Google supports open-source Cloud Spanner drivers for several popular object-relational mapping libraries (ORMs) and frameworks. These drivers allow the use of Spanner databases through APIs defined by those frameworks.
The following tables list all the open-source ORMs and drivers that are supported for Spanner and the features that each one supports. There is one table for each supported SQL dialect.
GoogleSQL drivers and ORMs
| Feature | database/sql | Spanner JDBC | Hibernate | Spring Data | R2DBC* | Entity Framework | Active Record | SQLAlchemy | Django | NHibernate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Go | Java | Java | Java | Java | C# | Ruby | Python | Python | C# |
| Statement hints | † | |||||||||
| Mutations | ||||||||||
| Batch DML | ||||||||||
| Batch DDL | ||||||||||
| Stale reads | ||||||||||
| Interleaved tables | ||||||||||
| Partitioned DML | ||||||||||
| Session labeling | ||||||||||
| Request priority | ||||||||||
| JSON type | ||||||||||
| Request tagging | ||||||||||
| Google SQL dialect | ||||||||||
| PostgreSQL dialect | ||||||||||
| Limitations | View | View | View | View | View | View |
* This column describes R2DBC when used specifically with Spring Data.
† Available only when sending literal SQL queries, by using the Spring Data
@Query annotation.
PostgreSQL drivers and ORMs
All PostgreSQL drivers require the PGAdapter proxy to be running. For more information, see About PGAdapter.
| Feature | Spanner JDBC | PostgreSQL JDBC | Hibernate | pgx | gorm | psycopg2 | psycopg3 | SQLAlchemy 2 | node-postgres |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Java | Java | Java | Go | Go | Python | Python | Python | Node.js |
| Statement hints | |||||||||
| Mutations | |||||||||
| Batch DML | |||||||||
| Batch DDL | |||||||||
| Stale reads | |||||||||
| Interleaved tables | |||||||||
| Partitioned DML | |||||||||
| Session labeling | |||||||||
| Request priority | |||||||||
| Request tagging | |||||||||
| Limitations | View | View | View | View | View | View | View | View |