Date functions in GoogleSQL

GoogleSQL for Spanner supports the following date functions.

Function list

Name Summary
CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date as a DATE value.
DATE Constructs a DATE value.
DATE_ADD Adds a specified time interval to a DATE value.
DATE_DIFF Gets the number of unit boundaries between two DATE values at a particular time granularity.
DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE Interprets an INT64 expression as the number of days since 1970-01-01.
DATE_SUB Subtracts a specified time interval from a DATE value.
DATE_TRUNC Truncates a DATE value at a particular granularity.
EXTRACT Extracts part of a date from a DATE value.
FORMAT_DATE Formats a DATE value according to a specified format string.
GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY Generates an array of dates in a range.
For more information, see Array functions.
PARSE_DATE Converts a STRING value to a DATE value.
UNIX_DATE Converts a DATE value to the number of days since 1970-01-01.

CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_DATE()

CURRENT_DATE(time_zone_expression)

CURRENT_DATE

Description

Returns the current date as a DATE object. Parentheses are optional when called with no arguments.

This function supports the following arguments:

  • time_zone_expression: A STRING expression that represents a time zone. If no time zone is specified, the default time zone, America/Los_Angeles, is used. If this expression is used and it evaluates to NULL, this function returns NULL.

The current date is recorded at the start of the query statement which contains this function, not when this specific function is evaluated.

Return Data Type

DATE

Examples

The following query produces the current date in the default time zone:

SELECT CURRENT_DATE() AS the_date;

/*--------------*
 | the_date     |
 +--------------+
 | 2016-12-25   |
 *--------------*/

The following queries produce the current date in a specified time zone:

SELECT CURRENT_DATE('America/Los_Angeles') AS the_date;

/*--------------*
 | the_date     |
 +--------------+
 | 2016-12-25   |
 *--------------*/

SELECT CURRENT_DATE('-08') AS the_date;

/*--------------*
 | the_date     |
 +--------------+
 | 2016-12-25   |
 *--------------*/

The following query produces the current date in the default time zone. Parentheses are not needed if the function has no arguments.

SELECT CURRENT_DATE AS the_date;

/*--------------*
 | the_date     |
 +--------------+
 | 2016-12-25   |
 *--------------*/

DATE

DATE(year, month, day)

DATE(timestamp_expression)

DATE(timestamp_expression, time_zone_expression)

Description

Constructs or extracts a date.

This function supports the following arguments:

  • year: The INT64 value for year.
  • month: The INT64 value for month.
  • day: The INT64 value for day.
  • timestamp_expression: A TIMESTAMP expression that contains the date.
  • time_zone_expression: A STRING expression that represents a time zone. If no time zone is specified with timestamp_expression, the default time zone, America/Los_Angeles, is used.

Return Data Type

DATE

Example

SELECT
  DATE(2016, 12, 25) AS date_ymd,
  DATE(TIMESTAMP '2016-12-25 05:30:00+07', 'America/Los_Angeles') AS date_tstz;

/*------------+------------*
 | date_ymd   | date_tstz  |
 +------------+------------+
 | 2016-12-25 | 2016-12-24 |
 *------------+------------*/

DATE_ADD

DATE_ADD(date_expression, INTERVAL int64_expression date_part)

Description

Adds a specified time interval to a DATE.

DATE_ADD supports the following date_part values:

  • DAY
  • WEEK. Equivalent to 7 DAYs.
  • MONTH
  • QUARTER
  • YEAR

Special handling is required for MONTH, QUARTER, and YEAR parts when the date is at (or near) the last day of the month. If the resulting month has fewer days than the original date's day, then the resulting date is the last date of that month.

Return Data Type

DATE

Example

SELECT DATE_ADD(DATE '2008-12-25', INTERVAL 5 DAY) AS five_days_later;

/*--------------------*
 | five_days_later    |
 +--------------------+
 | 2008-12-30         |
 *--------------------*/

DATE_DIFF

DATE_DIFF(end_date, start_date, granularity)

Description

Gets the number of unit boundaries between two DATE values (end_date - start_date) at a particular time granularity.

Definitions

  • start_date: The starting DATE value.
  • end_date: The ending DATE value.

  • granularity: The date part that represents the granularity. This can be:

    • DAY
    • WEEK This date part begins on Sunday.
    • ISOWEEK: Uses ISO 8601 week boundaries. ISO weeks begin on Monday.
    • MONTH
    • QUARTER
    • YEAR
    • ISOYEAR: Uses the ISO 8601 week-numbering year boundary. The ISO year boundary is the Monday of the first week whose Thursday belongs to the corresponding Gregorian calendar year.

Details

If end_date is earlier than start_date, the output is negative.

Return Data Type

INT64

Example

SELECT DATE_DIFF(DATE '2010-07-07', DATE '2008-12-25', DAY) AS days_diff;

/*-----------*
 | days_diff |
 +-----------+
 | 559       |
 *-----------*/

SELECT
  DATE_DIFF(DATE '2017-10-15', DATE '2017-10-14', DAY) AS days_diff,
  DATE_DIFF(DATE '2017-10-15', DATE '2017-10-14', WEEK) AS weeks_diff;

/*-----------+------------*
 | days_diff | weeks_diff |
 +-----------+------------+
 | 1         | 1          |
 *-----------+------------*/

The example above shows the result of DATE_DIFF for two days in succession. DATE_DIFF with the date part WEEK returns 1 because DATE_DIFF counts the number of date part boundaries in this range of dates. Each WEEK begins on Sunday, so there is one date part boundary between Saturday, 2017-10-14 and Sunday, 2017-10-15.

The following example shows the result of DATE_DIFF for two dates in different years. DATE_DIFF with the date part YEAR returns 3 because it counts the number of Gregorian calendar year boundaries between the two dates. DATE_DIFF with the date part ISOYEAR returns 2 because the second date belongs to the ISO year 2015. The first Thursday of the 2015 calendar year was 2015-01-01, so the ISO year 2015 begins on the preceding Monday, 2014-12-29.

SELECT
  DATE_DIFF('2017-12-30', '2014-12-30', YEAR) AS year_diff,
  DATE_DIFF('2017-12-30', '2014-12-30', ISOYEAR) AS isoyear_diff;

/*-----------+--------------*
 | year_diff | isoyear_diff |
 +-----------+--------------+
 | 3         | 2            |
 *-----------+--------------*/

The following example shows the result of DATE_DIFF for two days in succession. The first date falls on a Monday and the second date falls on a Sunday. DATE_DIFF with the date part WEEK returns 0 because this date part uses weeks that begin on Sunday. DATE_DIFF with the date part ISOWEEK returns 1 because ISO weeks begin on Monday.

SELECT
  DATE_DIFF('2017-12-18', '2017-12-17', WEEK) AS week_diff,
  DATE_DIFF('2017-12-18', '2017-12-17', ISOWEEK) AS isoweek_diff;

/*-----------+--------------*
 | week_diff | isoweek_diff |
 +-----------+--------------+
 | 0         | 1            |
 *-----------+--------------*/

DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE

DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE(int64_expression)

Description

Interprets int64_expression as the number of days since 1970-01-01.

Return Data Type

DATE

Example

SELECT DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE(14238) AS date_from_epoch;

/*-----------------*
 | date_from_epoch |
 +-----------------+
 | 2008-12-25      |
 *-----------------+*/

DATE_SUB

DATE_SUB(date_expression, INTERVAL int64_expression date_part)

Description

Subtracts a specified time interval from a DATE.

DATE_SUB supports the following date_part values:

  • DAY
  • WEEK. Equivalent to 7 DAYs.
  • MONTH
  • QUARTER
  • YEAR

Special handling is required for MONTH, QUARTER, and YEAR parts when the date is at (or near) the last day of the month. If the resulting month has fewer days than the original date's day, then the resulting date is the last date of that month.

Return Data Type

DATE

Example

SELECT DATE_SUB(DATE '2008-12-25', INTERVAL 5 DAY) AS five_days_ago;

/*---------------*
 | five_days_ago |
 +---------------+
 | 2008-12-20    |
 *---------------*/

DATE_TRUNC

DATE_TRUNC(date_value, date_granularity)

Description

Truncates a DATE value at a particular granularity.

Definitions

  • date_value: A DATE value to truncate.
  • date_granularity: The truncation granularity for a DATE value. Date granularities can be used.

Date granularity definitions

  • DAY: The day in the Gregorian calendar year that contains the value to truncate.

  • WEEK: The first day in the week that contains the value to truncate. Weeks begin on Sundays. WEEK is equivalent to WEEK(SUNDAY).

  • ISOWEEK: The first day in the ISO 8601 week that contains the value to truncate. The ISO week begins on Monday. The first ISO week of each ISO year contains the first Thursday of the corresponding Gregorian calendar year.

  • MONTH: The first day in the month that contains the value to truncate.

  • QUARTER: The first day in the quarter that contains the value to truncate.

  • YEAR: The first day in the year that contains the value to truncate.

  • ISOYEAR: The first day in the ISO 8601 week-numbering year that contains the value to truncate. The ISO year is the Monday of the first week where Thursday belongs to the corresponding Gregorian calendar year.

Details

The resulting value is always rounded to the beginning of granularity.

Return Data Type

DATE

Examples

SELECT DATE_TRUNC(DATE '2008-12-25', MONTH) AS month;

/*------------*
 | month      |
 +------------+
 | 2008-12-01 |
 *------------*/

In the following example, the original date_expression is in the Gregorian calendar year 2015. However, DATE_TRUNC with the ISOYEAR date part truncates the date_expression to the beginning of the ISO year, not the Gregorian calendar year. The first Thursday of the 2015 calendar year was 2015-01-01, so the ISO year 2015 begins on the preceding Monday, 2014-12-29. Therefore the ISO year boundary preceding the date_expression 2015-06-15 is 2014-12-29.

SELECT
  DATE_TRUNC('2015-06-15', ISOYEAR) AS isoyear_boundary,
  EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM DATE '2015-06-15') AS isoyear_number;

/*------------------+----------------*
 | isoyear_boundary | isoyear_number |
 +------------------+----------------+
 | 2014-12-29       | 2015           |
 *------------------+----------------*/

EXTRACT

EXTRACT(part FROM date_expression)

Description

Returns the value corresponding to the specified date part. The part must be one of:

  • DAYOFWEEK: Returns values in the range [1,7] with Sunday as the first day of the week.
  • DAY
  • DAYOFYEAR
  • WEEK: Returns the week number of the date in the range [0, 53]. Weeks begin with Sunday, and dates prior to the first Sunday of the year are in week 0.
  • ISOWEEK: Returns the ISO 8601 week number of the date_expression. ISOWEEKs begin on Monday. Return values are in the range [1, 53]. The first ISOWEEK of each ISO year begins on the Monday before the first Thursday of the Gregorian calendar year.
  • MONTH
  • QUARTER: Returns values in the range [1,4].
  • YEAR
  • ISOYEAR: Returns the ISO 8601 week-numbering year, which is the Gregorian calendar year containing the Thursday of the week to which date_expression belongs.

Return Data Type

INT64

Examples

In the following example, EXTRACT returns a value corresponding to the DAY date part.

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM DATE '2013-12-25') AS the_day;

/*---------*
 | the_day |
 +---------+
 | 25      |
 *---------*/

In the following example, EXTRACT returns values corresponding to different date parts from a column of dates near the end of the year.

SELECT
  date,
  EXTRACT(ISOYEAR FROM date) AS isoyear,
  EXTRACT(ISOWEEK FROM date) AS isoweek,
  EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date) AS year,
  EXTRACT(WEEK FROM date) AS week
FROM UNNEST(GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY('2015-12-23', '2016-01-09')) AS date
ORDER BY date;

/*------------+---------+---------+------+------*
 | date       | isoyear | isoweek | year | week |
 +------------+---------+---------+------+------+
 | 2015-12-23 | 2015    | 52      | 2015 | 51   |
 | 2015-12-24 | 2015    | 52      | 2015 | 51   |
 | 2015-12-25 | 2015    | 52      | 2015 | 51   |
 | 2015-12-26 | 2015    | 52      | 2015 | 51   |
 | 2015-12-27 | 2015    | 52      | 2015 | 52   |
 | 2015-12-28 | 2015    | 53      | 2015 | 52   |
 | 2015-12-29 | 2015    | 53      | 2015 | 52   |
 | 2015-12-30 | 2015    | 53      | 2015 | 52   |
 | 2015-12-31 | 2015    | 53      | 2015 | 52   |
 | 2016-01-01 | 2015    | 53      | 2016 | 0    |
 | 2016-01-02 | 2015    | 53      | 2016 | 0    |
 | 2016-01-03 | 2015    | 53      | 2016 | 1    |
 | 2016-01-04 | 2016    | 1       | 2016 | 1    |
 | 2016-01-05 | 2016    | 1       | 2016 | 1    |
 | 2016-01-06 | 2016    | 1       | 2016 | 1    |
 | 2016-01-07 | 2016    | 1       | 2016 | 1    |
 | 2016-01-08 | 2016    | 1       | 2016 | 1    |
 | 2016-01-09 | 2016    | 1       | 2016 | 1    |
 *------------+---------+---------+------+------*/

FORMAT_DATE

FORMAT_DATE(format_string, date_expr)

Description

Formats a DATE value according to a specified format string.

Definitions

  • format_string: A STRING value that contains the format elements to use with date_expr.
  • date_expr: A DATE value that represents the date to format.

Return Data Type

STRING

Examples

SELECT FORMAT_DATE('%x', DATE '2008-12-25') AS US_format;

/*------------*
 | US_format  |
 +------------+
 | 12/25/08   |
 *------------*/

SELECT FORMAT_DATE('%b-%d-%Y', DATE '2008-12-25') AS formatted;

/*-------------*
 | formatted   |
 +-------------+
 | Dec-25-2008 |
 *-------------*/

SELECT FORMAT_DATE('%b %Y', DATE '2008-12-25') AS formatted;

/*-------------*
 | formatted   |
 +-------------+
 | Dec 2008    |
 *-------------*/

PARSE_DATE

PARSE_DATE(format_string, date_string)

Description

Converts a STRING value to a DATE value.

Definitions

  • format_string: A STRING value that contains the format elements to use with date_string.
  • date_string: A STRING value that represents the date to parse.

Details

Each element in date_string must have a corresponding element in format_string. The location of each element in format_string must match the location of each element in date_string.

-- This works because elements on both sides match.
SELECT PARSE_DATE('%A %b %e %Y', 'Thursday Dec 25 2008');

-- This produces an error because the year element is in different locations.
SELECT PARSE_DATE('%Y %A %b %e', 'Thursday Dec 25 2008');

-- This produces an error because one of the year elements is missing.
SELECT PARSE_DATE('%A %b %e', 'Thursday Dec 25 2008');

-- This works because %F can find all matching elements in date_string.
SELECT PARSE_DATE('%F', '2000-12-30');

The format string fully supports most format elements except for %g, %G, %j, %u, %U, %V, %w, and %W.

When using PARSE_DATE, keep the following in mind:

  • Unspecified fields. Any unspecified field is initialized from 1970-01-01.
  • Case insensitivity. Names, such as Monday, February, and so on, are case insensitive.
  • Whitespace. One or more consecutive white spaces in the format string matches zero or more consecutive white spaces in the date string. In addition, leading and trailing white spaces in the date string are always allowed -- even if they are not in the format string.
  • Format precedence. When two (or more) format elements have overlapping information (for example both %F and %Y affect the year), the last one generally overrides any earlier ones.

Return Data Type

DATE

Examples

This example converts a MM/DD/YY formatted string to a DATE object:

SELECT PARSE_DATE('%x', '12/25/08') AS parsed;

/*------------*
 | parsed     |
 +------------+
 | 2008-12-25 |
 *------------*/

This example converts a YYYYMMDD formatted string to a DATE object:

SELECT PARSE_DATE('%Y%m%d', '20081225') AS parsed;

/*------------*
 | parsed     |
 +------------+
 | 2008-12-25 |
 *------------*/

UNIX_DATE

UNIX_DATE(date_expression)

Description

Returns the number of days since 1970-01-01.

Return Data Type

INT64

Example

SELECT UNIX_DATE(DATE '2008-12-25') AS days_from_epoch;

/*-----------------*
 | days_from_epoch |
 +-----------------+
 | 14238           |
 *-----------------*/