Build an ML vision analytics solution with Dataflow and Cloud Vision API

Last reviewed 2024-05-23 UTC

In this reference architecture, you'll learn about the use cases, design alternatives, and design considerations when deploying a Dataflow pipeline to process image files with Cloud Vision and to store processed results in BigQuery. You can use those stored results for large scale data analysis and to train BigQuery ML pre-built models.

This reference architecture document is intended for data engineers and data scientists.

Architecture

The following diagram illustrates the system flow for this reference architecture.

An architecture showing the flow of information for ingest and trigger, processing, and store and analyze processes.

As shown in the preceding diagram, information flows as follows:

  1. Ingest and trigger: This is the first stage of the system flow where images first enter the system. During this stage, the following actions occur:

    1. Clients upload image files to a Cloud Storage bucket.
    2. For each file upload, the Cloud Storage automatically sends an input notification by publishing a message to Pub/Sub.

  2. Process: This stage immediately follows the ingest and trigger stage. For each new input notification, the following actions occur:

    1. The Dataflow pipeline listens for these file input notifications, extracts file metadata from the Pub/Sub message, and sends the file reference to Vision API for processing.
    2. Vision API reads the image and creates annotations.
    3. The Dataflow pipeline stores the annotations produced by Vision API in BigQuery tables.

  3. Store and analyze: This is the final stage in the flow. At this stage, you can do the following with the saved results:

    1. Query BigQuery tables and analyze the stored annotations.
    2. Use BigQuery ML or Vertex AI to build models and execute predictions based on the stored annotations.
    3. Perform additional analysis in the Dataflow pipeline (not shown on this diagram).

Products used

This reference architecture uses the following Google Cloud products:

Use cases

Vision API supports multiple processing features, including image labeling, face and landmark detection, optical character recognition, explicit content tagging, and others. Each of these features enable several use cases that are applicable to different industries. This document contains some simple examples of what's possible when using Vision API, but the spectrum of possible applications is very broad.

Vision API also offers powerful pre-trained machine learning models through REST and RPC APIs. You can assign labels to images and classify them into millions of predefined categories. It helps you detect objects, read printed and handwritten text, and build valuable metadata into your image catalog.

This architecture doesn't require any model training before you can use it. If you need a custom model trained on your specific data, Vertex AI lets you train an AutoML or a custom model for computer vision objectives, like image classification and object detection. Or, you can use Vertex AI Vision for an end-to-end application development environment that lets you build, deploy, and manage computer vision applications.

Design alternatives

Instead of storing images in a Google Cloud Storage bucket, the process that produces the images can publish them directly to a messaging system—Pub/Sub for example—and the Dataflow pipeline can send the images directly to Vision API.

This design alternative can be a good solution for latency-sensitive use cases where you need to analyze images of relatively small sizes. Pub/Sub limits the maximum size of the message to 10 Mb.

If you need to batch process a large number of images, you can use a specifically designed asyncBatchAnnotate API.

Design considerations

This section describes the design considerations for this reference architecture:

Security, privacy, and compliance

Images received from untrusted sources can contain malware. Because Vision API doesn't execute anything based on the images it analyzes, image-based malware wouldn't affect the API. If you need to scan images, change the Dataflow pipeline to add a scanning step. To achieve the same result, you can also use a separate subscription to the Pub/Sub topic and scan images in a separate process.

For more information, see Automate malware scanning for files uploaded to Cloud Storage.

Vision API uses Identity and Access Management (IAM) for authentication. To access the Vision API, the security principal needs Cloud Storage > Storage object viewer (roles/storage.objectViewer) access to the bucket that contains the files that you want to analyze.

For security principles and recommendations that are specific to AI and ML workloads, see AI and ML perspective: Security in the Architecture Framework.

Cost optimization

Compared to the other options discussed, like low-latency processing and asynchronous batch processing, this reference architecture uses a cost-efficient way to process the images in streaming pipelines by batching the API requests. The lower latency direct image streaming mentioned in the Design alternatives section could be more expensive due to the additional Pub/Sub and Dataflow costs. For image processing that doesn't need to happen within seconds or minutes, you can run the Dataflow pipeline in batch mode. Running the pipeline in batch mode can provide some savings when compared to what it costs to run the streaming pipeline.

Vision API supports offline asynchronous batch image annotation for all features. The asynchronous request supports up to 2,000 images per batch. In response, Vision API returns JSON files that are stored in a Cloud Storage bucket.

Vision API also provides a set of features for analyzing images. The pricing is per image per feature. To reduce costs, only request the specific features you need for your solution.

To generate a cost estimate based on your projected usage, use the pricing calculator.

For cost optimization principles and recommendations that are specific to AI and ML workloads, see AI and ML perspective: Cost optimization in the Architecture Framework.

Performance optimization

Vision API is a resource intensive API. Because of that, processing images at scale requires careful orchestration of the API calls. The Dataflow pipeline takes care of batching the API requests, gracefully handling of the exceptions related to reaching quotas, and producing custom metrics of the API usage. These metrics can help you decide if an API quota increase is warranted, or if the Dataflow pipeline parameters should be adjusted to reduce the frequency of requests. For more information about increasing quota requests for Vision API, see Quotas and limits.

The Dataflow pipeline has several parameters that can affect the processing latencies. For more information about these parameters, see Deploy an ML vision analytics solution with Dataflow and Vision API.

For performance optimization principles and recommendations that are specific to AI and ML workloads, see AI and ML perspective: Performance optimization in the Architecture Framework.

Deployment

To deploy this architecture, see Deploy an ML vision analytics solution with Dataflow and Vision API.

What's next

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