This page describes production quotas and limits for Cloud Spanner. The difference between a quota and a limit is that a limit cannot be adjusted, whereas you can request a quota increase.
The quota and limit values are subject to change.
Checking your quotas
To check the current quotas for resources in your project, use the Google Cloud Console:
Increasing your quotas
As your use of Cloud Spanner expands over time, your quotas can increase accordingly. If you expect a notable upcoming increase in usage, you should make your request a few days in advance to ensure your quotas are adequately sized.
Go to the Quotas page in the Cloud Console.
Select Cloud Spanner API in the Service dropdown list.
If you do not see Cloud Spanner API, the Cloud Spanner API has not been enabled.
Select the quotas you want to change.
Click Edit Quotas.
Fill in your name, email, and phone number and click Next.
Fill in your quota request and click Submit request.
You will receive a response from the Cloud Spanner team within 48 hours of your request.
Instance limits
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Instance ID length | 2 to 64 characters |
Database limits
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Databases per instance | 100 |
| Database ID length | 2 to 30 characters |
| Storage size per node | 2 TB1 Backups are stored separately and do not count towards this limit. |
Backup and restore limits
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Number of ongoing create backup operations per database | 1 |
| Number of ongoing restore database operations per instance (in the instance of the restored database, not the backup) | 1 |
| Maximum retention time of backup | 1 year (including the extra day in a leap year) |
Schema limits
DDL statements
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| DDL statement size for a single schema change | 10 MB |
DDL statement size for a database's entire schema, as returned by GetDatabaseDdl |
10 MB |
Tables
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Tables per database | 2,560 |
| Table name length | 1 to 128 characters |
| Columns per table | 1,024 |
| Column name length | 1 to 128 characters |
| Size of data per column | 10 MB |
| Number of columns in a table key | 16 Includes key columns shared with any parent table |
| Table interleaving depth | 7 A top-level table with child table(s) has depth 1. A top-level table with grandchild table(s) has depth 2, and so on. |
| Total size of a table or index key | 8 KB Includes the size of all columns that make up the key |
| Size of data per row | 4 GB Includes the top-level row and all of its interleaved child and index rows |
Indexes
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Indexes per database | 5,120 |
| Indexes per table | 32 |
| Index name length | 1 to 128 characters |
| Number of columns in an index key | 16 The number of indexed columns (except for STORING columns) plus the number of primary key columns in the base table |
Query limits
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
Columns in a GROUP BY clause |
1000 |
| Function calls | 1000 |
| Joins | 15 |
| Nested function calls | 75 |
Nested GROUP BY clauses |
35 |
| Nested subquery expressions | 25 |
| Nested subselect statements | 60 |
| Parameters | 950 |
| Query statement length | 1 million characters |
STRUCT fields |
1000 |
| Subquery expression children | 40 |
| Unions in a query | 200 |
Limits for creating, reading, updating, and deleting data
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Commit size (including indexes) | 100 MB |
| Concurrent reads per session | 100 |
| Mutations per commit (including indexes)2 | 20,000 |
| Concurrent Partitioned DML statements per database | 20,000 |
Administrative limits
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Administrative actions request size3 | 1 MB |
| Rate limit for administrative actions4 | 5 per second per project per user (averaged over 100 seconds) |
Request limits
| Value | Limit |
|---|---|
| Request size other than for commits5 | 10 MB |
Notes
1. To provide high availability and low latency for accessing a database, Cloud Spanner requires 1 node for every 2 TB of data in the database. For example, if your instance has 1 database that stores 3.5 TB of data, you need to provision at least 2 nodes. Those nodes will keep the instance below the limit until the database grows to 4 TB. After your database reaches that size, you need to add another node to allow the database to grow. Otherwise, writes to the database will fail. For a smooth growth experience, add nodes before this limit is reached for your database.
2. Insert and update operations count with the multiplicity of the number of
columns they affect. For example, inserting a new record may count as five
mutations, if values are inserted into five columns. Delete and
delete range operations count as one mutation regardless of the number of
columns affected. Deleting a row from a parent table that has the
ON DELETE
CASCADE annotation is also counted as one mutation regardless of
the number of interleaved child rows present. The exception to this is if
there are secondary indexes defined on rows being deleted, then the changes to
the secondary indexes will be counted individually. For example, if a table
has 2 secondary indexes, deleting a range of rows in the table will count as 1
mutation for the table, plus 2 mutations for each row that is deleted because
the rows in the secondary index might be scattered over the key-space, making
it impossible for Cloud Spanner to call a single delete range operation on the
secondary indexes. Secondary indexes include the
foreign keys
backing indexes.
3. The limit for an administrative action request excludes commits, requests listed in note 5, and schema changes.
4. This rate limit includes all calls to the admin API, which includes calls to poll long-running operations on an instance, database, or backup.
5. This limit includes requests for creating a database, updating a database, reading, streaming reads, executing SQL queries, and executing streaming SQL queries.