Connettiti dall'ambiente flessibile di App Engine

MySQL   |  PostgreSQL   |  SQL Server

Questa pagina contiene informazioni ed esempi per la connessione a un'istanza Cloud SQL da un servizio in esecuzione nell'ambiente flessibile App Engine.

Cloud SQL è un servizio di database completamente gestito che semplifica la configurazione, la manutenzione, la gestione e l'amministrazione dei database relazionali nel cloud.

App Engine è una piattaforma serverless completamente gestita per lo sviluppo e l'hosting di applicazioni web su larga scala. Puoi scegliere tra diversi linguaggi, librerie e framework popolari per sviluppare le tue app, poi lascia che App Engine si occupi del provisioning dei server e della scalabilità delle istanze delle app in base alla domanda.

Configura un'istanza Cloud SQL

1. Abilita l'API Cloud SQL Admin nel progetto Google Cloud da cui ti connetti, se non l'hai già fatto:

   Enable the API

2. Crea un'istanza Cloud SQL per PostgreSQL. Per una latenza migliore, per evitare alcuni costi di networking e per ridurre i rischi di errori tra regioni, ti consigliamo di scegliere una posizione dell'istanza Cloud SQL nella stessa regione del servizio Cloud Run.

   Per impostazione predefinita, Cloud SQL assegna un indirizzo IP pubblico a una nuova istanza. Hai anche la possibilità di assegnare un indirizzo IP privato. Per ulteriori informazioni sulle opzioni di connettività per entrambi, consulta la pagina Panoramica della connessione.

3. Quando crei l'istanza, puoi scegliere la gerarchia dei certificati server (CA) per l'istanza e poi configurare la gerarchia come serverCaMode per l'istanza. Devi selezionare l'opzione CA per istanza (GOOGLE_MANAGED_INTERNAL_CA) come modalità CA server per le istanze a cui vuoi connetterti dalle applicazioni web dell'ambiente flessibile App Engine.

Configurare l'ambiente flessibile di App Engine

I passaggi per configurare l'ambiente flessibile App Engine dipendono dal tipo di indirizzo IP assegnato all'istanza Cloud SQL.

IP pubblico (predefinito)

Per configurare l'ambiente flessibile di App Engine in modo da abilitare le connessioni a un'istanza Cloud SQL:

1. Assicurati che l'istanza abbia un indirizzo IP pubblico. Puoi verificarlo nella pagina Panoramica della tua istanza nella console Google Cloud . Se devi aggiungerne uno, consulta la pagina Configurazione IP pubblico per istruzioni.
2. Ottieni il INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME per la tua istanza. Puoi trovare questo valore nella pagina Panoramica della tua istanza nella consoleGoogle Cloud o eseguendo il seguente gcloud sql instances describe comando:

   gcloud sql instances describe INSTANCE_NAME
      

   Sostituisci INSTANCE_NAME con il nome della tua istanza Cloud SQL.

3. Assicurati che il account di servizio utilizzato dalla tua app per autenticare le chiamate a Cloud SQL disponga del Cloud SQL Client ruolo IAM.

   Per istruzioni dettagliate sull'aggiunta di ruoli IAM a un account di servizio, vedi Concessione di ruoli ai service account.

Per impostazione predefinita, la tua app autorizzerà le connessioni utilizzando l' service account dell'ambiente flessibile di App Engine. L'account di servizio è nel formato [e-mail].

Se il account di servizio di autorizzazione appartiene a un progetto diverso dall'istanza Cloud SQL, è necessario aggiungere le autorizzazioni API Cloud SQL Admin e IAM per entrambi i progetti.

Aggiorna il file app.yaml del tuo progetto con l'opzione più adatta. Puoi utilizzare un elenco di istanze separate da virgole per specificare più opzioni contemporaneamente.

Abilitazione di un socket di dominio Unix

Per abilitare un socket di dominio Unix, aggiungi uno dei seguenti elementi al file app.yaml del progetto, a seconda che tu ti connetta a una o più istanze:

beta_settings:
  cloud_sql_instances: INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME

beta_settings:
  cloud_sql_instances: INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME,INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME_2,...

Attivazione di una porta TCP

Per attivare una porta TCP locale, aggiungi uno dei seguenti elementi al file app.yaml del progetto, a seconda che tu ti stia connettendo a una o più istanze:

beta_settings:
  cloud_sql_instances: INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME=tcp:PORT

beta_settings:
  cloud_sql_instances: INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME_1=tcp:PORT_1,INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME_2=tcp:PORT_2,...

IP privato

Per connetterti all'istanza Cloud SQL tramite IP privato, il deployment dell'ambiente flessibile App Engine deve trovarsi nella stessa rete VPC dell'istanza Cloud SQL. Consulta la documentazione di configurazione in Impostazioni di rete per istruzioni su come specificare una rete VPC per la tua implementazione.

Una volta eseguito il deployment, la tua applicazione potrà connettersi direttamente utilizzando l'indirizzo IP privato e la porta 5432 dell'istanza.

Connettiti a Cloud SQL

Dopo aver configurato l'ambiente flessibile di App Engine, puoi connetterti all'istanza Cloud SQL.

IP pubblico (predefinito)

Per i percorsi IP pubblici, l'ambiente flessibile App Engine fornisce la crittografia e si connette utilizzando il proxy di autenticazione Cloud SQL in tre modi:

• Tramite socket TCP
• Tramite socket Unix
• Utilizzando un connettore Cloud SQL

Connettiti tramite TCP

Connettiti direttamente utilizzando 172.17.0.1:PORT, dove PORT è la porta che hai specificato nel file app.yaml. Il proxy di autenticazione Cloud SQL è in ascolto su 172.17.0.1 e cripta e inoltra la connessione all'istanza Cloud SQL.

Python

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

import os
import ssl

import sqlalchemy


def connect_tcp_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_host = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_HOST"
    ]  # e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-db-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-db-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    db_port = os.environ["DB_PORT"]  # e.g. 5432

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            host=db_host,
            port=db_port,
            database=db_name,
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Java

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

Nota:

• CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME deve essere rappresentato come <MY-PROJECT>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>
• L'utilizzo dell'argomento ipTypes=PRIVATE forzerà SocketFactory a connettersi con l'IP privato associato di un'istanza
• Consulta i requisiti di versione del socket factory JDBC per il file pom.xml.

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class TcpConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  private static final String INSTANCE_HOST = System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");
  private static final String DB_PORT = System.getenv("DB_PORT");


  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql://<INSTANCE_HOST>:<DB_PORT>/<DB_NAME>?user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql://%s:%s/%s", INSTANCE_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"


    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Node.js

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');
const fs = require('fs');

// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
const createTcpPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  const dbConfig = {
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_HOST, // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
      port: process.env.DB_PORT, // e.g. '5432'
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  };
  // Establish a connection to the database.
  return Knex(dbConfig);
};

Vai

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
func connectTCPSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser    = mustGetenv("DB_USER")       // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd     = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		dbTCPHost = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST") // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
		dbPort    = mustGetenv("DB_PORT")       // e.g. '5432'
		dbName    = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")       // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("host=%s user=%s password=%s port=%s database=%s",
		dbTCPHost, dbUser, dbPwd, dbPort, dbName)


	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

C#

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlTcp
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"),     // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Ruby

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

tcp: &tcp
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  host: <%= ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST") { "127.0.0.1" }%> # '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex
  port: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_PORT") { 5432 }%>

PHP

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseTcp
{
    public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex)

            // Connect using TCP
            $dsn = sprintf('pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceHost);

            // Connect to the database
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

Connettersi con i socket Unix

Una volta configurato correttamente, puoi connettere il tuo servizio al socket di dominio Unix dell'istanza Cloud SQL a cui si accede nel file system dell'ambiente al seguente percorso: /cloudsql/INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME.

INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME utilizza il formato project:region:instance-id. Puoi trovarlo nella pagina Panoramica della tua istanza nella console Google Cloud o eseguendo il seguente comando:

gcloud sql instances describe [INSTANCE_NAME]

Queste connessioni vengono criptate automaticamente senza alcuna configurazione aggiuntiva.

Gli esempi di codice mostrati di seguito sono estratti da esempi più completi sul sito GitHub. Fai clic su View on GitHub per visualizzare ulteriori informazioni.

Nota:lo standard PostgreSQL richiede un suffisso .s.PGSQL.5432 nel percorso del socket. Alcune librerie applicano questo suffisso automaticamente, mentre altre richiedono di specificare il percorso del socket nel seguente modo:

/cloudsql/INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME/.s.PGSQL.5432

Avviso: i sistemi operativi basati su Linux hanno una lunghezza massima del percorso del socket di 108 caratteri. Se la lunghezza totale del percorso supera questa lunghezza, non puoi connetterti a un socket dall'ambiente flessibile di App Engine.

Python

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

import os

import sqlalchemy


def connect_unix_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a Unix socket connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-database-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-database-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    unix_socket_path = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"
    ]  # e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@/<db_name>
        #                         ?unix_sock=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>/.s.PGSQL.5432
        # Note: Some drivers require the `unix_sock` query parameter to use a different key.
        # For example, 'psycopg2' uses the path set to `host` in order to connect successfully.
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            database=db_name,
            query={"unix_sock": f"{unix_socket_path}/.s.PGSQL.5432"},
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Java

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class ConnectorConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME =
      System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME");
  private static final String INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET = System.getenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET");
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql:///<DB_NAME>?cloudSqlInstance=<INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME>&
    // socketFactory=com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory&user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql:///%s", DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", _postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"

    config.addDataSourceProperty("socketFactory", "com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory");
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlInstance", INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME);

    // Unix sockets are not natively supported in Java, so it is necessary to use the Cloud SQL
    // Java Connector to connect. When setting INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, the connector will 
    // call an external package that will enable Unix socket connections.
    // Note: For Java users, the Cloud SQL Java Connector can provide authenticated connections
    // which is usually preferable to using the Cloud SQL Proxy with Unix sockets.
    // See https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory for details.
    if (INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET != null) {
      config.addDataSourceProperty("unixSocketPath", INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET);
    }


    // cloudSqlRefreshStrategy set to "lazy" is used to perform a
    // refresh when needed, rather than on a scheduled interval.
    // This is recommended for serverless environments to
    // avoid background refreshes from throttling CPU.
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlRefreshStrategy", "lazy");

    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Node.js

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');

// createUnixSocketPool initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
const createUnixSocketPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  return Knex({
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  });
};

C#

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlUnix
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlUnixSocketConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Server=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>;Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Database=<DB_NAME>"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,

                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"), // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Vai

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectUnixSocket initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
func connectUnixSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_unix.go: %s environment variable not set.\n", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser         = mustGetenv("DB_USER")              // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd          = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")              // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		unixSocketPath = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET") // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
		dbName         = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")              // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("user=%s password=%s database=%s host=%s",
		dbUser, dbPwd, dbName, unixSocketPath)

	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

Ruby

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

unix: &unix
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  # Specify the Unix socket path as host
  host: "<%= ENV["INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"] %>"

PHP

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseUnix
{
    public static function initUnixDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceUnixSocket = getenv('INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET'); // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'

            // Connect using UNIX sockets
            $dsn = sprintf(
                'pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s',
                $dbName,
                $instanceUnixSocket
            );

            // Connect to the database.
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, ' .
                        'and $instanceUnixSocket (for UNIX socket mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                (int) $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                (int) $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

Connettiti con i connettori Cloud SQL

I connettori Cloud SQL sono librerie specifiche per i vari linguaggi che forniscono crittografia e autorizzazione basata su IAM quando ci si connette a un'istanza Cloud SQL.

Python

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

import os

from google.cloud.sql.connector import Connector, IPTypes
import pg8000

import sqlalchemy


def connect_with_connector() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """
    Initializes a connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.

    Uses the Cloud SQL Python Connector package.
    """
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.

    instance_connection_name = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME"
    ]  # e.g. 'project:region:instance'
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-db-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-db-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'

    ip_type = IPTypes.PRIVATE if os.environ.get("PRIVATE_IP") else IPTypes.PUBLIC

    # initialize Cloud SQL Python Connector object
    connector = Connector(refresh_strategy="LAZY")

    def getconn() -> pg8000.dbapi.Connection:
        conn: pg8000.dbapi.Connection = connector.connect(
            instance_connection_name,
            "pg8000",
            user=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            db=db_name,
            ip_type=ip_type,
        )
        return conn

    # The Cloud SQL Python Connector can be used with SQLAlchemy
    # using the 'creator' argument to 'create_engine'
    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        "postgresql+pg8000://",
        creator=getconn,
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Java

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

Nota:

• CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME deve essere rappresentato come <MY-PROJECT>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>
• Consulta i requisiti di versione del socket factory JDBC per il file pom.xml qui .

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class ConnectorConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME =
      System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME");
  private static final String INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET = System.getenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET");
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql:///<DB_NAME>?cloudSqlInstance=<INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME>&
    // socketFactory=com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory&user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql:///%s", DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", _postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"

    config.addDataSourceProperty("socketFactory", "com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory");
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlInstance", INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME);


    // The ipTypes argument can be used to specify a comma delimited list of preferred IP types
    // for connecting to a Cloud SQL instance. The argument ipTypes=PRIVATE will force the
    // SocketFactory to connect with an instance's associated private IP.
    config.addDataSourceProperty("ipTypes", "PUBLIC,PRIVATE");

    // cloudSqlRefreshStrategy set to "lazy" is used to perform a
    // refresh when needed, rather than on a scheduled interval.
    // This is recommended for serverless environments to
    // avoid background refreshes from throttling CPU.
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlRefreshStrategy", "lazy");

    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Vai

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"context"
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net"
	"os"

	"cloud.google.com/go/cloudsqlconn"
	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

func connectWithConnector() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_connector.go: %s environment variable not set.\n", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep passwords and other secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser                 = mustGetenv("DB_USER")                  // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd                  = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")                  // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		dbName                 = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")                  // e.g. 'my-database'
		instanceConnectionName = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME") // e.g. 'project:region:instance'
		usePrivate             = os.Getenv("PRIVATE_IP")
	)

	dsn := fmt.Sprintf("user=%s password=%s database=%s", dbUser, dbPwd, dbName)
	config, err := pgx.ParseConfig(dsn)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var opts []cloudsqlconn.Option
	if usePrivate != "" {
		opts = append(opts, cloudsqlconn.WithDefaultDialOptions(cloudsqlconn.WithPrivateIP()))
	}
	// WithLazyRefresh() Option is used to perform refresh
	// when needed, rather than on a scheduled interval.
	// This is recommended for serverless environments to
	// avoid background refreshes from throttling CPU.
	opts = append(opts, cloudsqlconn.WithLazyRefresh())
	d, err := cloudsqlconn.NewDialer(context.Background(), opts...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// Use the Cloud SQL connector to handle connecting to the instance.
	// This approach does *NOT* require the Cloud SQL proxy.
	config.DialFunc = func(ctx context.Context, network, instance string) (net.Conn, error) {
		return d.Dial(ctx, instanceConnectionName)
	}
	dbURI := stdlib.RegisterConnConfig(config)
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}
	return dbPool, nil
}

Node.js

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');
const {Connector} = require('@google-cloud/cloud-sql-connector');

// In case the PRIVATE_IP environment variable is defined then we set
// the ipType=PRIVATE for the new connector instance, otherwise defaults
// to public ip type.
const getIpType = () =>
  process.env.PRIVATE_IP === '1' || process.env.PRIVATE_IP === 'true'
    ? 'PRIVATE'
    : 'PUBLIC';

// connectWithConnector initializes connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance
// of Postgres using the Cloud SQL Node.js Connector.
const connectWithConnector = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  const connector = new Connector();
  const clientOpts = await connector.getOptions({
    instanceConnectionName: process.env.INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME,
    ipType: getIpType(),
  });
  const dbConfig = {
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      ...clientOpts,
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  };
  // Establish a connection to the database.
  return Knex(dbConfig);
};

IP privato

Connettiti tramite TCP

Connettiti utilizzando l'indirizzo IP privato dell'istanza Cloud SQL come host e porta 5432.

Python

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

import os
import ssl

import sqlalchemy


def connect_tcp_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_host = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_HOST"
    ]  # e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-db-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-db-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    db_port = os.environ["DB_PORT"]  # e.g. 5432

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            host=db_host,
            port=db_port,
            database=db_name,
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Java

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

Nota:

• CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME deve essere rappresentato come <MY-PROJECT>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>
• L'utilizzo dell'argomento ipTypes=PRIVATE forzerà SocketFactory a connettersi con l'IP privato associato di un'istanza
• Consulta i requisiti di versione del socket factory JDBC per il file pom.xml.

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class TcpConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  private static final String INSTANCE_HOST = System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");
  private static final String DB_PORT = System.getenv("DB_PORT");


  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql://<INSTANCE_HOST>:<DB_PORT>/<DB_NAME>?user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql://%s:%s/%s", INSTANCE_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"


    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Node.js

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');
const fs = require('fs');

// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
const createTcpPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  const dbConfig = {
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_HOST, // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
      port: process.env.DB_PORT, // e.g. '5432'
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  };
  // Establish a connection to the database.
  return Knex(dbConfig);
};

Vai

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
func connectTCPSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser    = mustGetenv("DB_USER")       // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd     = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		dbTCPHost = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST") // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
		dbPort    = mustGetenv("DB_PORT")       // e.g. '5432'
		dbName    = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")       // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("host=%s user=%s password=%s port=%s database=%s",
		dbTCPHost, dbUser, dbPwd, dbPort, dbName)


	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

C#

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlTcp
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"),     // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Ruby

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

tcp: &tcp
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  host: <%= ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST") { "127.0.0.1" }%> # '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex
  port: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_PORT") { 5432 }%>

PHP

Per visualizzare questo snippet nel contesto di un'applicazione web, consulta il file README su GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseTcp
{
    public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex)

            // Connect using TCP
            $dsn = sprintf('pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceHost);

            // Connect to the database
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

Best practice e altre informazioni

Puoi utilizzare il proxy di autenticazione Cloud SQL durante il test dell'applicazione in locale. Per istruzioni dettagliate, consulta la guida rapida per l'utilizzo del proxy di autenticazione Cloud SQL.

Pool di connessioni

Le connessioni ai database sottostanti potrebbero essere interrotte dal server di database stesso o dall'infrastruttura sottostante. Per risolvere questo problema, ti consigliamo di utilizzare una libreria client che supporti i pool di connessioni e la riconnessione automatica.

Limiti di connessione

Ogni istanza App Engine in esecuzione nell'ambiente standard non può avere più di 100 connessioni simultanee a un'istanza. Per le app PHP 5.5, il limite è di 60 connessioni simultanee. Questo limite si applica per istanza dell'applicazione. Ciò significa che ogni istanza dell'applicazione App Engine può avere quel numero di connessioni al database e, in base alla scalabilità, il numero totale di connessioni per deployment può aumentare. Per ulteriori informazioni, consulta la sezione Elementi di scalabilità.

Puoi limitare il numero massimo di connessioni utilizzate per istanza utilizzando un pool di connessioni. Per esempi più dettagliati su come limitare il numero di connessioni, consulta la pagina Gestione delle connessioni ai database.

Le applicazioni App Engine sono soggette a limiti temporali di richiesta a seconda dell'uso e dell'ambiente. Per ulteriori informazioni, scopri come vengono gestite le istanze nell'ambiente standard di App Engine standard e in quello flessibile.

Limiti di quota API

App Engine fornisce un meccanismo che si connette utilizzando il proxy di autenticazione Cloud SQL, che utilizza l'API Cloud SQL Admin. I limiti di quota API si applicano al proxy di autenticazione Cloud SQL. Quando viene avviata l'API Cloud SQL Admin, utilizza una quota di due e una media di due all'ora in seguito. La quota predefinita è 180 al minuto per utente. Le applicazioni App Engine sono inoltre soggette a ulteriori quote e limiti, come illustrato nella pagina Quote di App Engine.