy(ctx, &iampb.GetIamPolicyRequest{
		Resource: db,
		Options: &iampb.GetPolicyOptions{
			// IAM conditions need at least version 3
			RequestedPolicyVersion: 3,
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// IAM conditions need at least version 3
	if policy.Version < 3 {
		policy.Version = 3
	}
	policy.Bindings = append(policy.Bindings, []*iampb.Binding{
		{
			Role:    "roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser",
			Members: []string{iamMember},
		},
		{
			Role:    "roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser",
			Members: []string{iamMember},
			Condition: &expr.Expr{
				Expression: fmt.Sprintf(`resource.name.endsWith("/databaseRoles/%s")`, databaseRole),
				Title:      title,
			},
		},
	}...)
	_, err = adminClient.SetIamPolicy(ctx, &iampb.SetIamPolicyRequest{
		Resource: db,
		Policy:   policy,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Enabled fine-grained access in IAM.\n")
	return nil
}

Java


import com.google.cloud.spanner.Spanner;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminClient;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.iam.v1.Binding;
import com.google.iam.v1.GetIamPolicyRequest;
import com.google.iam.v1.GetPolicyOptions;
import com.google.iam.v1.Policy;
import com.google.iam.v1.SetIamPolicyRequest;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseName;
import com.google.type.Expr;

public class EnableFineGrainedAccess {

  static void enableFineGrainedAccess() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project";
    String instanceId = "my-instance";
    String databaseId = "my-database";
    String iamMember = "user:alice@example.com";
    String role = "my-role";
    String title = "my-condition-title";
    enableFineGrainedAccess(projectId, instanceId, databaseId, iamMember, title, role);
  }

  static void enableFineGrainedAccess(
      String projectId,
      String instanceId,
      String databaseId,
      String iamMember,
      String title,
      String role) {
    try (Spanner spanner =
        SpannerOptions.newBuilder().setProjectId(projectId).build().getService();
        DatabaseAdminClient databaseAdminClient = spanner.createDatabaseAdminClient()) {
      final GetPolicyOptions options =
          GetPolicyOptions.newBuilder().setRequestedPolicyVersion(3).build();
      final GetIamPolicyRequest getRequest =
          GetIamPolicyRequest.newBuilder()
              .setResource(DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId).toString())
              .setOptions(options).build();
      final Policy policy = databaseAdminClient.getIamPolicy(getRequest);
      int policyVersion = policy.getVersion();
      // The policy in the response from getDatabaseIAMPolicy might use the policy version
      // that you specified, or it might use a lower policy version. For example, if you
      // specify version 3, but the policy has no conditional role bindings, the response
      // uses version 1. Valid values are 0, 1, and 3.
      if (policy.getVersion() < 3) {
        // conditional role bindings work with policy version 3
        policyVersion = 3;
      }

      Binding binding1 =
          Binding.newBuilder()
              .setRole("roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser")
              .addAllMembers(ImmutableList.of(iamMember))
              .build();

      Binding binding2 =
          Binding.newBuilder()
              .setRole("roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser")
              .setCondition(
                  Expr.newBuilder().setDescription(title).setExpression(
                      String.format("resource.name.endsWith(\"/databaseRoles/%s\")", role)
                  ).setTitle(title).build())
              .addAllMembers(ImmutableList.of(iamMember))
              .build();
      ImmutableList<Binding> bindings =
          ImmutableList.<Binding>builder()
              .addAll(policy.getBindingsList())
              .add(binding1)
              .add(binding2)
              .build();
      Policy policyWithConditions =
          Policy.newBuilder()
              .setVersion(policyVersion)
              .setEtag(policy.getEtag())
              .addAllBindings(bindings)
              .build();
      final SetIamPolicyRequest setRequest =
          SetIamPolicyRequest.newBuilder()
              .setResource(DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId).toString())
              .setPolicy(policyWithConditions).build();
      final Policy response = databaseAdminClient.setIamPolicy(setRequest);
      System.out.printf(
          "Enabled fine-grained access in IAM with version %d%n", response.getVersion());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';
// iamMember = 'user:alice@example.com';
// databaseRole = 'parent';
// title = 'condition title';
// Imports the Google Cloud Spanner client library
const {Spanner, protos} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// Instantiates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

async function enableFineGrainedAccess() {
  // Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner Database Admin Client object
  const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

  const [policy] = await databaseAdminClient.getIamPolicy({
    resource: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
    options: (protos.google.iam.v1.GetPolicyOptions = {
      requestedPolicyVersion: 3,
    }),
  });
  if (policy.version < 3) {
    policy.version = 3;
  }

  const newBinding = {
    role: 'roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser',
    members: [`user:${iamMember}`],
    condition: {
      title: title,
      expression: `resource.name.endsWith("/databaseRoles/${databaseRole}")`,
    },
  };
  policy.bindings.push(newBinding);
  await databaseAdminClient.setIamPolicy({
    resource: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
    policy: policy,
  });
  // Requested Policy Version is Optional. The maximum policy version that will be used to format the policy.
  // Valid values are 0, 1, and 3. Requests specifying an invalid value will be rejected.
  const newPolicy = await databaseAdminClient.getIamPolicy({
    resource: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
    options: (protos.google.iam.v1.GetPolicyOptions = {
      requestedPolicyVersion: 3,
    }),
  });
  console.log(newPolicy);
}
enableFineGrainedAccess();

PHP

use \Google\Cloud\Iam\V1\Binding;
use \Google\Type\Expr;
use Google\Cloud\Iam\V1\GetIamPolicyRequest;
use Google\Cloud\Iam\V1\SetIamPolicyRequest;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\Client\DatabaseAdminClient;

/**
 * Enable Fine Grained Access.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * enable_fine_grained_access($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId, $iamMember, $databaseRole, $title);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $projectId The Google cloud project ID
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 * @param string $iamMember The IAM member. Eg: `user:{emailid}`,
 *        `serviceAccount:{emailid}`, `group:{emailid}`, `domain:{domain}`
 * @param string $databaseRole The database role bound to
 *        the IAM member.
 * @param string $title Condition title.
 */
function enable_fine_grained_access(
    string $projectId,
    string $instanceId,
    string $databaseId,
    string $iamMember,
    string $databaseRole,
    string $title
): void {
    $adminClient = new DatabaseAdminClient();
    $resource = $adminClient->databaseName($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);
    $getIamPolicyRequest = (new GetIamPolicyRequest())
        ->setResource($resource);
    $policy = $adminClient->getIamPolicy($getIamPolicyRequest);

    // IAM conditions need at least version 3
    if ($policy->getVersion() != 3) {
        $policy->setVersion(3);
    }

    $binding = new Binding([
        'role' => 'roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser',
        'members' => [$iamMember],
        'condition' => new Expr([
            'title' => $title,
            'expression' => sprintf("resource.name.endsWith('/databaseRoles/%s')", $databaseRole)
        ])
    ]);
    $policy->setBindings([$binding]);
    $setIamPolicyRequest = (new SetIamPolicyRequest())
        ->setResource($resource)
        ->setPolicy($policy);
    $adminClient->setIamPolicy($setIamPolicyRequest);

    printf('Enabled fine-grained access in IAM' . PHP_EOL);
}

Python

# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"
# iam_member = "user:alice@example.com"
# database_role = "new_parent"
# title = "condition title"

from google.iam.v1 import iam_policy_pb2, options_pb2, policy_pb2
from google.type import expr_pb2

spanner_client = spanner.Client()
database_admin_api = spanner_client.database_admin_api

# The policy in the response from getDatabaseIAMPolicy might use the policy version
# that you specified, or it might use a lower policy version. For example, if you
# specify version 3, but the policy has no conditional role bindings, the response
# uses version 1. Valid values are 0, 1, and 3.
request = iam_policy_pb2.GetIamPolicyRequest(
    resource=database_admin_api.database_path(
        spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
    ),
    options=options_pb2.GetPolicyOptions(requested_policy_version=3),
)
policy = database_admin_api.get_iam_policy(request=request)
if policy.version < 3:
    policy.version = 3

new_binding = policy_pb2.Binding(
    role="roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser",
    members=[iam_member],
    condition=expr_pb2.Expr(
        title=title,
        expression=f'resource.name.endsWith("/databaseRoles/{database_role}")',
    ),
)

policy.version = 3
policy.bindings.append(new_binding)
set_request = iam_policy_pb2.SetIamPolicyRequest(
    resource=database_admin_api.database_path(
        spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
    ),
    policy=policy,
)
database_admin_api.set_iam_policy(set_request)

new_policy = database_admin_api.get_iam_policy(request=request)
print(
    f"Enabled fine-grained access in IAM. New policy has version {new_policy.version}"
)

Ruby

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_enable_fine_grained_access project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:, iam_member:, database_role:, title:
  # project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
  # instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
  # database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"
  # iam_member = "user:alice@example.com"
  # database_role = "new_parent"
  # title = "condition title"

  admin_client = Google::Cloud::Spanner::Admin::Database::V1::DatabaseAdmin::Client.new
  db_path = admin_client.database_path project: project_id, instance: instance_id, database: database_id

  policy = admin_client.get_iam_policy resource: db_path, options: { requested_policy_version: 3 }

  policy.version = 3 if policy.version < 3

  binding = Google::Iam::V1::Binding.new(
    role: "roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser",
    members: [iam_member],
    condition: Google::Type::Expr.new(
      title: title,
      expression: "resource.name.endsWith('/databaseRoles/#{database_role}')"
    )
  )

  policy.bindings << binding
  result = admin_client.set_iam_policy resource: db_path, policy: policy

  puts "Enabled fine-grained access in IAM."
end

Memberi tahu pengguna dan developer untuk mulai menggunakan peran database

Setelah konfigurasi kontrol akses terperinci awal selesai, beri tahu pengguna dan developer aplikasi bahwa mereka harus mulai menggunakan peran database.

  • Pengguna kontrol akses terperinci harus mulai menentukan peran database saat mereka mengakses database Spanner melalui konsol Google Cloud atau Google Cloud CLI.

  • Aplikasi yang menggunakan kontrol akses terperinci harus menentukan peran database saat mengakses database.

Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat Mengakses database dengan kontrol akses terperinci.

Mentransisikan akun utama ke kontrol akses yang sangat terperinci

Untuk mentransisikan akun utama IAM dari kontrol akses tingkat database ke kontrol akses yang sangat terperinci, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

  1. Aktifkan kontrol akses terperinci untuk akun utama dan berikan akses ke semua peran database yang diperlukan, seperti yang dijelaskan dalam Memberikan akses ke peran database ke akun utama IAM.

  2. Update semua aplikasi yang berjalan sebagai akun utama ini. Tentukan peran database yang sesuai dalam panggilan ke metode library klien.

  3. Cabut semua peran tingkat database IAM dari akun utama. Dengan cara ini, akses untuk akun utama hanya diatur oleh satu metode.

    Pengecualian: Untuk berinteraksi dengan resource Spanner di konsol Google Cloud, semua pengguna harus memiliki peran IAM roles/spanner.viewer.

    Untuk mencabut peran tingkat database IAM, ikuti petunjuk di bagian Menghapus izin tingkat database.

Mencantumkan peran database

Anda dapat mencantumkan peran database yang terkait dengan database.

Konsol

Untuk mencantumkan peran database, masukkan kueri berikut di halaman Spanner Studio untuk database:

GoogleSQL

SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROLES;

PostgreSQL

SELECT * FROM information_schema.enabled_roles;

Respons mencakup peran saat ini dan peran yang hak istimewanya dapat digunakan oleh peran saat ini melalui pewarisan. Untuk mengambil semua peran, gunakan perintah Google Cloud CLI.

gcloud

Untuk mendapatkan daftar peran database yang tidak difilter, masukkan perintah berikut. Tindakan ini memerlukan izin spanner.databaseRoles.list.

gcloud spanner databases roles list --database=DATABASE_NAME --instance=INSTANCE_NAME

Library klien

C++

void ListDatabaseRoles(google::cloud::spanner_admin::DatabaseAdminClient client,
                       std::string const& project_id,
                       std::string const& instance_id,
                       std::string const& database_id) {
  google::cloud::spanner::Database database(project_id, instance_id,
                                            database_id);
  std::cout << "Database Roles are:\n";
  for (auto& role : client.ListDatabaseRoles(database.FullName())) {
    if (!role) throw std::move(role).status();
    std::cout << role->name() << "\n";
  }
}

C#


using Google.Api.Gax;
using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Admin.Database.V1;
using System;

public class ListDatabaseRolesSample
{
    public PagedEnumerable<ListDatabaseRolesResponse, DatabaseRole> ListDatabaseRoles(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        string parent = $"projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        var client = DatabaseAdminClient.Create();
        PagedEnumerable<ListDatabaseRolesResponse, DatabaseRole> databaseRoles = client.ListDatabaseRoles(parent);
        foreach (var dbRole in databaseRoles)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"Database Role: {dbRole.DatabaseRoleName}");
        }
        return databaseRoles;
    }
}

Go


import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"strings"

	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"

	database "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1"
	adminpb "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1/databasepb"
)

func listDatabaseRoles(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	adminClient, err := database.NewDatabaseAdminClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer adminClient.Close()

	iter := adminClient.ListDatabaseRoles(ctx, &adminpb.ListDatabaseRolesRequest{
		Parent: db,
	})
	rolePrefix := db + "/databaseRoles/"
	for {
		role, err := iter.Next()
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if !strings.HasPrefix(role.Name, rolePrefix) {
			return fmt.Errorf("Role %v does not have prefix %v", role.Name, rolePrefix)
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", strings.TrimPrefix(role.Name, rolePrefix))
	}
	return nil
}

Java


import com.google.cloud.spanner.Spanner;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminClient;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminClient.ListDatabaseRolesPage;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminClient.ListDatabaseRolesPagedResponse;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseName;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseRole;

public class ListDatabaseRoles {

  static void listDatabaseRoles() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project";
    String instanceId = "my-instance";
    String databaseId = "my-database";
    listDatabaseRoles(projectId, instanceId, databaseId);
  }

  static void listDatabaseRoles(String projectId, String instanceId, String databaseId) {
    try (Spanner spanner =
        SpannerOptions.newBuilder().setProjectId(projectId).build().getService();
        DatabaseAdminClient databaseAdminClient = spanner.createDatabaseAdminClient()) {
      DatabaseName databaseName = DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId);
      ListDatabaseRolesPagedResponse response
          = databaseAdminClient.listDatabaseRoles(databaseName);
      System.out.println("List of Database roles");
      for (ListDatabaseRolesPage page : response.iteratePages()) {
        for (DatabaseRole role : page.iterateAll()) {
          System.out.printf("Obtained role %s%n", role.getName());
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Node.js

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

async function getDatabaseRoles() {
  // Fetching database roles
  const [databaseRoles] = await databaseAdminClient.listDatabaseRoles({
    parent: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    ),
  });
  console.log(
    `Roles for Database: ${databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
      projectId,
      instanceId,
      databaseId
    )}`
  );
  databaseRoles.forEach(role => {
    console.log(`Role: ${role.name}`);
  });
}
getDatabaseRoles();

PHP

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\Client\DatabaseAdminClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\ListDatabaseRolesRequest;

/**
 * List Database roles in the given database.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * list_database_roles($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $projectId The Google cloud project ID
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function list_database_roles(
    string $projectId,
    string $instanceId,
    string $databaseId
): void {
    $adminClient = new DatabaseAdminClient();
    $resource = $adminClient->databaseName($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);
    $listDatabaseRolesRequest = (new ListDatabaseRolesRequest())
        ->setParent($resource);

    $roles = $adminClient->listDatabaseRoles($listDatabaseRolesRequest);
    printf('List of Database roles:' . PHP_EOL);
    foreach ($roles as $role) {
        printf($role->getName() . PHP_EOL);
    }
}

Python

# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"
from google.cloud.spanner_admin_database_v1.types import spanner_database_admin

spanner_client = spanner.Client()
database_admin_api = spanner_client.database_admin_api

request = spanner_database_admin.ListDatabaseRolesRequest(
    parent=database_admin_api.database_path(
        spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
    )
)
# List database roles.
print("Database Roles are:")
for role in database_admin_api.list_database_roles(request):
    print(role.name.split("/")[-1])

Ruby

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_list_database_roles project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:
  # project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
  # instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
  # database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

  admin_client = Google::Cloud::Spanner::Admin::Database::V1::DatabaseAdmin::Client.new

  db_path = admin_client.database_path project: project_id, instance: instance_id, database: database_id

  result = admin_client.list_database_roles parent: db_path

  puts "List of Database roles:"
  result.each do |role|
    puts role.name
  end
end

Melihat hak istimewa yang diberikan ke peran database

Untuk melihat hak istimewa yang diberikan ke peran, jalankan kueri berikut:

GoogleSQL

SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_PRIVILEGES WHERE grantee = 'ROLE_NAME';
SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES WHERE grantee = 'ROLE_NAME';
SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHANGE_STREAM_PRIVILEGES WHERE grantee = 'ROLE_NAME';

INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_PRIVILEGES menampilkan hak istimewa pada tabel dan tampilan. Hak istimewa SELECT, INSERT, dan UPDATE di TABLE_PRIVILEGES juga ditampilkan di COLUMN_PRIVILEGES.

PostgreSQL

SELECT * FROM information_schema.table_privileges WHERE grantee = 'ROLE_NAME';
SELECT * FROM information_schema.column_privileges WHERE grantee = 'ROLE_NAME';
SELECT * FROM information_schema.change_stream_privileges WHERE grantee = 'ROLE_NAME';

information_schema.table_privileges menampilkan hak istimewa pada tabel dan tampilan. Hak istimewa SELECT, INSERT, dan UPDATE di table_privileges juga ditampilkan di column_privileges.

Melihat pengguna kontrol akses terperinci

Untuk melihat daftar akun utama yang merupakan pengguna kontrol akses terperinci, jalankan perintah berikut. Untuk menjalankan perintah, Anda harus mengaktifkan Cloud Asset API di project, dan Anda harus memiliki izin IAM cloudasset.assets.searchAllIamPolicies.

gcloud asset search-all-iam-policies \
--scope=projects/PROJECT_NAME \
--query='roles=roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser AND resource=//spanner.googleapis.com/projects/PROJECT_NAME/instances/INSTANCE_NAME/databases/DATABASE_NAME' \
--flatten=policy.bindings[].members[] \
--format='table(policy.bindings.members)'

Outputnya mirip dengan berikut ini:

MEMBERS
user:222larabrown@gmail.com
user:baklavainthebalkans@gmail.com
serviceAccount:cs-fgac-sa-1@cloud-spanner-demo.google.com.
serviceAccount:cs-fgac-sa-2@cloud-spanner-demo.google.com.

Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat Mengaktifkan API di project Google Cloud.

Melihat akun utama IAM dengan akses ke peran database

Untuk melihat daftar akun utama yang telah diberi akses ke peran database tertentu, jalankan perintah berikut. Untuk menjalankan perintah, Anda harus mengaktifkan Cloud Asset API di project, dan Anda harus memiliki izin IAM cloudasset.assets.searchAllIamPolicies.

gcloud asset search-all-iam-policies \
--scope=projects/PROJECT_NAME \
--query='roles=roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser AND policy:"resource.name" AND policy:/ROLE_NAME AND resource=//spanner.googleapis.com/projects/PROJECT_NAME/instances/INSTANCE_NAME/databases/DATABASE_NAME' \
--flatten=policy.bindings[].members[] \
--format='table(policy.bindings.members)'

Outputnya mirip dengan berikut ini:

MEMBERS
222larabrown@gmail.com

Melihat kondisi IAM untuk akun utama

Untuk melihat daftar kondisi IAM yang ditentukan saat memberikan peran Cloud Spanner Database Role User kepada akun utama, jalankan perintah berikut:

gcloud asset search-all-iam-policies \
--scope=projects/PROJECT_NAME \
--query='roles=roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser AND policy:resource.name AND policy:"PRINCIPAL_IDENTIFIER" AND resource=//spanner.googleapis.com/projects/PROJECT_NAME/instances/INSTANCE_NAME/databases/DATABASE_NAME' \
--flatten=policy.bindings[] \
--format='table(policy.bindings.condition.expression)'

dengan PRINCIPAL_IDENTIFIER adalah:

  { user:user-account-name | serviceAccount:service-account-name }

Contoh PRINCIPAL_IDENTIFIER:

user:222larabrown@gmail.com
serviceAccount:cs-fgac-sa-1@cloud-spanner-demo.google.com.

Contoh output berikut menunjukkan dua ekspresi kondisi.

EXPRESSION
resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" &&
resource.name.endsWith("/hr_analyst")
resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" &&
resource.name.endsWith("/hr_manager")

Memeriksa kebijakan IAM untuk mengetahui kondisi peran database yang tidak ada

Setelah Anda memberikan akses ke peran database kepada akun utama, sebaiknya pastikan setiap binding IAM memiliki kondisi yang ditentukan.

Untuk melakukan pemeriksaan ini, jalankan perintah berikut:

gcloud asset search-all-iam-policies \
--scope=projects/PROJECT_NAME \
--query='roles:roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser AND resource=//spanner.googleapis.com/projects/PROJECT_NAME/instances/INSTANCE_NAME/databases/DATABASE_NAME'
--flatten=policy.bindings[].members[]

Outputnya mirip dengan hal berikut ini:

ROLE                              MEMBERS                         EXPRESSION
roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser    serviceAccount:cs-fgac-sa-1@...
roles/spanner.databaseRoleUser    serviceAccount:cs-fgac-sa-2@... resource.type == "spanner…"

Perhatikan bahwa hasil pertama tidak memiliki kondisi, sehingga akun utama dalam binding ini memiliki akses ke semua peran database.

Menghapus peran database

Menghapus peran database akan otomatis mencabut keanggotaan peran lain dari peran tersebut, dan mencabut keanggotaan peran dalam peran lain.

Untuk menghapus peran database, Anda harus melakukan hal berikut terlebih dahulu:

  1. Cabut semua hak istimewa kontrol akses yang sangat terperinci dari peran.
  2. Hapus binding kebijakan IAM apa pun yang merujuk ke peran tersebut, sehingga peran database yang dibuat nanti dengan nama yang sama tidak mewarisi binding tersebut.

Konsol

Untuk menghapus peran database, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

  1. Di halaman Ringkasan database, klik Spanner Studio.

  2. Untuk mencabut hak istimewa dari peran, masukkan pernyataan REVOKE.

    GoogleSQL

    Untuk mengetahui detail sintaksis pernyataan REVOKE, lihat bahasa definisi data GoogleSQL. Untuk informasi tentang hak istimewa, lihat Hak istimewa kontrol akses terperinci.

    Misalnya, untuk mencabut SELECT, INSERT, dan UPDATE pada tabel employees dan contractors dari peran database hr_manager, masukkan pernyataan berikut:

    REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON TABLE employees, contractors FROM ROLE hr_manager;
    

    PostgreSQL

    Untuk mengetahui detail sintaksis pernyataan REVOKE, lihat PostgreSQL data definition language. Untuk informasi tentang hak istimewa, lihat Hak istimewa kontrol akses terperinci.

    Misalnya, untuk mencabut hak istimewa SELECT, INSERT, dan UPDATE pada tabel employees dan contractors dari peran database hr_manager, masukkan pernyataan berikut:

    REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON TABLE employees, contractors FROM hr_manager;
    

    Anda dapat menggunakan template DDL untuk pernyataan REVOKE. Di panel Penjelajah, buka peran yang hak istimewanya ingin Anda cabut. Klik Lihat tindakan dan pilih jenis hak istimewa yang aksesnya ingin Anda cabut untuk peran ini. Pernyataan template REVOKE akan diisi di tab editor baru.

  3. Hapus semua kondisi IAM yang terkait dengan peran.

    1. Dalam daftar peran di panel Info, temukan peran Cloud Spanner Database Role User yang memiliki judul kondisi yang diinginkan di sampingnya, lalu luaskan peran untuk melihat akun utama yang memiliki akses ke peran tersebut.

    2. Untuk salah satu akun utama, klik ikon Edit akun utama (pensil).

    3. Di halaman Edit akses, klik ikon Hapus peran (tong sampah) di samping peran Pengguna Peran Database Cloud Spanner.

    4. Klik Simpan.

    5. Ulangi tiga langkah sebelumnya untuk akun utama lain yang tercantum dalam kondisi.

  4. Untuk menghapus peran, buka halaman Spanner Studio dan masukkan pernyataan berikut:

    DROP ROLE ROLE_NAME;

  5. Klik Kirim.

gcloud

  1. Untuk mencabut semua hak istimewa untuk suatu peran, lalu menghapus peran tersebut, gunakan perintah gcloud spanner databases ddl update sebagai berikut:

    GoogleSQL

    gcloud spanner databases ddl update DATABASE_NAME \
    --instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
    --ddl='REVOKE PERMISSIONS ON TABLE TABLE_NAME FROM ROLE ROLE_NAME; DROP ROLE ROLE_NAME;'

    PostgreSQL

    gcloud spanner databases ddl update DATABASE_NAME \
    --instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
    --ddl='REVOKE PERMISSIONS ON TABLE TABLE_NAME FROM ROLE_NAME; DROP ROLE ROLE_NAME;'

    Nilai yang valid untuk PERMISSIONS adalah SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, dan DELETE.

  2. Untuk menghapus kondisi IAM terkait, gunakan perintah gcloud spanner databases remove-iam-policy-binding seperti berikut:

    gcloud spanner databases remove-iam-policy-binding DATABASE_NAME \
    --instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
    --role=ROLE_NAME \
    --member=MEMBER_NAME \
    --condition=CONDITION
    • MEMBER_NAME adalah ID untuk prinsipal. Harus dalam format user|group|serviceAccount:email atau domain:domain.

    • CONDITION adalah ekspresi kondisi IAM yang menentukan peran yang akan diberikan kepada akun utama.

      CONDITION memiliki bentuk berikut:

      --condition='expression=(resource.type == "spanner.googleapis.com/DatabaseRole" && (resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE1") || resource.name.endsWith("/ROLE2"))),title=TITLE,description=DESCRIPTION'

      Seluruh spesifikasi kondisi harus sama persis dengan spesifikasi kondisi yang digunakan dalam perintah yang memberikan izin, termasuk judul dan deskripsi.

Library klien

Contoh kode ini membuat dan menghapus peran database.

C++

void AddAndDropDatabaseRole(
    google::cloud::spanner_admin::DatabaseAdminClient client,
    std::string const& project_id, std::string const& instance_id,
    std::string const& database_id, std::string const& role_parent,
    std::string const& role_child) {
  google::cloud::spanner::Database database(project_id, instance_id,
                                            database_id);
  std::vector<std::string> grant_statements = {
      "CREATE ROLE " + role_parent,
      "GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE " + role_parent,
      "CREATE ROLE " + role_child,
      "GRANT ROLE " + role_parent + " TO ROLE " + role_child,
  };
  auto metadata =
      client.UpdateDatabaseDdl(database.FullName(), grant_statements).get();
  google::cloud::spanner_testing::LogUpdateDatabaseDdl(  //! TODO(#4758)
      client, database, metadata.status());              //! TODO(#4758)
  if (!metadata) throw std::move(metadata).status();
  std::cout << "Created roles " << role_parent << " and " << role_child
            << " and granted privileges\n";

  std::vector<std::string> revoke_statements = {
      "REVOKE ROLE " + role_parent + " FROM ROLE " + role_child,
      "DROP ROLE " + role_child,
  };
  metadata =
      client.UpdateDatabaseDdl(database.FullName(), revoke_statements).get();
  google::cloud::spanner_testing::LogUpdateDatabaseDdl(  //! TODO(#4758)
      client, database, metadata.status());              //! TODO(#4758)
  if (!metadata) throw std::move(metadata).status();
  std::cout << "Revoked privileges and dropped role " << role_child << "\n";
}

C#


using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class AddAndDropDatabaseRoleAsyncSample
{
    public async Task AddDatabaseRoleAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId, string databaseRole)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        string createRoleStatement = $"CREATE ROLE {databaseRole}";

        // Creates the given database role.
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var updateCmd = connection.CreateDdlCommand(createRoleStatement);
        await updateCmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }

    public async Task DropDatabaseRoleAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId, string databaseRole)
    {
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId}";
        string deleteRoleStatement = $"DROP ROLE {databaseRole}";

        // Drops the given database role.
        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        using var updateCmd = connection.CreateDdlCommand(deleteRoleStatement);
        await updateCmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
    }
}

Go


import (
	"context"
	"io"

	database "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1"
	adminpb "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/admin/database/apiv1/databasepb"
)

func addAndDropDatabaseRole(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	adminClient, err := database.NewDatabaseAdminClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer adminClient.Close()

	// Set up database roles and membership. After database roles are created,
	// users can be granted roles by setting IAM policies.
	op, err := adminClient.UpdateDatabaseDdl(ctx, &adminpb.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest{
		Database: db,
		Statements: []string{
			"CREATE ROLE parent",
			"GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Albums TO ROLE parent",
			"CREATE ROLE child",
			"GRANT ROLE parent TO ROLE child",
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Delete role and membership.
	op, err = adminClient.UpdateDatabaseDdl(ctx, &adminpb.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest{
		Database: db,
		Statements: []string{
			"REVOKE ROLE parent FROM ROLE child",
			"DROP ROLE child",
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := op.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

Java


import com.google.cloud.spanner.Spanner;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.SpannerOptions;
import com.google.cloud.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseAdminClient;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.spanner.admin.database.v1.DatabaseName;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class AddAndDropDatabaseRole {

  static void addAndDropDatabaseRole() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project";
    String instanceId = "my-instance";
    String databaseId = "my-database";
    String parentRole = "parent_role";
    String childRole = "child_role";
    addAndDropDatabaseRole(projectId, instanceId, databaseId, parentRole, childRole);
  }

  static void addAndDropDatabaseRole(
      String projectId, String instanceId, String databaseId,
      String parentRole, String childRole) {
    try (Spanner spanner =
        SpannerOptions.newBuilder()
            .setProjectId(projectId)
            .build()
            .getService();
        DatabaseAdminClient databaseAdminClient = spanner.createDatabaseAdminClient()) {
      System.out.println("Waiting for role create operation to complete...");
      databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdlAsync(
              DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId),
              ImmutableList.of(
                  String.format("CREATE ROLE %s", parentRole),
                  String.format("GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Albums TO ROLE %s", parentRole),
                  String.format("CREATE ROLE %s", childRole),
                  String.format("GRANT ROLE %s TO ROLE %s", parentRole, childRole)))
          .get(5, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
      System.out.printf(
          "Created roles %s and %s and granted privileges%n", parentRole, childRole);
      // Delete role and membership.
      System.out.println("Waiting for role revoke & drop operation to complete...");
      databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdlAsync(
          DatabaseName.of(projectId, instanceId, databaseId),
          ImmutableList.of(
              String.format("REVOKE ROLE %s FROM ROLE %s", parentRole, childRole),
              String.format("DROP ROLE %s", childRole))).get(5, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
      System.out.printf("Revoked privileges and dropped role %s%n", childRole);
    } catch (ExecutionException | TimeoutException e) {
      System.out.printf(
          "Error: AddAndDropDatabaseRole failed with error message %s\n", e.getMessage());
      e.printStackTrace();
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println(
          "Error: Waiting for AddAndDropDatabaseRole operation to finish was interrupted");
    }
  }
}

Node.js

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const instanceId = 'my-instance';
// const databaseId = 'my-database';
// const projectId = 'my-project-id';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {Spanner} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');

// creates a client
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
});

const databaseAdminClient = spanner.getDatabaseAdminClient();

async function addAndDropNewDatabaseRole() {
  // Creates a new user defined role and grant permissions
  try {
    const request = [
      'CREATE ROLE parent',
      'GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE parent',
      'CREATE ROLE child',
      'GRANT ROLE parent TO ROLE child',
    ];
    const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
      database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
        projectId,
        instanceId,
        databaseId
      ),
      statements: request,
    });

    console.log('Waiting for operation to complete...');
    await operation.promise();

    console.log('Created roles child and parent and granted privileges');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  }

  // Revoke permissions and drop child role.
  // A role can't be dropped until all its permissions are revoked.
  try {
    const request = ['REVOKE ROLE parent FROM ROLE child', 'DROP ROLE child'];
    const [operation] = await databaseAdminClient.updateDatabaseDdl({
      database: databaseAdminClient.databasePath(
        projectId,
        instanceId,
        databaseId
      ),
      statements: request,
    });

    console.log('Waiting for operation to complete...');
    await operation.promise();

    console.log('Revoked privileges and dropped role child');
  } catch (err) {
    console.error('ERROR:', err);
  } finally {
    // Close the spanner client when finished.
    // The databaseAdminClient does not require explicit closure. The closure of the Spanner client will automatically close the databaseAdminClient.
    spanner.close();
  }
}
addAndDropNewDatabaseRole();

PHP

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\Client\DatabaseAdminClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Admin\Database\V1\UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest;

/**
 * Adds and drops roles to the Singers table in the example database.
 * Example:
 * ```
 * add_drop_database_role($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $projectId The Google Cloud project ID.
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function add_drop_database_role(string $projectId, string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    $databaseAdminClient = new DatabaseAdminClient();
    $databaseName = DatabaseAdminClient::databaseName($projectId, $instanceId, $databaseId);

    $request = new UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest([
        'database' => $databaseName,
        'statements' => [
            'CREATE ROLE new_parent',
            'GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE new_parent',
            'CREATE ROLE new_child',
            'GRANT ROLE new_parent TO ROLE new_child'
        ]
    ]);

    $operation = $databaseAdminClient->updateDatabaseDdl($request);

    printf('Waiting for create role and grant operation to complete...%s', PHP_EOL);
    $operation->pollUntilComplete();

    printf('Created roles %s and %s and granted privileges%s', 'new_parent', 'new_child', PHP_EOL);

    $request = new UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest([
        'database' => $databaseName,
        'statements' => [
            'REVOKE ROLE new_parent FROM ROLE new_child',
            'DROP ROLE new_child'
        ]
    ]);

    $operation = $databaseAdminClient->updateDatabaseDdl($request);

    printf('Waiting for revoke role and drop role operation to complete...%s', PHP_EOL);
    $operation->pollUntilComplete();

    printf('Revoked privileges and dropped role %s%s', 'new_child', PHP_EOL);
}

Python

# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"

from google.cloud.spanner_admin_database_v1.types import spanner_database_admin

spanner_client = spanner.Client()
database_admin_api = spanner_client.database_admin_api

role_parent = "new_parent"
role_child = "new_child"

request = spanner_database_admin.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest(
    database=database_admin_api.database_path(
        spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
    ),
    statements=[
        "CREATE ROLE {}".format(role_parent),
        "GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE {}".format(role_parent),
        "CREATE ROLE {}".format(role_child),
        "GRANT ROLE {} TO ROLE {}".format(role_parent, role_child),
    ],
)
operation = database_admin_api.update_database_ddl(request)

operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
    "Created roles {} and {} and granted privileges".format(role_parent, role_child)
)

request = spanner_database_admin.UpdateDatabaseDdlRequest(
    database=database_admin_api.database_path(
        spanner_client.project, instance_id, database_id
    ),
    statements=[
        "REVOKE ROLE {} FROM ROLE {}".format(role_parent, role_child),
        "DROP ROLE {}".format(role_child),
    ],
)
operation = database_admin_api.update_database_ddl(request)

operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Revoked privileges and dropped role {}".format(role_child))

Ruby

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_add_and_drop_database_role project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:
  # project_id  = "Your Google Cloud project ID"
  # instance_id = "Your Spanner instance ID"
  # database_id = "Your Spanner database ID"

  admin_client = Google::Cloud::Spanner::Admin::Database::V1::DatabaseAdmin::Client.new
  role_parent = "new_parent"
  role_child = "new_child"

  db_path = admin_client.database_path project: project_id, instance: instance_id, database: database_id

  job = admin_client.update_database_ddl database: db_path, statements: [
    "CREATE ROLE #{role_parent}",
    "GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE #{role_parent}",
    "CREATE ROLE #{role_child}",
    "GRANT ROLE #{role_parent} TO ROLE #{role_child}"
  ]

  job.wait_until_done!
  puts "Created roles #{role_parent} and #{role_child} and granted privileges"


  job = admin_client.update_database_ddl database: db_path, statements: [
    "REVOKE ROLE #{role_parent} FROM ROLE #{role_child}",
    "DROP ROLE #{role_child}"
  ]

  job.wait_until_done!
  puts "Revoked privileges and dropped role #{role_child}"
end

Informasi selengkapnya