Node Exporter

이 문서에서는 Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus를 사용하여 Node Exporter에서 측정항목을 수집할 수 있도록 Google Kubernetes Engine 배포를 구성하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 문서에서는 다음을 수행하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

• 측정항목을 내보내도록 Node Exporter를 설정합니다.
• 내보낸 측정항목을 수집하도록 Managed Service for Prometheus의 PodMonitoring 리소스를 구성합니다.
• 측정항목을 보도록 Cloud Monitoring의 대시보드에 액세스합니다.
• 측정항목을 모니터링하도록 알림 규칙을 구성합니다.

이 안내는 관리형 컬렉션을 GKE Standard 클러스터에 대해 Managed Service for Prometheus와 함께 사용하는 경우에만 적용됩니다. GKE Autopilot 클러스터에는 Node Exporter를 사용할 수 없습니다. 자체 배포 컬렉션을 사용하는 경우 Node Exporter용 소스 저장소에서 설치 정보를 참조하세요.

이 안내는 예시로서 제공되며 대부분의 Kubernetes 환경에서 작동합니다. 제한적인 보안 또는 조직 정책으로 인해 애플리케이션 또는 내보내기 도구를 설치하는 데 문제가 있으면 지원을 위한 오픈소스 문서를 참조하는 것이 좋습니다.

기본 요건

Managed Service for Prometheus 및 관리형 컬렉션을 사용하여 Node Exporter에서 측정항목을 수집하려면 배포가 다음 요구사항을 충족해야 합니다.

• 클러스터가 Google Kubernetes Engine 버전 1.21.4-gke.300 이상을 실행 중이어야 합니다.
• 관리형 컬렉션이 사용 설정된 상태에서 Managed Service for Prometheus를 실행 중이어야 합니다. 자세한 내용은 관리형 컬렉션 시작하기를 참조하세요.

• Cloud Monitoring에서 사용할 수 있는 대시보드를 통합에 사용하려면 node_exporter 버전 1.3.1 이상을 사용해야 합니다.

  사용 가능한 대시보드에 대한 자세한 내용은 대시보드 설치를 참조하세요.

Node Exporter 설치

다음 구성을 사용하여 Node Exporter를 설치할 수 있습니다.

# Copyright 2022 Google LLC
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  namespace: gmp-public
  name: node-exporter
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: node-exporter
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.1
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: node-exporter
  updateStrategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      maxUnavailable: 10%
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: node-exporter
        app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.1
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
            - matchExpressions:
              - key: kubernetes.io/arch
                operator: In
                values:
                - arm64
                - amd64
              - key: kubernetes.io/os
                operator: In
                values:
                - linux
      containers:
      - name: node-exporter
        image: quay.io/prometheus/node-exporter:v1.3.1
        args:
        - --web.listen-address=:8080
        - --path.sysfs=/host/sys
        - --path.rootfs=/host/root
        - --no-collector.wifi
        - --no-collector.hwmon
        - --collector.filesystem.ignored-mount-points=^/(dev|proc|sys|var/lib/docker/.+|var/lib/kubelet/pods/.+)($|/)
        - --collector.netclass.ignored-devices=^(veth.*)$
        - --collector.netdev.device-exclude=^(veth.*)$
        ports:
        - name: metrics
          containerPort: 8080
        resources:
          limits:
            memory: 180Mi
          requests:
            cpu: 102m
            memory: 180Mi
        volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /host/sys
          mountPropagation: HostToContainer
          name: sys
          readOnly: true
        - mountPath: /host/root
          mountPropagation: HostToContainer
          name: root
          readOnly: true
      hostNetwork: true
      hostPID: true
      securityContext:
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 65534
      volumes:
      - hostPath:
          path: /sys
        name: sys
      - hostPath:
          path: /
        name: root
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: PodMonitoring
metadata:
  namespace: gmp-public
  name: node-exporter
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: node-exporter
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: google-cloud-managed-prometheus
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: node-exporter
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics
    interval: 30s

로컬 파일에서 구성 변경사항을 적용하려면 다음 명령어를 실행합니다.

kubectl apply -f FILE_NAME

Terraform을 사용하여 구성을 관리할 수도 있습니다.

규칙 및 알림 정의

다음 Rules 구성을 사용하여 측정항목에 대한 알림을 정의할 수 있습니다.

# Copyright 2022 Google LLC
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: Rules
metadata:
  namespace: gmp-public
  name: node-exporter-rules
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: rules
    app.kubernetes.io/name: node-exporter-rules
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: google-cloud-managed-prometheus
spec:
  groups:
  - name: node-exporter
    interval: 30s
    rules:
    - alert: NodeFilesystemSpaceFillingUp
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available space left and is filling
          up.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemspacefillingup
        summary: Filesystem is predicted to run out of space within the next 24 hours.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_avail_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 15
        and
          predict_linear(node_filesystem_avail_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""}[6h], 24 * 60 * 60) < 0
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeFilesystemSpaceFillingUp
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available space left and is filling
          up fast.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemspacefillingup
        summary: Filesystem is predicted to run out of space within the next 4 hours.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_avail_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 10
        and
          predict_linear(node_filesystem_avail_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""}[6h], 4*60*60) < 0
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: critical
    - alert: NodeFilesystemAlmostOutOfSpace
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available space left.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemalmostoutofspace
        summary: Filesystem has less than 5% space left.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_avail_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 5
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 30m
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeFilesystemAlmostOutOfSpace
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available space left.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemalmostoutofspace
        summary: Filesystem has less than 3% space left.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_avail_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 3
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 30m
      labels:
        severity: critical
    - alert: NodeFilesystemFilesFillingUp
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available inodes left and is filling
          up.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemfilesfillingup
        summary: Filesystem is predicted to run out of inodes within the next 24 hours.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_files_free{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_files{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 40
        and
          predict_linear(node_filesystem_files_free{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""}[6h], 24*60*60) < 0
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeFilesystemFilesFillingUp
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available inodes left and is filling
          up fast.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemfilesfillingup
        summary: Filesystem is predicted to run out of inodes within the next 4 hours.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_files_free{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_files{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 20
        and
          predict_linear(node_filesystem_files_free{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""}[6h], 4*60*60) < 0
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: critical
    - alert: NodeFilesystemAlmostOutOfFiles
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available inodes left.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemalmostoutoffiles
        summary: Filesystem has less than 5% inodes left.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_files_free{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_files{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 5
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeFilesystemAlmostOutOfFiles
      annotations:
        description: Filesystem on {{ $labels.device }} at {{ $labels.instance }}
          has only {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}% available inodes left.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefilesystemalmostoutoffiles
        summary: Filesystem has less than 3% inodes left.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filesystem_files_free{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} / node_filesystem_files{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} * 100 < 3
        and
          node_filesystem_readonly{job="node-exporter",fstype!=""} == 0
        )
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: critical
    - alert: NodeNetworkReceiveErrs
      annotations:
        description: '{{ $labels.instance }} interface {{ $labels.device }} has encountered
          {{ printf "%.0f" $value }} receive errors in the last two minutes.'
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodenetworkreceiveerrs
        summary: Network interface is reporting many receive errors.
      expr: |
        rate(node_network_receive_errs_total[2m]) / rate(node_network_receive_packets_total[2m]) > 0.01
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeNetworkTransmitErrs
      annotations:
        description: '{{ $labels.instance }} interface {{ $labels.device }} has encountered
          {{ printf "%.0f" $value }} transmit errors in the last two minutes.'
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodenetworktransmiterrs
        summary: Network interface is reporting many transmit errors.
      expr: |
        rate(node_network_transmit_errs_total[2m]) / rate(node_network_transmit_packets_total[2m]) > 0.01
      for: 1h
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeHighNumberConntrackEntriesUsed
      annotations:
        description: '{{ $value | humanizePercentage }} of conntrack entries are used.'
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodehighnumberconntrackentriesused
        summary: Number of conntrack are getting close to the limit.
      expr: |
        (node_nf_conntrack_entries / node_nf_conntrack_entries_limit) > 0.75
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeTextFileCollectorScrapeError
      annotations:
        description: Node Exporter text file collector failed to scrape.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodetextfilecollectorscrapeerror
        summary: Node Exporter text file collector failed to scrape.
      expr: |
        node_textfile_scrape_error{job="node-exporter"} == 1
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeClockSkewDetected
      annotations:
        description: Clock on {{ $labels.instance }} is out of sync by more than 300s.
          Ensure NTP is configured correctly on this host.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodeclockskewdetected
        summary: Clock skew detected.
      expr: |
        (
          node_timex_offset_seconds{job="node-exporter"} > 0.05
        and
          deriv(node_timex_offset_seconds{job="node-exporter"}[5m]) >= 0
        )
        or
        (
          node_timex_offset_seconds{job="node-exporter"} < -0.05
        and
          deriv(node_timex_offset_seconds{job="node-exporter"}[5m]) <= 0
        )
      for: 10m
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeClockNotSynchronising
      annotations:
        description: Clock on {{ $labels.instance }} is not synchronising. Ensure
          NTP is configured on this host.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodeclocknotsynchronising
        summary: Clock not synchronising.
      expr: |
        min_over_time(node_timex_sync_status{job="node-exporter"}[5m]) == 0
        and
        node_timex_maxerror_seconds{job="node-exporter"} >= 16
      for: 10m
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeRAIDDegraded
      annotations:
        description: RAID array '{{ $labels.device }}' on {{ $labels.instance }} is
          in degraded state due to one or more disks failures. Number of spare drives
          is insufficient to fix issue automatically.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/noderaiddegraded
        summary: RAID Array is degraded
      expr: |
        node_md_disks_required{job="node-exporter",device=~"(/dev/)?(mmcblk.p.+|nvme.+|rbd.+|sd.+|vd.+|xvd.+|dm-.+|dasd.+)"} - ignoring (state) (node_md_disks{state="active",job="node-exporter",device=~"(/dev/)?(mmcblk.p.+|nvme.+|rbd.+|sd.+|vd.+|xvd.+|dm-.+|dasd.+)"}) > 0
      for: 15m
      labels:
        severity: critical
    - alert: NodeRAIDDiskFailure
      annotations:
        description: At least one device in RAID array on {{ $labels.instance }} failed.
          Array '{{ $labels.device }}' needs attention and possibly a disk swap.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/noderaiddiskfailure
        summary: Failed device in RAID array
      expr: |
        node_md_disks{state="failed",job="node-exporter",device=~"(/dev/)?(mmcblk.p.+|nvme.+|rbd.+|sd.+|vd.+|xvd.+|dm-.+|dasd.+)"} > 0
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeFileDescriptorLimit
      annotations:
        description: File descriptors limit at {{ $labels.instance }} is currently
          at {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}%.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefiledescriptorlimit
        summary: Kernel is predicted to exhaust file descriptors limit soon.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filefd_allocated{job="node-exporter"} * 100 / node_filefd_maximum{job="node-exporter"} > 70
        )
      for: 15m
      labels:
        severity: warning
    - alert: NodeFileDescriptorLimit
      annotations:
        description: File descriptors limit at {{ $labels.instance }} is currently
          at {{ printf "%.2f" $value }}%.
        runbook_url: https://runbooks.prometheus-operator.dev/runbooks/node/nodefiledescriptorlimit
        summary: Kernel is predicted to exhaust file descriptors limit soon.
      expr: |
        (
          node_filefd_allocated{job="node-exporter"} * 100 / node_filefd_maximum{job="node-exporter"} > 90
        )
      for: 15m
      labels:
        severity: critical
  - name: node-exporter.rules
    interval: 30s
    rules:
    - expr: |
        count without (cpu, mode) (
          node_cpu_seconds_total{job="node-exporter",mode="idle"}
        )
      record: instance:node_num_cpu:sum
    - expr: |
        1 - avg without (cpu) (
          sum without (mode) (rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{job="node-exporter", mode=~"idle|iowait|steal"}[5m]))
        )
      record: instance:node_cpu_utilisation:rate5m
    - expr: |
        (
          node_load1{job="node-exporter"}
        /
          instance:node_num_cpu:sum{job="node-exporter"}
        )
      record: instance:node_load1_per_cpu:ratio
    - expr: |
        1 - (
          (
            node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes{job="node-exporter"}
            or
            (
              node_memory_Buffers_bytes{job="node-exporter"}
              +
              node_memory_Cached_bytes{job="node-exporter"}
              +
              node_memory_MemFree_bytes{job="node-exporter"}
              +
              node_memory_Slab_bytes{job="node-exporter"}
            )
          )
        /
          node_memory_MemTotal_bytes{job="node-exporter"}
        )
      record: instance:node_memory_utilisation:ratio
    - expr: |
        rate(node_vmstat_pgmajfault{job="node-exporter"}[5m])
      record: instance:node_vmstat_pgmajfault:rate5m
    - expr: |
        rate(node_disk_io_time_seconds_total{job="node-exporter", device=~"(/dev/)?(mmcblk.p.+|nvme.+|rbd.+|sd.+|vd.+|xvd.+|dm-.+|dasd.+)"}[5m])
      record: instance_device:node_disk_io_time_seconds:rate5m
    - expr: |
        rate(node_disk_io_time_weighted_seconds_total{job="node-exporter", device=~"(/dev/)?(mmcblk.p.+|nvme.+|rbd.+|sd.+|vd.+|xvd.+|dm-.+|dasd.+)"}[5m])
      record: instance_device:node_disk_io_time_weighted_seconds:rate5m
    - expr: |
        sum without (device) (
          rate(node_network_receive_bytes_total{job="node-exporter", device!="lo"}[5m])
        )
      record: instance:node_network_receive_bytes_excluding_lo:rate5m
    - expr: |
        sum without (device) (
          rate(node_network_transmit_bytes_total{job="node-exporter", device!="lo"}[5m])
        )
      record: instance:node_network_transmit_bytes_excluding_lo:rate5m
    - expr: |
        sum without (device) (
          rate(node_network_receive_drop_total{job="node-exporter", device!="lo"}[5m])
        )
      record: instance:node_network_receive_drop_excluding_lo:rate5m
    - expr: |
        sum without (device) (
          rate(node_network_transmit_drop_total{job="node-exporter", device!="lo"}[5m])
        )
      record: instance:node_network_transmit_drop_excluding_lo:rate5m

로컬 파일에서 구성 변경사항을 적용하려면 다음 명령어를 실행합니다.

kubectl apply -f FILE_NAME

Terraform을 사용하여 구성을 관리할 수도 있습니다.

클러스터에 규칙을 적용하는 방법에 대한 자세한 내용은 관리형 규칙 평가 및 알림을 참조하세요.

이 Rules 구성은 kube-prometheus 저장소에 기여한 규칙과 알림에 맞게 조정되었습니다.

구성 확인

측정항목 탐색기를 사용하여 내보내기 도구를 올바르게 구성했는지 확인할 수 있습니다. Cloud Monitoring이 측정항목을 수집하는 데 1~2분 정도 걸릴 수 있습니다.

측정항목이 수집되었는지 확인하려면 다음을 수행하세요.

1. Google Cloud 콘솔의 탐색 패널에서 Monitoring을 선택한 후 측정항목 탐색기를 선택합니다.

   측정항목 탐색기로 이동

2. 쿼리 빌더 창의 툴바에서 이름이  MQL 또는  PromQL인 버튼을 선택합니다.
3. 언어 전환 버튼에 PromQL이 선택되어 있는지 확인합니다. 언어 전환 버튼은 쿼리 형식을 지정할 수 있는 동일한 툴바에 있습니다.
4. 다음 쿼리를 입력하고 실행합니다.
   

   up{job="node-exporter", cluster="CLUSTER_NAME", namespace="gmp-public"}
   

대시보드 설치

Cloud Monitoring은 통합을 위한 샘플 대시보드 라이브러리를 제공합니다. 샘플 라이브러리에는 'Prometheus' 대시보드가 포함되어 있으며, 이를 설치하면 Google Cloud 콘솔에서 데이터를 볼 수 있습니다.

Kubernetes 클러스터 Prometheus 개요 대시보드를 사용하려면 Kube 상태 측정항목을 설치해야 합니다. Kubernetes 포드 Prometheus 개요 대시보드를 사용하려면 Kube 상태 측정항목 및 Kubelet/cAdvisor를 설치해야 합니다.

샘플 라이브러리에서 대시보드를 설치하려면 다음을 수행합니다.

1. Google Cloud 콘솔의 탐색 패널에서 Monitoring을 선택한 후 대시보드를 선택합니다.

   대시보드로 이동

2. 샘플 라이브러리 탭을 선택합니다.
3. 기타 카테고리를 선택합니다.
4. (선택사항) 설치하지 않고도 대시보드의 정적 미리보기를 보려면 미리보기를 클릭합니다.
5. 설치하려는 대시보드를 선택한 다음  가져오기를 클릭합니다.

대시보드 설치에 대한 자세한 내용은 샘플 대시보드 설치를 참조하세요.

문제 해결

측정항목 수집 문제 해결에 대한 자세한 내용은 수집 측 문제 해결에서 내보내기 도구의 수집 관련 문제를 참조하세요.