Google Cloud Armor custom rules language reference

Google Cloud Armor enables you to define prioritized rules with configurable match conditions and actions in a security policy. A rule takes effect, meaning that the configured action is applied, if the rule is the highest priority rule whose conditions match the attributes of the incoming request.

There are two kinds of match conditions:

A basic match condition contains lists of IP addresses or lists of IP address ranges.
An advanced match condition contains an expression with multiple subexpressions to match on a variety of attributes of an incoming request.

The custom rules language is used to write the expressions in advanced match conditions for security policy rules. The Google Cloud Armor custom rules language is an extension of the Common Expression Language (CEL).

An expression requires two components:

Attributes that can be inspected in rule expressions.
Operations that can be performed on the attributes as part of an expression.

For example, the following expression uses the attributes origin.ip and 9.9.9.0/24 in the operation inIpRange(). In this case, the expression returns true if origin.ip is within the 9.9.9.0/24 IP address range.

inIpRange(origin.ip, '9.9.9.0/24')

Attributes

Attributes represent information from an incoming request, such as the origin IP address or the requested URL path.

Field	Type	Field description
`origin.ip`	string	The source IP address of the request.
`request.headers`	map	A string-to-string map of the HTTP request headers. If a header contains multiple values, the value in this map would be a comma-separated string of all of the values of the header. The keys in this map are all lowercase. Only the first 16 KB of each header value is available for inspection. Any header value over 16 KB is truncated per Google Cloud load balancer specifications.
`request.method`	string	The HTTP request method, such as `GET` or `POST`.
`request.path`	string	The requested HTTP URL path.
`request.scheme`	string	The HTTP URL scheme such as `http` or `https`. Values for this attribute are all lowercase.
`request.query`	string	The HTTP URL query in the format of `name1=value&name2=value2`, as it appears in the first line of the HTTP request. No decoding is performed.
`origin.region_code`	string	The Unicode country code that is associated with the origin IP, such as `US`. If you are creating a rule or expression that uses ISO 3166-1 alpha 2 country or region codes, Google Cloud Armor treats each code independently. Google Cloud Armor rules and expressions explicitly use those region codes to allow or deny requests. For more information, see unicode_region_subtag in the Unicode Technical Standard.
`origin.asn`	integer	The autonomous system number (ASN) that is associated with the origin IP address. The globally unique ASN is determined based on the network operator supporting the IP address prefixes that contain the origin IP address.

reCAPTCHA Enterprise attributes

This section lists attributes that are only applicable to reCAPTCHA Enterprise tokens or exemption cookies. A subexpression based on these attributes returns false if the reCAPTCHA token or exemption cookie to be evaluated is not available or is invalid (malformed, mismatched, or expired).

Exemption cookie attributes

Field	Type	Field description
`token.recaptcha_exemption.valid`	`bool`	The presence of a valid reCAPTCHA exemption cookie.

Action-token attributes

Field	Type	Field description
`token.recaptcha_action.score`	`float`	The score from a reCAPTCHA action-token. A valid score ranges from `0.0` to `1.0`, with `0.0` being very likely an illegitimate user, and `1.0` being very likely a legitimate user.
`token.recaptcha_action.captcha_status`	`string`	The captcha status from a reCAPTCHA action-token. A valid status is `NONE`, `PASS`, or `FAIL`, where `NONE` refers to when there are no challenges involved during reCAPTCHA assessment, such that the captcha field is missing in the action-token.
`token.recaptcha_action.action`	`string`	The action name (up to 100 characters) from a reCAPTCHA action-token. See Action names.
`token.recaptcha_action.valid`	`bool`	The presence of a valid reCAPTCHA action-token.

Session-token attributes

Field	Type	Field description
`token.recaptcha_session.score`	`float`	The score from a reCAPTCHA session-token. A valid score ranges from `0.0` to `1.0`, with `0.0` being very likely an illegitimate user, and `1.0` being very likely a legitimate user.
`token.recaptcha_session.valid`	`bool`	The presence of a valid reCAPTCHA session-token.

Operations

The following reference describes the operators that you can use with attributes (represented by x, y, and k) to define rule expressions.

Expressions	Description
`x == "foo"`	Returns true if x is equal to the given constant string literal.
`x == R"fo'o"`	Returns true if x is equal to the given raw string literal that does not interpret escape sequences. Raw string literals are convenient for expressing strings that themselves must use escape sequence characters.
`x == y`	Returns true if x is equal to y.
`x != y`	Returns true if x is not equal to y.
`x + y`	Returns the concatenated string xy.
`x && y`	Returns true if both x and y are true.
`x \|\| y`	Returns true if x, y, or both are true.
`!x`	Returns true if the Boolean value x is false, or returns false if the Boolean value x is true.
`x.contains(y)`	Returns true if the string x contains the substring y.
`x.startsWith(y)`	Returns true if the string x begins with the substring y.
`x.endsWith(y)`	Returns true if the string x ends with the substring y.
`x.matches(y)`	Returns true if the string x matches the specified RE2 pattern y. The RE2 pattern is compiled by using the RE2::Latin1 option that disables Unicode features.
`inIpRange(x, y)`	Returns true if the IP address x is contained within the IP range y. Subnet masks for IPv6 addresses cannot be larger than /64.
`x.lower()`	Returns the lowercase value of the string x.
`x.upper()`	Returns the uppercase value of the string x.
`x.base64Decode()`	Returns the base64 decoded value of x; the characters `_ -` are first replaced with `/ +` respectively. Returns `""` (empty string) if x is not a valid base64 value.
`has(m['k'])`	Returns true if key k is available in the map m.
`m['k']`	Returns the value at key k in the string-to-string map m if k is available; otherwise, returns an error. Recommended approach is to first check for availability by using `"has(m['k'])==true"`.
`int(x)`	Converts the string result of x to an `int` type. It can then be used to do an integer comparison by using standard arithmetic operators such as > and <=. This works only for values that are supposed to be integers.

Example expressions

For each of these expressions, the action taken depends on whether the expression is included in a deny rule or an allow rule.

Allow or deny access based on an IP address range in IPv4 or IPv6

The following expression matches with requests from the 9.9.9.0/24 IP address range:
```
inIpRange(origin.ip, '9.9.9.0/24')
```
The following expression matches with requests from the 2001:db8::/32 IP address range:
```
inIpRange(origin.ip, '2001:db8::/32')
```

Allow or deny traffic with a specific cookie

The following expression matches with requests that have a cookie containing 80=BLAH:
```
has(request.headers['cookie']) && request.headers['cookie'].contains('80=BLAH')
```

Allow or deny traffic with a non-empty `referer` header

The following expression matches with requests that have a non-empty referer header:
```
has(request.headers['referer']) && request.headers['referer'] != ""
```

Allow or deny traffic based on host URL in header

The following expression matches with requests to a specific URL:
```
request.headers['host'].lower().contains('test.example.com')
```

Allow or deny traffic from a specific region

If your web application isn't available in the AU region, then all requests from that region must be blocked.

In a deny rule, use the following expression, which matches requests from the AU region:
```
origin.region_code == 'AU'
```

Alternatively, if your web application is only available in the AU region, then requests from all other regions must be blocked.

In a deny rule, use the following expression, which matches requests from all regions other than the AU region:
```
origin.region_code != 'AU'
```

The region codes are based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha 2 codes. In some cases, a region corresponds to a country, but this is not always the case. For example, the US code includes all states of the United States, one district, and six outlying areas.

Allow or deny traffic from a specific ASN

If your web application needs to be blocked to customers serviced by a specific network operator, you can use the ASN number of the network operator to block.

In a deny rule, use the following expression, which matches requests from a specific ASN:
```
origin.asn == 123
```

Alternatively, if your web application is to be only available to customers behind a specific network operator, then requests from all other network operators must be blocked.

In a deny rule, use the following expression, which matches all other network operators other than the one that you are interested in allowing.
```
origin.asn != 123
```

Multiple expressions

To include multiple conditions in a single rule, combine multiple subexpressions.

In the following example, requests from 1.2.3.0/24 (such as your alpha testers) in the AU region match the following expression:
```
origin.region_code == "AU" && inIpRange(origin.ip, '1.2.3.0/24')
```

The following expression matches requests from 1.2.3.4 where a user agent contains the string WordPress:

inIpRange(origin.ip, '1.2.3.4/32') &&
has(request.headers['user-agent']) && request.headers['user-agent'].contains('WordPress')

Allow or deny traffic for a request URI that matches a regular expression

The following expression matches with requests that contain the string bad_path in the URI:
```
request.path.matches('/bad_path/')
```
The following expression matches with requests that have Chrome in the User-Agent header field:
```
request.headers['user-agent'].matches('Chrome')
```
The following expression shows case-insensitive matching for the User-Agent header containing wordpress; it matches with User-Agent:WordPress/605.1.15, User-Agent:wordPress, and other variations of wordpress:
```
request.headers['user-agent'].matches('(?i:wordpress)')
```

Allow or deny traffic that contains a specific Base64 decoded value

The following expression matches with requests that have a Base64 decoded value of myValue for the user-id header:
```
has(request.headers['user-id']) && request.headers['user-id'].base64Decode().contains('myValue')
```

Allow or deny traffic that has zero `content-length` in the HTTP body

The following expression matches requests that have a zero content-length in the HTTP body:
```
int(request.headers["content-length"]) == 0
```

Preconfigured rules

Preconfigured rules use preconfigured static signatures, regular expressions, or both to match on HTTP request headers and query parameters. The available preconfigured rules are based on the OWASP Modsecurity core rule set version 3.0.2. Google Cloud Armor provides these predefined expression sets:

xss-<version>: defends against cross-site scripting attacks
sqli-<version>: defends against SQL injection attacks
lfi-<version>: defends against local file inclusion attacks
rfi-<version>: defends against remote file inclusion attacks
rce-<version>: defends against remote code execution attacks

To list all of the available preconfigured rules, see Listing the available preconfigured rules.

For more information about preconfigured rules, see the use case Mitigate application layer attacks by using preconfigured rules.

Expression set names

Expression set names have the format <attack category>-<version field>. The attack category specifies the type of attacks that you want to protect against, such as xss (cross-site scripting) or sqli (SQL injection).

The supported version fields are stable and canary. Additions and modifications to the rules are released in the canary version first. When additions and modifications are considered safe and stable, they are promoted to the stable version.

Expression set member IDs

An expression set contains several expressions, each with its own core rule set (CRS) ID. For example, the expression set xss-stable includes an expression called owasp-crs-v020901-id981136-xss, which corresponds to rule ID 981136 for version 2.9.1. You can use the CRS IDs to exclude specific expressions from being used, which is useful if a particular expression consistently triggers a false positive. For more information, see the false positives troubleshooting information.

For information about the core rule set and tuning at different sensitivity levels, see Tuning Google Cloud Armor WAF rules.

Operator for preconfigured rules

Expressions Description

Expressions	Description
`evaluatePreconfiguredExpr(string, LIST)`	Returns true if any one of the expressions inside the specified expression set returns true. The first argument is the name of the expression set, such as `xss-stable`. The second argument (optional) is a comma-separated string list of IDs that should be excluded from evaluation. The exclusion list is useful when a given member of the expression set triggers a false positive.

evaluatePreconfiguredExpr(string, LIST)

Returns true if any one of the expressions inside the specified expression set returns true.

The first argument is the name of the expression set, such as xss-stable. The second argument (optional) is a comma-separated string list of IDs that should be excluded from evaluation. The exclusion list is useful when a given member of the expression set triggers a false positive.

Preconfigured rule examples

The following expression uses the xss-stable preconfigured rule to mitigate XSS attacks:
```
evaluatePreconfiguredExpr('xss-stable')
```
The following expression uses all the expressions from the xss-stable preconfigured rule except for member IDs 981136 and 981138:
```
evaluatePreconfiguredExpr('xss-stable', ['owasp-crs-v020901-id981136-xss',
'owasp-crs-v020901-id981138-xss'])
```
The following expression uses a preconfigured rule to mitigate SQLi attacks from the 198.51.100.0/24 IP address range:
```
inIpRange(origin.ip, '198.51.100.0/24') && evaluatePreconfiguredExpr('sqli-stable')
```