Set up and manage VPC Network Peering
Google Cloud VPC Network Peering enables internal IP address connectivity across two Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) networks, regardless of whether they belong to the same project or the same organization. Peering supports connectivity between networks having dual-stack subnets.
For more information, see VPC Network Peering.
Create a peering configuration
Before you begin, you must have the name of the VPC network to which you will peer with. If that network is located in another project, you must also have the project ID of that project. You can't list peering requests for your VPC network. If necessary, ask the administrator of the network that you intend to peer with for the network and project names.
A peering configuration establishes the intent to connect to another
VPC network. Your network and the other network are not connected
until each one has a peering configuration for the other. After the other
network has a corresponding configuration to peer with your network,
the peering state changes to ACTIVE
in both networks, and they are connected.
If there's no matching peering configuration in the other network, the peering
state remains INACTIVE
, indicating that your network is not connected to the
other one.
Google Cloud allows only one peering-related activity at a time across
peered networks. For example, if you set up peering with one network and
immediately try to set up another, the operation fails with the following:
Error: There is a peering operation in progress on the local or peer network. Try again later.
After connected, the two VPC networks always exchange IPv4 subnet routes (primary and secondary IPv4 subnet ranges) that use private IPv4 address ranges. For more information about subnet route exchange options, see Options for exchanging subnet routes. For details about exchanging static or dynamic routes, see Options for exchanging static routes and Options for exchanging dynamic routes.
Console
- In the Google Cloud console, go to the VPC Network Peering page .
Go to VPC Network Peering - Click Create connection.
- Click Continue.
- In the Name field, enter a name for your peering configuration.
- Under Your VPC network, select a network you want to peer.
Select the network to peer with.
- If the network that you want to peer with is in the same project, select In project [NAME-OF-YOUR-PROJECT] and then the network to peer with.
- If the network that you want to peer with is in a different project, select In another project. Specify the project ID that includes the network you want to peer with and the name of the VPC network.
Under IP stack type, specify which subnet routes should be exchanged between the peered networks:
- IPv4 (single-stack): Exchange IPv4 routes only.
- IPv4 and IPv6 (dual-stack): Exchange both IPv4 and IPv6 routes.
To import or export IPv4 and IPv6 custom routes, choose one or both of the following options:
- Import custom routes: Import custom routes from the peer network. The peer network must enable custom route export for routes to be imported.
- Export custom routes: Export custom routes to the peer network. The peer network must enable custom route import for routes to be exported.
If your network or the peer network uses privately used public IPv4 ranges in their subnets, these routes are exported by default, but not imported by default. To import privately used public IPv4 subnet routes, select:
- Import subnet routes with public IP to import privately used public IPv4 subnet routes exported by the other network
Click Create.
gcloud
Create a VPC Network Peering connection.
gcloud compute networks peerings create PEERING_NAME \ --network=NETWORK \ --peer-project=PEER_PROJECT_ID \ --peer-network=PEER_NETWORK_NAME \ [--stack-type=STACK_TYPE] \ [--import-custom-routes] \ [--export-custom-routes] \ [--import-subnet-routes-with-public-ip] \ [--export-subnet-routes-with-public-ip]
Replace the following:
PEERING_NAME
: The name of the peering configuration.NETWORK
: The name of the network in your project that you want to peer.PEER_PROJECT_ID
: The ID of the project containing the network that you want to peer with.PEER_NETWORK_NAME
: The name of the network that you want to peer with.STACK_TYPE
: The stack type for the peering connection. SpecifyIPV4_ONLY
to exchange only IPv4 routes. Alternatively, specifyIPV4_IPV6
to exchange both IPv4 and IPv6 routes.IPV4_ONLY
is the default value.- --import-custom-routes tells the network to accept custom routes from the peered network. The peered network must export the routes first.
- --export-custom-routes tells the network to export custom routes to the peered network. The peered network must be set to import the routes.
- --import-subnet-routes-with-public-ip tells the network to accept subnet routes from the peered network if that network is using privately used public IPv4 addresses in its subnets. The peered network must export the routes first.
- --export-subnet-routes-with-public-ip tells the network to export subnet routes that contain privately used public IPv4 addresses. The peered network must be set to import the routes.
Terraform
You can use a Terraform module to create a peering configuration.
For the two peered VPC networks, each self link includes a project ID and
the name of the VPC network. To get the self link for a VPC network, you can
use the gcloud compute networks
describe
command or the
networks.get
method in each
VPC network's project.
When you create a peering from the local_network
to the peer_network
,
the peering relationship is bidirectional. The peering from the
peer_network
to the local_network
gets created automatically.
To learn how to apply or remove a Terraform configuration, see Basic Terraform commands.
Verify that traffic is passing between peered VPC networks
You can use VPC Flow Logs to view network flows sent from and received by VM instances. You can also use Firewall Rules Logging to verify that traffic is passing between the networks. Create VPC firewall rules that allow (or deny) traffic between the peered networks, and turn on Firewall Rules Logging for those rules. You can then view which firewall rules were hit using Cloud Logging.
Update a peering connection
When you update an existing VPC Network Peering connection, you can do the following:
- Change whether your VPC network exports or imports custom routes or privately used public IPv4 subnet routes to or from the peer VPC network.
- Update an existing peering connection to enable or disable the exchange of IPv6 routes between the peering networks.
Your network imports routes only if the peer network is also exporting the routes, and the peer network receives routes only if it imports them.
Console
- In the Google Cloud console, go to the VPC Network Peering page.
Go to VPC Network Peering - Select the peering connection to update.
- Click Edit.
- Update the IP stack type selection to specify which subnet routes should be exchanged between the peered networks:
- IPv4 (single-stack): Stop the existing exchange of IPv6 routes over the peering and continue exchanging only IPv4 routes.
- IPv4 and IPv6 (dual-stack): Start exchanging both IPv4 and IPv6 routes, provided that the matching peering connection also has IP stack type set to IPv4 and IPv6 (dual-stack).
- To import or export IPv4 and IPv6 custom routes, choose one or both of the following
options:
- Import custom routes to import custom routes exported by the other network
- Export custom routes to export custom routes to the other network. The other network must import the routes to see them.
- If your network or the peer network uses privately used public IPv4
ranges in their subnets, these routes are exported by default, but not
imported by default. To import privately used public IPv4 subnet routes,
select:
- Import subnet routes with public IP to import privately used public IPv4 subnet routes exported by the other network
- Click Save.
gcloud
gcloud compute networks peerings update PEERING_NAME \ --network=NETWORK \ [--stack-type=STACK_TYPE] \ [--import-custom-routes] \ [--export-custom-routes] \ [--export-subnet-routes-with-public-ip] \ [--import-subnet-routes-with-public-ip]
Replace the following:
PEERING_NAME
: The name of the existing peering connection.NETWORK
: The name of the network in your project that is peered.STACK_TYPE
: The stack type for the peering connection.- Specify
IPV4_ONLY
to stop the existing exchange of IPv6 routes over the peering and continue exchanging only IPv4 routes. - Specify
IPV4_IPV6
to start exchanging both IPv4 and IPv6 routes, provided the matching peering connection also hasstack_type
set toIPV4_IPV6
.
- Specify
- --import-custom-routes tells the network to accept custom routes from the peered network. The peered network must export the routes first.
- --export-custom-routes tells the network to export custom routes to the peered network. The peered network must be set to import the routes.
- --import-subnet-routes-with-public-ip tells the network to accept subnet routes from the peered network if that network is using privately used public IPv4 addresses in its subnets. The peered network must export the routes first.
- --export-subnet-routes-with-public-ip tells the network to export subnet routes that contain privately used public IPv4 addresses. The peered network must be set to import the routes.
List peering connections
List existing peering connections to view their status and whether they're importing or exporting custom routes.
Console
- In the Google Cloud console, go to the VPC Network Peering page.
Go to VPC Network Peering - Select the peering connection to view its details.
gcloud
gcloud compute networks peerings list
List peering routes
Console
Use the Effective routes tab to view all applicable route types in a VPC network, including imported peering subnet, peering static, and peering dynamic routes.
In the Google Cloud console, go to the Routes page.
On the Effective routes tab, do the following:
- Select a VPC network.
- Select a Region.
Click View.
Click the Filter text field, and do the following:
- Choose Type from the Properties menu.
- Choose one of the following from the Values menu.
- Peering subnet: to see subnet routes from peer VPC networks.
- Peering static: to see imported static routes from peer VPC networks.
- Peering dynamic: to see imported dynamic routes from peer VPC networks.
Optionally, click Show suppressed routes to view routes that are suppressed. Place your pointer over the icon in the Status column to view the reason why a route has been suppressed. The reason includes a link to the routing order documentation with an explanation.
gcloud
Use the following Google Cloud CLI command to:
- List route exports sent from your VPC network to peer VPC networks.
- List route import candidates for your VPC network.
gcloud compute networks peerings list-routes PEERING_NAME \ --network=NETWORK \ --region=REGION \ --direction=DIRECTION
Replace the following:
PEERING_NAME
: The name of an existing peering connection.NETWORK
: The name of the network in your project that is peered.REGION
: The region where you want to list all dynamic routes. Subnet and static routes are global and are shown for all regions.DIRECTION
: Specifies whether to list imported (incoming
) or exported (outgoing
) routes.
Delete a VPC Network Peering connection
You or a network administrator for the peer VPC network can
delete a peering configuration. When a peering configuration has been deleted,
the peering connection switches to INACTIVE
in the other network, and all
routes shared among the networks are removed.
Console
- Go to the VPC Network Peering page in the Google Cloud console.
Go to VPC Network Peering - Select the checkbox next to the peering you want to remove.
- Click Delete.
gcloud
gcloud compute networks peerings delete PEERING_NAME \ --network=NETWORK
Replace the following:
PEERING_NAME
: The name of the peering connection to delete.NETWORK
: The name of the network in your project that is peered.
Troubleshooting
The following sections describe how to troubleshoot issues with VPC Network Peering.
Peer VMs are unreachable
After the peering connection is ACTIVE, it may take up to a minute for all the traffic flows to be set up between the peered networks. This time depends on the size of the networks that are peering. If you have recently set up the peering connection, wait up to a minute and try again. Also, ensure that there are no firewall rules blocking access to/from peer VPC network subnet CIDRs.
Custom routes are missing
This section describes how to troubleshoot missing custom routes.
Check the peering connection state
To check the state of your peering connection, do the following:
- List peering connections.
- Identify the peering connection to troubleshoot, and review its peering
state.
- If the state is
ACTIVE
, follow the steps in the next section. - If the peering state is
INACTIVE
, a network administrator for the other network needs to create a peering configuration to your VPC network.
- If the state is
Troubleshoot an ACTIVE
connection
To troubleshoot missing custom routes in an ACTIVE
peering connection:
List peering routes in your VPC network. In the Effective routes tab, do the following:
Consider that the regions in which dynamic routes are programmed depends on the dynamic routing mode of the VPC network that exports custom routes. For more details, see Effects of the dynamic routing mode. In global dynamic routing mode, only the highest ranked dynamic route is programmed in regions that don't match the region of the next hop.
Click the Show suppressed routes toggle to the on position, then check for your route. To view the reason why a route has been suppressed, point to the icon in the Status column. Google Cloud provides route conflict resolution on a region-by-region basis in the VPC network that imports routes using VPC Network Peering.
Look for a warning indicating that your VPC network has reached the limit for the dynamic routes per region per peering group quota. If your VPC network has reached the limit for this quota, one or more peering dynamic routes aren't programmed. Because it's not possible to show exactly which peering dynamic routes aren't programmed, request a quota limit increase for the dynamic routes per region per peering group quota.
If you still don't see the route you expect, do the following:
Review your peering configuration, and update your peering configuration if necessary so that it imports custom routes.
Ensure that the route is not one of the following route types that can't be exchanged using VPC Network Peering:
Peering subnet, peering static, and peering dynamic routes in a peered VPC network that are received from its other peer networks cannot be exchanged to your VPC network using VPC Network Peering.
Static routes that use the default internet gateway next hop and static routes with network tags cannot be exchanged using VPC Network Peering.
For more information, see Route exchange options.
Ask a network administrator of the peered VPC network to:
List routes in their VPC network, looking for the route you expect.
Review their peering configuration, and update the peering configuration if necessary so that it exports custom routes.
Traffic destined for a peer network is being dropped
You can use Connectivity Tests to help determine why traffic destined for a peer network is being dropped. If traffic should be sent using custom routes, see Custom routes are missing.
Traffic is being sent to an unexpected next hop
You can use Connectivity Tests to help determine why traffic is being sent to an unexpected next hop. If traffic should be sent using custom routes, see Custom routes are missing.
Unable to peer with a particular VPC network
If you cannot create a peering configuration with certain VPC
networks, an organization policy might be constraining the VPC
networks that your network can peer with. In the organization policy, add the
network to the list of allowed peers or contact your organization administrator.
For more information, refer to the
constraints/compute.restrictVpcPeering
constraint.
IPv6 routes are not exchanged
First, verify that both your peering connection and the peering connection of
the peered VPC network have their stack types set to IPV4_IPV6
.
If necessary:
- Update your peering connection to set its stack
type to
IPV4_IPV6
. - Ask a network administrator of the peered VPC network to update
their peering connection, setting its stack type to
IPV4_IPV6
.
After both peering connections have their stack types set to IPV4_IPV6
, IPv6
subnet routes (both internal and external) are exchanged. IPv6 subnet routes are
unique among all Google Cloud VPC networks.
To exchange IPv6 custom routes:
- Update your peering connection to import and export custom routes.
- Ask a network administrator of the peered VPC network to update their peering connection to import and export custom routes.
What's next
- For more information about VPC routing, see Routes.
- For limits related to VPC Network Peering, see VPC Network Peering limits.
- For information about how to use an internal passthrough Network Load Balancer as the next hop for a custom static route, see Use an internal passthrough Network Load Balancer as a next hop.