Provision Cloud Service Mesh on a GKE Autopilot cluster

Autopilot

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This guide describes how to set up managed Cloud Service Mesh on a Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Autopilot cluster. Cloud Service Mesh is a fully managed service mesh based on Istio.

This tutorial shows you how to configure a production-ready service mesh running on a single GKE Autopilot cluster with default settings. We recommend that you also consult the full Cloud Service Mesh provisioning guide when you design your environment.

Advantages of running managed Cloud Service Mesh with GKE Autopilot

When you use GKE in Autopilot mode, Google handles setting up and managing your cluster automatically. Autopilot mode streamlines the experience of operating a cluster and lets you focus on your applications. In the same way, managed Cloud Service Mesh is a fully managed service mesh you can provision by following a few steps.

• You provision managed Cloud Service Mesh using the Fleet API - without the need for client-side tools like istioctl.
• Cloud Service Mesh automatically injects sidecar proxies into workloads without the need for granting elevated privileges to your containers.
• You can view rich dashboards for your mesh and services without any extra configuration and then use these metrics to configure service level objectives (SLOs) and alerts to monitor the health of your applications
• The managed Cloud Service Mesh control plane is upgraded automatically to ensure that you get the latest security patches and features
• The Cloud Service Mesh managed data plane automatically upgrades the sidecar proxies in your workloads so that you don't need to restart services yourself when proxy upgrades and security patches are available
• Cloud Service Mesh is a supported product and can be configured using standard open source Istio APIs. See supported features.

Objectives

• Create a GKE Autopilot cluster
• Provision managed Cloud Service Mesh using the Fleet API
• Deploy mesh ingress gateways into a dedicated namespace
• Deploy a sample application
• Configure Cloud Service Mesh to enforce strict mutual TLS (mTLS) authentication for service-to-service communication
• View the Cloud Service Mesh dashboards and verify that services connect with mTLS

Costs

In this document, you use the following billable components of Google Cloud:

• GKE
• Cloud Load Balancing
• Cloud Service Mesh

To generate a cost estimate based on your projected usage, use the pricing calculator. New Google Cloud users might be eligible for a free trial.

When you finish the tasks that are described in this document, you can avoid continued billing by deleting the resources that you created. For more information, see Clean up.

Before you begin

Cloud Shell is preinstalled with the software you need for this tutorial, including kubectl, the gcloud CLI, Helm, and Terraform. If you don't use Cloud Shell, you must install the gcloud CLI.

1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads.
2. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

3. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

   gcloud init

   Note: If you installed the gcloud CLI previously, make sure you have the latest version by running gcloud components update.

4. Create or select a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   • Create a Google Cloud project:

     gcloud projects create PROJECT_ID

     Replace PROJECT_ID with a name for the Google Cloud project you are creating.

   • Select the Google Cloud project that you created:

     gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID

     Replace PROJECT_ID with your Google Cloud project name.

5. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

6. Install the Google Cloud CLI.

7. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

   gcloud init

   Note: If you installed the gcloud CLI previously, make sure you have the latest version by running gcloud components update.

8. Create or select a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   • Create a Google Cloud project:

     gcloud projects create PROJECT_ID

     Replace PROJECT_ID with a name for the Google Cloud project you are creating.

   • Select the Google Cloud project that you created:

     gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID

     Replace PROJECT_ID with your Google Cloud project name.

9. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

10. Grant roles to your user account. Run the following command once for each of the following IAM roles: roles/container.containerAdmin, roles/gkehub.admin, roles/serviceusage.serviceUsageAdmin

    gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT_ID --member="USER_IDENTIFIER" --role=ROLE

    • Replace PROJECT_ID with your project ID.

    • Replace USER_IDENTIFIER with the identifier for your user account. For example, user:[e-mail].

    • Replace ROLE with each individual role.

Set up your environment

You can set up your environment using the gcloud CLI or Terraform.

gcloud

1. Set environment variables:

   PROJECT_ID=PROJECT_ID
   gcloud config set project ${PROJECT_ID}
   

2. Enable the Mesh API:

   gcloud services enable mesh.googleapis.com
   

   Enabling mesh.googleapis.com enables the following APIs:

   Note: Some required APIs have transitive dependencies on other APIs.

   API	Purpose	Can Be Disabled
   meshconfig.googleapis.com	Cloud Service Mesh uses the Mesh Configuration API to relay configuration data from your mesh to Google Cloud. Additionally, enabling the Mesh Configuration API allows you to access the Cloud Service Mesh pages in the Google Cloud console and to use the Cloud Service Mesh certificate authority.	No
   meshca.googleapis.com	Related to Cloud Service Mesh certificate authority used by managed Cloud Service Mesh.	No
   container.googleapis.com	Required to create Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) clusters.	No
   gkehub.googleapis.com	Required to manage the mesh as a fleet.	No
   monitoring.googleapis.com	Required to capture telemetry for mesh workloads.	No
   stackdriver.googleapis.com	Required to use the Services UI.	No
   opsconfigmonitoring.googleapis.com	Required to use the Services UI for off-Google Cloud clusters.	No
   connectgateway.googleapis.com	Required so that the managed Cloud Service Mesh control plane can access mesh workloads.	Yes*
   trafficdirector.googleapis.com	Enables a highly available and scalable managed control plane.	Yes*
   networkservices.googleapis.com	Enables a highly available and scalable managed control plane.	Yes*
   networksecurity.googleapis.com	Enables a highly available and scalable managed control plane.	Yes*

   Warning: Disabling connectgateway.googleapis.com, trafficdirector.googleapis.com, networkservices.googleapis.com, and/or networksecurity.googleapis.com causes managed Cloud Service Mesh control plane to stop working. If the fleet does not use managed Cloud Service Mesh on any cluster, then these APIs can be disabled.

Terraform

gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID
GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT=$(gcloud config get-value project)
export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT

Create a GKE cluster

Create a GKE cluster in Autopilot mode.

gcloud

1. Create a cluster, registered as a member of a Fleet:

   gcloud container clusters create-auto asm-cluster \
       --location="us-central1" \
       --enable-fleet
   

2. Verify the cluster is registered with the Fleet:

   gcloud container fleet memberships list
   

   The output is similar to the following:

   NAME: asm-cluster
   EXTERNAL_ID: 
   LOCATION: us-central1
   

   Make note of the membership name, as you need it to configure Cloud Service Mesh.

Terraform

To create a GKE cluster, you can use the google_container_cluster resource. You set the fleet block so that the cluster is added to a fleet when it is created.

resource "google_container_cluster" "cluster" {
  name                = "asm-cluster"
  location            = var.region
  deletion_protection = false # Warning: Do not set deletion_protection to false for production clusters

  enable_autopilot = true
  fleet {
    project = data.google_project.project.name
  }
}

data "google_project" "project" {}

To learn how to apply or remove a Terraform configuration, see Basic Terraform commands.

Provision managed Cloud Service Mesh

You provision managed Cloud Service Mesh using the servicemesh feature on the fleet membership for your cluster.

gcloud

1. Enable the Cloud Service Mesh fleet feature on the project:

   gcloud container fleet mesh enable
   

2. Enable automatic management of the mesh:

   gcloud container fleet mesh update \
       --management=automatic \
       --memberships=MEMBERSHIP_NAME \
       --location=us-central1
   

   Replace MEMBERSHIP_NAME with the membership name listed when you verified that your cluster is registered to the fleet.

Terraform

To enable the mesh API, you can use the google_project_service resource.

You use the google_gke_hub_feature, and google_gke_hub_feature_membership resources to configure managed Cloud Service Mesh on your cluster.

resource "google_project_service" "mesh_api" {
  service = "mesh.googleapis.com"

  disable_dependent_services = true
}

resource "google_gke_hub_feature" "feature" {
  name     = "servicemesh"
  location = "global"

  depends_on = [
    google_project_service.mesh_api
  ]
}

resource "google_gke_hub_feature_membership" "feature_member" {
  location   = "global"
  feature    = google_gke_hub_feature.feature.name
  membership = google_container_cluster.cluster.fleet.0.membership
  membership_location = google_container_cluster.cluster.location
  mesh {
    management = "MANAGEMENT_AUTOMATIC"
  }
}

To learn how to apply or remove a Terraform configuration, see Basic Terraform commands.

Verify the control plane is active

Wait until the controlPlaneManagement.state is ACTIVE. This might take up to 15 minutes.

watch -n 30 gcloud container fleet mesh describe

The output is similar to:

membershipSpecs:
  projects/746296320118/locations/us-central1/memberships/asm-cluster:
    mesh:
      management: MANAGEMENT_AUTOMATIC
membershipStates:
  projects/746296320118/locations/us-central1/memberships/asm-cluster:
    servicemesh:
      controlPlaneManagement:
        details:
        - code: REVISION_READY
          details: 'Ready: asm-managed'
        state: ACTIVE
      dataPlaneManagement:
        details:
        - code: PROVISIONING
          details: Service is provisioning.
        state: PROVISIONING
    state:
      code: OK
      description: 'Revision(s) ready for use: asm-managed.'

The dataPlaneManagement section remains in the PROVISIONING state until you deploy the ingress gateway, because Autopilot clusters don't provision any nodes until you deploy a workload.

Deploy a mesh ingress gateway

In this section, you deploy a mesh ingress gateway to handle incoming traffic for the sample application. An ingress gateway is a load balancer operating at the edge of the mesh, receiving incoming or outgoing HTTP/TCP connections.

You deploy the gateway to a dedicated namespace and label the deployment to ensure that your gateway can be securely managed and automatically upgraded by the Cloud Service Mesh control plane.

1. Download credentials so that you can access the cluster:

   gcloud container clusters get-credentials asm-cluster --location=us-central1
   

2. Create a namespace for the gateway deployment:

   kubectl create namespace bank-gateways
   

3. Add a label to the namespace so that the Cloud Service Mesh control plane automatically injects the gateway configuration into the deployment.

   kubectl label namespace bank-gateways istio-injection=enabled
   

4. Deploy the ingress gateway to the namespace:

   Helm

   helm repo add istio https://istio-release.storage.googleapis.com/charts
   helm repo update
   helm install --wait --namespace bank-gateways \
       --set resources.requests.cpu=250m \
       --set resources.requests.memory=512Mi \
       --set resources.requests.ephemeral-storage=1Gi \
       --set resources.limits.cpu=250m \
       --set resources.limits.memory=512Mi \
       --set resources.limits.ephemeral-storage=1Gi \
       istio-ingressgateway istio/gateway
   

   kubectl

   kubectl apply -n bank-gateways \
       -k https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/anthos-service-mesh-packages/tree/main/samples/gateways/istio-ingressgateway
   kubectl -n bank-gateway wait "deployment/istio-ingressgateway"  \
       --for=condition=available --timeout=240s
   

   Ensure that you set adequate resource requests when you deploy to a production environment. GKE Autopilot only considers resource values set in requests and not limits. The Istio project publishes information on performance and scalability.

Deploy the sample application

1. Create a Kubernetes namespace for the deployment:

   kubectl create namespace bank-sample
   

2. Add a label to the namespace so that Cloud Service Mesh automatically injects sidecar proxies into the sample Pods:

   kubectl label namespace bank-sample istio-injection=enabled
   

3. Deploy the sample application:

   git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/bank-of-anthos.git
   kubectl apply -n bank-sample -f bank-of-anthos/extras/jwt/jwt-secret.yaml
   kubectl apply -n bank-sample -f bank-of-anthos/kubernetes-manifests/
   

4. Wait for the application to be ready. It will take several minutes.

   watch kubectl -n bank-sample get pods
   

   When the application is ready, the output is similar to the following:

   NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
   accounts-db-0                        2/2     Running   0          2m16s
   balancereader-5c695f78f5-x4wlz       2/2     Running   0          3m8s
   contacts-557fc79c5-5d7fg             2/2     Running   0          3m7s
   frontend-7dd589c5d7-b4cgq            2/2     Running   0          3m7s
   ledger-db-0                          2/2     Running   0          3m6s
   ledgerwriter-6497f5cf9b-25c6x        2/2     Running   0          3m5s
   loadgenerator-57f6896fd6-lx5df       2/2     Running   0          3m5s
   transactionhistory-6c498965f-tl2sk   2/2     Running   0          3m4s
   userservice-95f44b65b-mlk2p          2/2     Running   0          3m4s
   

5. Create Istio Gateway and VirtualService resources to expose the application behind the ingress gateway:

   kubectl apply -n bank-sample -f bank-of-anthos/extras/istio/frontend-ingress.yaml
   

6. Get a link to the sample application:

   INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl -n bank-gateways get service istio-ingressgateway \
       -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')
   echo "http://$INGRESS_HOST"
   

7. In a browser, follow the link to open the sample application. Login with the default username and password to view the application.

Enforce mutual TLS

Make sure that STRICT mutual TLS (mTLS) mode is enabled. Apply a default PeerAuthentication policy for the mesh in the istio-system namespace.

1. Save the following manifest as mesh-peer-authn.yaml:

   apiVersion: "security.istio.io/v1beta1"
   kind: "PeerAuthentication"
   metadata:
     name: "default"
     namespace: "istio-system"
   spec:
     mtls:
       mode: STRICT
   

2. Apply the manifest to the cluster:

   kubectl apply -f mesh-peer-authn.yaml
   

You can override this configuration by creating PeerAuthentication resources in specific namespaces.

Explore the Cloud Service Mesh dashboards

1. In Google Cloud console, go to Cloud Service Mesh to view the dashboards for your mesh:

   Go to Cloud Service Mesh

2. Select the project from the drop-down list on the menu bar.

   You see an overview table with all of the microservices in your mesh and a graphical visualization of the connections between the microservices. For each microservice, the table shows three of the SRE "golden signals":

   • Traffic - requests per second
   • Error rate - a percentage
   • Latency - milliseconds

   These metrics are based on the actual traffic being handled by the microservices. Constant test traffic is automatically sent to the frontend service by a loadgenerator client deployed as part of the sample application. Cloud Service Mesh automatically sends metrics, logs, and (optionally) traces to Google Cloud Observability.

3. Click the frontend service in the table to see an overview dashboard for the service. You see additional metrics for the service and a visualization of inbound and outbound connections. You can also create a Service Level Object (SLO) for monitoring and alerting on the service.

Verify that mTLS is enabled

Click the security link in the panel to see a security overview for the frontend service. The table and the visualization show a green lock icon for each of the inbound and outbound connections between microservices. This icon indicates that the connection is using mTLS for authentication and encryption.

Clean up

To avoid incurring charges to your Google Cloud account for the resources used in this tutorial, either delete the project that contains the resources, or keep the project and delete the individual resources.

To avoid incurring charges to your Google Cloud account for the resources used in this tutorial:

Delete the project

Caution: Deleting a project has the following effects:

• Everything in the project is deleted. If you used an existing project for the tasks in this document, when you delete it, you also delete any other work you've done in the project.
• Custom project IDs are lost. When you created this project, you might have created a custom project ID that you want to use in the future. To preserve the URLs that use the project ID, such as an appspot.com URL, delete selected resources inside the project instead of deleting the whole project.

If you plan to explore multiple architectures, tutorials, or quickstarts, reusing projects can help you avoid exceeding project quota limits.

Delete a Google Cloud project:

gcloud projects delete PROJECT_ID

Delete the individual resources

If you used an existing project and you don't want to delete it, delete the individual resources.

gcloud

1. Delete the sample application and gateways:

   kubectl delete namespace bank-sample
   kubectl delete namespace bank-gateways
   

2. Follow the instructions to uninstall Cloud Service Mesh

3. Delete the GKE cluster:

   gcloud container clusters delete --region us-central1 asm-cluster --quiet
   

Terraform

Delete the resources that you created with Terraform:

  terraform destroy

What's next

• Learn more about Cloud Service Mesh
• Explore the Cloud Service Mesh observability dashboards
• Define and alert based on service level objectives (SLOs)
• Configure authorization policies
• Learn about service mesh security best practices