Gérer les connexions aux bases de données

Vous trouverez sur cette page des bonnes pratiques et des exemples de code propres aux langages. Ils vous aideront à créer des applications qui utilisent efficacement les connexions à la base de données Cloud SQL.

Ces exemples sont des extraits d'une application Web complète disponible sur GitHub. En savoir plus

Pour obtenir des instructions détaillées concernant l'exécution d'un exemple d'application Web connectée à Cloud SQL, suivez le lien correspondant à votre environnement :

Pools de connexions

Un pool de connexions est un cache de connexions à la base de données, qui sont partagées et réutilisées pour améliorer la latence et les performances de connexion. Lorsque l'application a besoin d'une connexion à une base de données, elle en emprunte une temporairement dans son pool. Une fois qu'elle en a terminé avec cette connexion, elle la renvoie au pool, où elle pourra la réutiliser la prochaine fois qu'elle aura besoin d'une connexion à une base de données.

Se connecter avec TCP

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

import os
import ssl

import sqlalchemy


def connect_tcp_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_host = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_HOST"
    ]  # e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-db-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-db-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    db_port = os.environ["DB_PORT"]  # e.g. 5432

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            host=db_host,
            port=db_port,
            database=db_name,
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

Remarque :

  • CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME doit être représenté sous la forme <MY-PROJECT>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>.
  • L'utilisation de l'argument ipTypes=PRIVATE force la connexion de SocketFactory à l'adresse IP privée associée à une instance.
  • Pour en savoir plus sur les exigences de version Socket Factory des sockets JDBC pour le fichier pom.xml, cliquez ici.


import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class TcpConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  private static final String INSTANCE_HOST = System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");
  private static final String DB_PORT = System.getenv("DB_PORT");


  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql://<INSTANCE_HOST>:<DB_PORT>/<DB_NAME>?user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql://%s:%s/%s", INSTANCE_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"


    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');
const fs = require('fs');

// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
const createTcpPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  const dbConfig = {
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_HOST, // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
      port: process.env.DB_PORT, // e.g. '5432'
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  };
  // Establish a connection to the database.
  return Knex(dbConfig);
};

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
func connectTCPSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser    = mustGetenv("DB_USER")       // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd     = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		dbTCPHost = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST") // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
		dbPort    = mustGetenv("DB_PORT")       // e.g. '5432'
		dbName    = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")       // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("host=%s user=%s password=%s port=%s database=%s",
		dbTCPHost, dbUser, dbPwd, dbPort, dbName)


	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlTcp
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"),     // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

tcp: &tcp
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  host: <%= ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST") { "127.0.0.1" }%> # '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex
  port: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_PORT") { 5432 }%>

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseTcp
{
    public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex)

            // Connect using TCP
            $dsn = sprintf('pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceHost);

            // Connect to the database
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

Se connecter avec des sockets Unix

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

import os

import sqlalchemy


def connect_unix_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a Unix socket connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-database-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-database-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    unix_socket_path = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"
    ]  # e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@/<db_name>
        #                         ?unix_sock=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>/.s.PGSQL.5432
        # Note: Some drivers require the `unix_sock` query parameter to use a different key.
        # For example, 'psycopg2' uses the path set to `host` in order to connect successfully.
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            database=db_name,
            query={"unix_sock": f"{unix_socket_path}/.s.PGSQL.5432"},
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class ConnectorConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME =
      System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME");
  private static final String INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET = System.getenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET");
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql:///<DB_NAME>?cloudSqlInstance=<INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME>&
    // socketFactory=com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory&user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql:///%s", DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", _postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"

    config.addDataSourceProperty("socketFactory", "com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory");
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlInstance", INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME);

    // Unix sockets are not natively supported in Java, so it is necessary to use the Cloud SQL
    // Java Connector to connect. When setting INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, the connector will 
    // call an external package that will enable Unix socket connections.
    // Note: For Java users, the Cloud SQL Java Connector can provide authenticated connections
    // which is usually preferable to using the Cloud SQL Proxy with Unix sockets.
    // See https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory for details.
    if (INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET != null) {
      config.addDataSourceProperty("unixSocketPath", INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET);
    }


    // cloudSqlRefreshStrategy set to "lazy" is used to perform a
    // refresh when needed, rather than on a scheduled interval.
    // This is recommended for serverless environments to
    // avoid background refreshes from throttling CPU.
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlRefreshStrategy", "lazy");

    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');

// createUnixSocketPool initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
const createUnixSocketPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  return Knex({
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  });
};

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlUnix
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlUnixSocketConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Server=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>;Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Database=<DB_NAME>"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,

                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"), // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectUnixSocket initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
func connectUnixSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_unix.go: %s environment variable not set.\n", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser         = mustGetenv("DB_USER")              // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd          = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")              // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		unixSocketPath = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET") // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
		dbName         = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")              // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("user=%s password=%s database=%s host=%s",
		dbUser, dbPwd, dbName, unixSocketPath)

	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

unix: &unix
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  # Specify the Unix socket path as host
  host: "<%= ENV["INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"] %>"

Pour afficher cet extrait dans le contexte d'une application Web, consultez le fichier README sur GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseUnix
{
    public static function initUnixDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceUnixSocket = getenv('INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET'); // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'

            // Connect using UNIX sockets
            $dsn = sprintf(
                'pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s',
                $dbName,
                $instanceUnixSocket
            );

            // Connect to the database.
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, ' .
                        'and $instanceUnixSocket (for UNIX socket mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                (int) $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                (int) $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

Ouvrir et fermer des connexions

Lorsque vous utilisez un pool de connexions, vous devez ouvrir et fermer les connexions correctement, de sorte qu'elles soient toujours renvoyées au pool une fois que vous avez terminé. En cas de non-renvoi ou de "fuite" des connexions, elles ne sont pas réutilisées, ce qui gaspille des ressources et peut entraîner des goulots d'étranglement affectant les performances de l'application.

# Preparing a statement before hand can help protect against injections.
stmt = sqlalchemy.text(
    "INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (:time_cast, :candidate)"
)
try:
    # Using a with statement ensures that the connection is always released
    # back into the pool at the end of statement (even if an error occurs)
    with db.connect() as conn:
        conn.execute(stmt, parameters={"time_cast": time_cast, "candidate": team})
        conn.commit()
except Exception as e:
    # If something goes wrong, handle the error in this section. This might
    # involve retrying or adjusting parameters depending on the situation.
    # ...
// Using a try-with-resources statement ensures that the connection is always released back
// into the pool at the end of the statement (even if an error occurs)
try (Connection conn = pool.getConnection()) {

  // PreparedStatements can be more efficient and project against injections.
  String stmt = "INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (?, ?);";
  try (PreparedStatement voteStmt = conn.prepareStatement(stmt);) {
    voteStmt.setTimestamp(1, now);
    voteStmt.setString(2, team);

    // Finally, execute the statement. If it fails, an error will be thrown.
    voteStmt.execute();
  }
} catch (SQLException ex) {
  // If something goes wrong, handle the error in this section. This might involve retrying or
  // adjusting parameters depending on the situation.
  // ...
}
/**
 * Insert a vote record into the database.
 *
 * @param {object} pool The Knex connection object.
 * @param {object} vote The vote record to insert.
 * @returns {Promise}
 */
const insertVote = async (pool, vote) => {
  try {
    return await pool('votes').insert(vote);
  } catch (err) {
    throw Error(err);
  }
};
using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlTcp
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"),     // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}
insertVote := "INSERT INTO votes(candidate, created_at) VALUES($1, NOW())"
_, err := db.Exec(insertVote, team)
@vote = Vote.new candidate: candidate

# ActiveRecord creates and executes your SQL and automatically
# handles the opening and closing of the database connection.
if @vote.save
  render json: "Vote successfully cast for \"#{@vote.candidate}\" at #{@vote.time_cast} PST!"
else
  render json: @vote.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity
end
// Use prepared statements to guard against SQL injection.
$sql = 'INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (NOW(), :voteValue)';

try {
    $statement = $conn->prepare($sql);
    $statement->bindParam('voteValue', $value);

    $res = $statement->execute();
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    throw new RuntimeException(
        'Could not insert vote into database. The PDO exception was ' .
        $e->getMessage(),
        $e->getCode(),
        $e
    );
}

Nombre de connexions

Chaque connexion à la base de données emploie des ressources côté client et côté serveur. De plus, Cloud SQL impose des limites globales de connexions qui ne peuvent pas être dépassées. Créer et utiliser moins de connexions permet de réduire les frais généraux et de rester sous la limite de connexions.

# Pool size is the maximum number of permanent connections to keep.
pool_size=5,
# Temporarily exceeds the set pool_size if no connections are available.
max_overflow=2,
# The total number of concurrent connections for your application will be
# a total of pool_size and max_overflow.
// maximumPoolSize limits the total number of concurrent connections this pool will keep. Ideal
// values for this setting are highly variable on app design, infrastructure, and database.
config.setMaximumPoolSize(5);
// minimumIdle is the minimum number of idle connections Hikari maintains in the pool.
// Additional connections will be established to meet this value unless the pool is full.
config.setMinimumIdle(5);
// 'max' limits the total number of concurrent connections this pool will keep. Ideal
// values for this setting are highly variable on app design, infrastructure, and database.
config.pool.max = 5;
// 'min' is the minimum number of idle connections Knex maintains in the pool.
// Additional connections will be established to meet this value unless the pool is full.
config.pool.min = 5;
// MaxPoolSize sets maximum number of connections allowed in the pool.
connectionString.MaxPoolSize = 5;
// MinPoolSize sets the minimum number of connections in the pool.
connectionString.MinPoolSize = 0;
// Set maximum number of connections in idle connection pool.
db.SetMaxIdleConns(5)

// Set maximum number of open connections to the database.
db.SetMaxOpenConns(7)
# 'pool' is the maximum number of permanent connections to keep.
pool: 5

PDO ne propose actuellement aucune fonctionnalité permettant de configurer des limites de connexion.

Intervalle exponentiel entre les tentatives

Si l'application tente sans succès de se connecter à la base de données, il se peut que cette dernière soit temporairement indisponible. Dans ce cas, l'envoi de requêtes de connexion répétées gaspille des ressources. Il est préférable d'attendre avant d'envoyer des requêtes de connexion supplémentaires afin de permettre à la base de données d'être à nouveau accessible. L'utilisation d'un intervalle exponentiel entre les tentatives ou d'un autre mécanisme de retardement permet d'atteindre cet objectif.

Une nouvelle tentative n'a alors de sens que lors de la première connexion, ou lors de la première obtention d'une connexion à partir du pool. Si des erreurs se produisent au milieu d'une transaction, l'application doit effectuer la nouvelle tentative, puis recommencer depuis le début d'une transaction. Ainsi, même si votre pool est correctement configuré, l'application peut toujours afficher des erreurs en cas de perte de connexion.

# SQLAlchemy automatically uses delays between failed connection attempts,
# but provides no arguments for configuration.
// Hikari automatically delays between failed connection attempts, eventually reaching a
// maximum delay of `connectionTimeout / 2` between attempts.
// 'knex' uses a built-in retry strategy which does not implement backoff.
// 'createRetryIntervalMillis' is how long to idle after failed connection creation before trying again
config.pool.createRetryIntervalMillis = 200; // 0.2 seconds
Policy
    .Handle<NpgsqlException>()
    .WaitAndRetry(new[]
    {
        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2),
        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)
    })
    .Execute(() => connection.Open());

Le package database/sql ne propose actuellement aucune fonctionnalité permettant de configurer l'intervalle exponentiel entre les tentatives.

# ActiveRecord automatically uses delays between failed connection attempts,
# but provides no arguments for configuration.

PDO ne propose actuellement aucune fonctionnalité permettant de configurer un intervalle exponentiel entre les tentatives.

Délai de connexion

De nombreuses raisons peuvent expliquer l'échec d'une tentative de connexion. La communication réseau n'est jamais garantie, et la base de données peut être temporairement dans l'impossibilité de répondre. Assurez-vous que votre application gère de manière optimale les connexions interrompues ou infructueuses.

# 'pool_timeout' is the maximum number of seconds to wait when retrieving a
# new connection from the pool. After the specified amount of time, an
# exception will be thrown.
pool_timeout=30,  # 30 seconds
// setConnectionTimeout is the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for a connection checkout.
// Any attempt to retrieve a connection from this pool that exceeds the set limit will throw an
// SQLException.
config.setConnectionTimeout(10000); // 10 seconds
// idleTimeout is the maximum amount of time a connection can sit in the pool. Connections that
// sit idle for this many milliseconds are retried if minimumIdle is exceeded.
config.setIdleTimeout(600000); // 10 minutes
// 'acquireTimeoutMillis' is the number of milliseconds before a timeout occurs when acquiring a
// connection from the pool. This is slightly different from connectionTimeout, because acquiring
// a pool connection does not always involve making a new connection, and may include multiple retries.
// when making a connection
config.pool.acquireTimeoutMillis = 60000; // 60 seconds
// 'createTimeoutMillis` is the maximum number of milliseconds to wait trying to establish an
// initial connection before retrying.
// After acquireTimeoutMillis has passed, a timeout exception will be thrown.
config.pool.createTimeoutMillis = 30000; // 30 seconds
// 'idleTimeoutMillis' is the number of milliseconds a connection must sit idle in the pool
// and not be checked out before it is automatically closed.
config.pool.idleTimeoutMillis = 600000; // 10 minutes
// Timeout sets the time to wait (in seconds) while
// trying to establish a connection before terminating the attempt.
connectionString.Timeout = 15;

Le package database/sql ne propose actuellement aucune fonctionnalité permettant de configurer le délai avant expiration de la connexion. Le délai avant expiration est configuré au niveau du pilote.

# 'timeout' is the maximum number of seconds to wait when retrieving a
# new connection from the pool. After the specified amount of time, an
# ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError will be raised.
timeout: 5000
// Here we set the connection timeout to five seconds and ask PDO to
// throw an exception if any errors occur.
[
    PDO::ATTR_TIMEOUT => 5,
    PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
]

Durée de la connexion

Limiter la durée de vie d'une connexion peut aider à empêcher l'accumulation de connexions abandonnées. Pour ce faire, vous pouvez utiliser le pool de connexions.

# 'pool_recycle' is the maximum number of seconds a connection can persist.
# Connections that live longer than the specified amount of time will be
# re-established
pool_recycle=1800,  # 30 minutes
// maxLifetime is the maximum possible lifetime of a connection in the pool. Connections that
// live longer than this many milliseconds will be closed and reestablished between uses. This
// value should be several minutes shorter than the database's timeout value to avoid unexpected
// terminations.
config.setMaxLifetime(1800000); // 30 minutes

La bibliothèque Node.js knex ne propose actuellement aucune fonctionnalité permettant de contrôler la durée d'une connexion.

// ConnectionIdleLifetime sets the time (in seconds) to wait before
// closing idle connections in the pool if the count of all
// connections exceeds MinPoolSize.
connectionString.ConnectionIdleLifetime = 300;
// Set Maximum time (in seconds) that a connection can remain open.
db.SetConnMaxLifetime(1800 * time.Second)

ActiveRecord ne propose actuellement aucune fonctionnalité permettant de contrôler la durée d'une connexion.

PDO ne propose actuellement aucune fonctionnalité permettant de contrôler la durée d'une connexion.

Pour voir l'application complète, cliquez sur le lien ci-dessous.

Affichez l'application complète pour le langage de programmation Python.

Affichez l'application complète pour le langage de programmation Java.

Affichez l'application complète pour le langage de programmation Node.js.

Affichez l'application complète pour le langage de programmation C#.

Affichez l'application complète pour le langage de programmation Go.

Affichez l'application complète pour le langage de programmation Ruby.

Affichez l'application complète pour le langage de programmation PHP.

Étape suivante