About the Cloud SQL Proxy

This page provides a basic introduction to the Cloud SQL Proxy, and describes the proxy options.

For step-by-step instructions on using the Cloud SQL Proxy, follow the link for your environment:

You do not need to use the Cloud SQL Proxy or configure SSL to connect to Cloud SQL from App Engine standard or connect to Cloud SQL from the App Engine flexible environment.

What the Cloud SQL Proxy provides

The Cloud SQL Proxy provides secure access to your instances without the need for Authorized networks or for configuring SSL.

Accessing your Cloud SQL instance using the Cloud SQL Proxy offers the following advantages:

  • Secure connections: The Cloud SQL Proxy automatically encrypts traffic to and from the database using TLS 1.2 with a 128-bit AES cipher; SSL certificates are used to verify client and server identities.
  • Easier connection management: The Cloud SQL Proxy handles authentication with Cloud SQL, removing the need to provide static IP addresses.

The Cloud SQL Proxy does not provide a new connectivity path; it relies on existing IP connectivity. To connect to a Cloud SQL instance using private IP, the Cloud SQL Proxy must be on a resource with access to the same VPC network as the instance.

How the Cloud SQL Proxy works

The Cloud SQL Proxy works by having a local client running in the local environment. Your application communicates with the Cloud SQL Proxy with the standard database protocol used by your database. The Cloud SQL Proxy uses a secure tunnel to communicate with its companion process running on the server.

While the proxy can listen on any port, it only creates outgoing connections to your Cloud SQL instance on port 3307. If you have an outbound firewall policy, make sure it allows connections to port 3307 on your Cloud SQL instance's IP.

The following diagram shows how the Cloud SQL Proxy connects to Cloud SQL:

Diagram of the Cloud SQL Proxy connecting from client software to SQL instance

Requirements for using the Cloud SQL Proxy

To use the Cloud SQL Proxy, you must meet the following requirements:

  • The Cloud SQL Admin API must be enabled.
  • You must provide the Cloud SQL Proxy with Google Cloud authentication credentials.
  • You must provide the Cloud SQL Proxy with a valid database user account and password.

  • The instance must either have a public IPv4 address, or be configured to use private IP.

    The public IP address does not need to be accessible to any external address (it does not need to be added as an authorized network address).

Cloud SQL Proxy startup options

When you start the Cloud SQL Proxy, you provide it with the following information:

  • What Cloud SQL instances to establish connections to
  • Where it will listen for data coming from your application to be sent to Cloud SQL
  • Where it will find the credentials it will use to authenticate your application to Cloud SQL
  • If required, which IP address type to use.

The Cloud SQL Proxy startup options you provide determine whether it will listen on a TCP port or on a Unix socket. If it is listening on a Unix socket, it creates the socket at the location you choose; usually, the /cloudsql/ directory. For TCP, the Cloud SQL Proxy listens on localhost by default.

Run the cloud_sql_proxy executable with the argument --help to view the complete list of startup options.

You can install the Cloud SQL Proxy anywhere in your local environment. The location of the Cloud SQL Proxy binaries does not impact where it listens for data from your application.

Using a service account for authentication

The Cloud SQL Proxy requires authentication. The advantage of using a service account for this purpose is that you can create a credential file specifically for the Cloud SQL Proxy, and it is explicitly and permanently linked to the Cloud SQL Proxy as long as it is running. For this reason, using a service account is the recommended method for production instances not running on a Compute Engine instance.

The credential file can be duplicated in a system image if you need to invoke the Cloud SQL Proxy from multiple machines.

To use this method, you must create and manage the credential file. Only users with the resourcemanager.projects.setIamPolicy permission (such as project owners) can create the service account. If your Google Cloud user does not have this permission, you must have someone else create the service account for you, or use another method to authenticate the Cloud SQL Proxy.

For help with creating a credential file, see Creating a service account.

Required permissions for service accounts

When you use a service account to provide the credentials for the Cloud SQL Proxy, you must create it with sufficient permissions. If you are using the finer-grained Identity Access and Management (IAM) roles to manage your Cloud SQL permissions, you must give the service account a role that includes the cloudsql.instances.connect permission. The predefined Cloud SQL roles that include this permission are:

  • Cloud SQL Client
  • Cloud SQL Editor
  • Cloud SQL Admin

If you are using the legacy project roles (Viewer, Editor, Owner), the service account must have at least the Editor role.

Options for specifying Cloud SQL instances

There are several ways to tell the Cloud SQL Proxy which instances you want to connect to. Some are explicit and some are implicit. In some configurations, you do not have to tell the Cloud SQL Proxy ahead of time which instances you want to connect to, because the Cloud SQL Proxy connects based on connection requests.

Your options for instance specification depend on your operating system and environment:

Option Benefits Caveats and Requirements Linux/macOS
(Unix sockets)		 Java Windows Notes
Automatic instance discovery No need to specify instances; sockets created for all instances in default project. Cloud SQL Proxy API usage is increased. Must have Cloud SDK installed and authenticated, with a default project set. Must restart Cloud SQL Proxy to add new instance. Supported No No Not recommended for production instances.
Project discovery No need to specify instances; sockets created for all instances in specified projects. Cloud SQL Proxy API usage is increased. Must have Cloud SDK installed and authenticated. Must restart Cloud SQL Proxy to add new instance. Supported No No Use -projects parameter. Not recommended for production instances.
Instances specified on Cloud SQL Proxy invocation Instance list known and static. Must restart Cloud SQL Proxy to add new instance. Supported Supported with TCP sockets Supported with TCP sockets Use -instances parameter. For multiple instances, use a comma-separated list, with no spaces. Learn more.
Instances specified using Compute Engine metadata Instance list can be updated by changing the metadata value without restarting the Cloud SQL Proxy. Available only on Compute Engine. Supported Supported with TCP sockets Supported with TCP sockets Use -instances_metadata flag. Learn more.

See sample invocations and connection strings.

Keeping the Cloud SQL Proxy up-to-date

Google occasionally releases new versions of the Cloud SQL Proxy. You can see what the current version is by checking the Cloud SQL Proxy GitHub releases page. Future proxy releases will also be noted in the Google Groups Cloud SQL announce forum.

API usage

The Cloud SQL Proxy issues requests to the Cloud SQL Admin API. These requests count against the API quota for your project.

The highest API usage occurs when you start the Cloud SQL Proxy; this is especially true if you use automatic instance discovery or the -projects parameter. While the Cloud SQL Proxy is running, it issues 2 API calls per hour per connected instance.

Cloud SQL Proxy parameters and flags

The Cloud SQL Proxy accepts several flags and parameters when it is started. These options determine where and how the Cloud SQL Proxy creates the sockets it uses for communicating with Cloud SQL, and how it authenticates.

For help with Cloud SQL Proxy options, see the following information:

Using the Cloud SQL Proxy in a production environment

When you are using the Cloud SQL Proxy in a production environment, there are some steps you can take to ensure that the Cloud SQL Proxy provides the required availability for your application.

Ensure that the Cloud SQL Proxy is run as a persistent service

If the Cloud SQL Proxy process is stopped, all existing connections through it are dropped, and your application cannot create any more connections to the Cloud SQL instance with the Cloud SQL Proxy. To prevent this scenario, be sure to run the Cloud SQL Proxy as a persistent service, so that if the Cloud SQL Proxy exits for any reason, it is automatically restarted. This can be accomplished by using a service such as systemd, upstart, or supervisor. For the Windows operating system, run the Cloud SQL Proxy as a Windows Service. In general, make sure the Cloud SQL Proxy has the same uptime requirements as your application process.

How many copies of the Cloud SQL Proxy your application needs

There is no need to create a proxy process for every application process; many application processes can share a single Cloud SQL Proxy process. Run one Cloud SQL Proxy client process per workstation or virtual machine.

If you are using auto-scaling for virtual machines, ensure that the Cloud SQL Proxy is included in your virtual machine configuration, so that whenever a new virtual machine is started, it has its own Cloud SQL Proxy process.

It is up to you to manage how many connections your application requires, whether by limiting or pooling the connections. The Cloud SQL Proxy does not place any limitations on new connection rates or persistent connection count.

Reducing Cloud SQL Proxy output

If you need to reduce the size of the Cloud SQL Proxy log, you can do so by setting -verbose=false when you start the Cloud SQL Proxy. Keep in mind, however, that doing so reduces the effectiveness of the Cloud SQL Proxy output in diagnosing connection issues.

How failover affects the Cloud SQL Proxy

If you are running the Cloud SQL Proxy on an instance configured for High Availability, and a failover occurs, connections through the Cloud SQL Proxy are affected the same way as connections over IP: all existing connections are lost, and the application must establish new connections. However, no manual intervention is required; the application can continue using the same connection strings it was before.

Keeping the Cloud SQL Proxy Docker image up to date

The Cloud SQL Proxy Docker image is based on a specific version of the Cloud SQL Proxy. When a new version of the Cloud SQL Proxy becomes available, pull the new version of the Cloud SQL Proxy Docker image to keep your environment up to date. You can see the current version of the Cloud SQL Proxy by checking the Cloud SQL Proxy GitHub releases page.

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