Configure VMs to install Debian packages

This page describes configuring VMs to install Debian packages from an Artifact Registry Apt repository.

Before you begin

If the target Apt repository does not exist, create a new standard or remote repository. You can create a private repository, or a public repository that doesn't require authentication.

Prepare a VM to access an Apt repository

Private repository

1. Choose the service account you will use to grant access.

   • For Compute Engine VMs, this might be the default service account. Artifact Registry automatically retrieves Compute Engine VM service account credentials for any VM using a service account.
   • For other VMs, create or choose a service account to act on behalf of your VM. You will need the location of the service account key file to configure the VM. You can view and create keys for existing accounts on the Service Accounts page.

2. Grant repository access permissions to your service account.

3. Prepare the VM to access the repository.

   Compute Engine VM

   Debian VM

   1. Assign cloud-platform API access scopes to the VM. For information about setting access scopes, see Changing the service account and access scopes for an instance.

   2. Update Apt using the following command:

      sudo apt update
      

   3. Install the apt-transport-artifact-registry package on the VM:

      sudo apt install apt-transport-artifact-registry
      

   Ubuntu VM

   1. Install the Apt repository signing keys, using the following command:

      curl https://LOCATION-apt.pkg.dev/doc/repo-signing-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add - && curl https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
      

      Replace LOCATION with the location of the repository.

   2. Assign cloud-platform API access scopes to the VM. For information about setting access scopes, see Changing the service account and access scopes for an instance.

   3. Configure your VM to access Artifact Registry packages using the following command:

      echo 'deb http://packages.cloud.google.com/apt apt-transport-artifact-registry-stable main' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/artifact-registry.list
      

   4. Update Apt using the following command:

      sudo apt update
      

   5. Install the apt-transport-artifact-registry package on the VM:

      sudo apt install apt-transport-artifact-registry
      

   Other VM

   1. Install the Apt repository signing keys, using the following command:

      curl https://LOCATION-apt.pkg.dev/doc/repo-signing-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add - && curl https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
      

      Replace LOCATION with the location of the repository.

   2. Configure your VM to access Artifact Registry packages using the following command:

      echo 'deb http://packages.cloud.google.com/apt apt-transport-artifact-registry-stable main' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/artifact-registry.list
      

   3. Update Apt using the following command:

      sudo apt update
      

   4. Install the apt-transport-artifact-registry package on the VM:

      sudo apt install apt-transport-artifact-registry
      

   5. Find the #Service-Account-JSON "/path/to/creds.json"; line in the /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90artifact-registry file, then uncomment the line and add the path of your service account key.

      Config file entry:

      Service-Account-JSON  "PATH_TO_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY";
      

      Replace PATH_TO_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY with the path to your service account key JSON file.

Public repository

1. Configure public access to the repository.

2. If you're configuring a VM outside of Google Cloud, prepare your machine to access the repository. If you're configuring a Compute Engine VM, proceed to the next step.

   Install the public signature verification key, using the following command:

   curl https://LOCATION-apt.pkg.dev/doc/repo-signing-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
   

   Replace LOCATION with the location of the repository.

3. Update Apt using the following command:

   sudo apt update
   

Configure a VM to access an Apt repository

Configure a VM to access an Apt repository:

1. Generate the VM configuration command by running the gcloud beta artifacts print-settings apt command:

   gcloud beta artifacts print-settings apt \
       --repository=REPOSITORY \
       --location=LOCATION
   

   Replace the following:

   • LOCATION is a regional or multi-regional location.
   • REPOSITORY is the name of the Artifact Registry repository.

   The output is similar to the following:

   # To configure your package manager with this repository:
   
   # Update Apt:
   sudo apt update
   
   # Install the Apt credential helper:
   sudo apt install apt-transport-artifact-registry
   
   # Configure your VM to access Artifact Registry packages using the following
   # command:
   
   echo "deb ar+https://LOCATION-apt.pkg.dev/projects/PROJECT REPOSITORY main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/artifact-registry.list
   
   # Update Apt:
   sudo apt update
   

2. Configure Apt to fetch packages from your repository using the echo command from the output of the print-settings command.

   For example, to install packages from the public repository my-repo in the project my-project and in the location us-central1, use the following command:

   echo 'deb ar+https://us-central1-apt.pkg.dev/projects/my-project my-repo main'
   

3. Update your repository sources with the following command:

   sudo apt update
   

Apt can now connect to the repository.

If you create additional Apt repositories, you can add them to the artifact-registry.list file and then rerun sudo apt update to update repository sources.

Configure a VM to access a remote Apt repository

Preview

This product or feature is subject to the "Pre-GA Offerings Terms" in the General Service Terms section of the Service Specific Terms. Pre-GA products and features are available "as is" and might have limited support. For more information, see the launch stage descriptions.

To configure a VM to only use a remote Apt repository instead of a standard upstream Apt repository, replace the standard repository with your remote repository in the VM's /etc/apt/sources.list file.

Warning: re-ordering and deleting repositories from the sources.list file can have serious consequences. If you're not sure you want to remove the standard repository, you can configure Apt to use a remote Apt repository as a backup.

1. Grant project wide Artifact Registry write permissions to the default Compute Engine service account:

    gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT_ID \
      --member=serviceAccount:[e-mail] \
      --role=roles/artifactregistry.writer
   

2. Go to the VM instances page.

3. In the row with your VM, click SSH.

   A new window opens with a terminal session on the VM.

4. Open the VM's /etc/apt/sources.list file and locate the standard repository you want to replace with your new remote repository.

5. Delete the standard repository line, and replace it with the following:

   deb ar+https://LOCATION-apt.pkg.dev/remote/PROJECT_ID/REMOTE_REPOSITORY_NAME UPSTREAM_REPOSITORY_NAME COMPONENTS
   

   Replace the following:

   • LOCATION with the location zone of the VM.
   • PROJECT_ID with the project ID of the VM.
   • REMOTE_REPOSITORY_NAME with the name you gave your remote repository.
   • UPSTREAM_REPOSITORY_NAME with the name of the upstream repository for your remote.
   • COMPONENTS with a whitespace separated list of component names.

   For example, the following configures the VM to fetch packages from the repository my-repo in the project my-project in location us-east1 using buster as the upstream repository for components main, contrib, and non-free.

   deb ar+https://us-east1-apt.pkg.dev/remote/my-project/my-repo buster main contrib non-free
   

6. Update your repository sources with the following command:

   sudo apt update
   

   Apt can now connect to the repository.

Use a remote Apt repository as a backup

Preview

This product or feature is subject to the "Pre-GA Offerings Terms" in the General Service Terms section of the Service Specific Terms. Pre-GA products and features are available "as is" and might have limited support. For more information, see the launch stage descriptions.

If you want to keep the standard upstream as the first option and add the remote repository as a fall-back option, you can keep the standard upstream in the sources.list file, and either append the remote repository to the end of the sources.list file, or create a new list in the sources.list.d folder.

To create a new artifact-registry.list file in the sources.list.dfolder, run the following command:

echo 'deb ar+https://LOCATION-apt.pkg.dev/remote/PROJECT_ID/REMOTE_REPOSITORY_NAME UPSTREAM_REPOSITORY_NAME COMPONENTS' | sudo tee -a  /etc/apt/sources.list.d/artifact-registry.list

Replace the following:

• LOCATION with the location zone of the VM.
• PROJECT_ID with the project ID of the VM.
• REMOTE_REPOSITORY_NAME with the name you gave your remote repository.
• UPSTREAM_REPOSITORY_NAME with the name of the upstream repository for your remote.
• COMPONENTS with a whitespace separated list of component names.

If you create additional Apt repositories, you can add them to the artifact-registry.list or sources.list file and then rerun sudo apt update to update repository sources.

Configure HTTP access to an Apt repository

If using older client tools that don't support SSL encryption, you can configure public access to your Apt repository and access it via HTTP. Requests sent to public readable repositories using HTTP will be rejected if an authentication token is presented with the request.

1. Configure public access to the repository.

   Note: HTTP access is only enabled for publicly readable repositories.

2. To configure Apt to fetch packages from your repository using HTTP, run the following command:

    echo 'deb http://LOCATION-apt.pkg.dev/projects/PROJECT_ID REPOSITORY main' >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/artifact-registry.list
   

   Replace the following:

   • LOCATION with the location of the repository.
   • PROJECT_ID with the project ID of the repository.
   • REPOSITORY with the repository name.

   For example, to install packages from the public repository my-repo in the project my-project and in the location us-central1 using HTTP, use the following command:

   echo 'deb http://us-central1-apt.pkg.dev/projects/my-project my-repo main' >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/artifact-registry.list
   

3. Update your repository sources with the following command:

   sudo apt update
   

Apt can now connect to the repository.

If you create additional Apt repositories, you can add them to the artifact-registry.list file and then rerun sudo apt update to update repository sources.

What's next

• Learn about managing Debian packages