Managing topics and subscriptions

This document provides information about how to create, delete, and administer Pub/Sub topics and subscriptions. For more information about publishing and accessing message data, see the Publisher Guide and Subscriber Overview.

Managing Topics

You can create, delete, and view topics using the API, the Google Cloud Console, or the gcloud command-line tool. See the gcloud pubsub reference for a complete list of Pub/Sub API gcloud commands.

• For an introduction to the Cloud Console, see the Cloud Console Quickstart.

• When you create a topic, you can also specify your own encryption keys. See Using customer-managed encryption keys.

Creating a topic

You must first create a topic before you can publish or subscribe to it. Here is an example showing how to create a topic:

Protocol

Request:

The request must be authenticated with an access token in the Authorization header. To obtain an access token for the current Application Default Credentials: gcloud auth application-default print-access-token.

PUT https://pubsub.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject/topics/mytopic
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN
    

Response:

200 OK

{
 "name": "projects/myproject/topics/mytopic"
}

Command-line

  gcloud pubsub topics create myTopic

C#

Before trying this sample, follow the C# setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub C# API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

            PublisherServiceApiClient publisher = PublisherServiceApiClient.Create();

            TopicName topicName = new TopicName(projectId, topicId);
            try
            {
                publisher.CreateTopic(topicName);
            }
            catch (RpcException e)
            when (e.Status.StatusCode == StatusCode.AlreadyExists)
            {
                // Already exists.  That's fine.
            }

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func create(w io.Writer, projectID, topicID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicID := "my-topic"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	t, err := client.CreateTopic(ctx, topicID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("CreateTopic: %v", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Topic created: %v\n", t)
	return nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (TopicAdminClient topicAdminClient = TopicAdminClient.create()) {
  // projectId <=  unique project identifier, eg. "my-project-id"
  // topicId <= "my-topic-id"
  ProjectTopicName topicName = ProjectTopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
  Topic topic = topicAdminClient.createTopic(topicName);
  return topic;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment this variable before running the sample.
 */
// const topicName = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function createTopic() {
  // Creates a new topic
  await pubSubClient.createTopic(topicName);
  console.log(`Topic ${topicName} created.`);
}

createTopic().catch(console.error);

PHP

Before trying this sample, follow the PHP setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub PHP API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Creates a Pub/Sub topic.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 * @param string $topicName  The Pub/Sub topic name.
 */
function create_topic($projectId, $topicName)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    $topic = $pubsub->createTopic($topicName);

    printf('Topic created: %s' . PHP_EOL, $topic->name());
}

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# TODO topic_name = "Your Pub/Sub topic name"

publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient()
topic_path = publisher.topic_path(project_id, topic_name)

topic = publisher.create_topic(topic_path)

print("Topic created: {}".format(topic))

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# topic_name = "Your Pubsub topic name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

topic = pubsub.create_topic topic_name

puts "Topic #{topic.name} created."

Deleting a topic

Here is an example showing how to delete a topic:

Protocol

Request:

The request must be authenticated with an access token in the Authorization header. To obtain an access token for the current Application Default Credentials: gcloud auth application-default print-access-token.

DELETE https://pubsub.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject/topics/mytopic
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN
    

Response:

200 OK

{
 "name": "projects/myproject/topics/mytopic"
}

gcloud command

  gcloud pubsub topics delete myTopic

C#

Before trying this sample, follow the C# setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub C# API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

PublisherServiceApiClient publisher = PublisherServiceApiClient.Create();
TopicName topicName = new TopicName(projectId, topicId);
publisher.DeleteTopic(topicName);
Console.WriteLine("Topic deleted.");

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func delete(w io.Writer, projectID, topicID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicID := "my-topic"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	t := client.Topic(topicID)
	if err := t.Delete(ctx); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Delete: %v", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Deleted topic: %v\n", t)
	return nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (TopicAdminClient topicAdminClient = TopicAdminClient.create()) {
  ProjectTopicName topicName = ProjectTopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
  topicAdminClient.deleteTopic(topicName);
  return topicName;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment this variable before running the sample.
 */
// const topicName = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function deleteTopic() {
  /**
   * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following line to run the sample.
   */
  // const topicName = 'my-topic';

  // Deletes the topic
  await pubSubClient.topic(topicName).delete();
  console.log(`Topic ${topicName} deleted.`);
}

deleteTopic().catch(console.error);

PHP

Before trying this sample, follow the PHP setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub PHP API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Creates a Pub/Sub topic.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 * @param string $topicName  The Pub/Sub topic name.
 */
function delete_topic($projectId, $topicName)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    $topic = $pubsub->topic($topicName);
    $topic->delete();

    printf('Topic deleted: %s' . PHP_EOL, $topic->name());
}

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# TODO topic_name = "Your Pub/Sub topic name"

publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient()
topic_path = publisher.topic_path(project_id, topic_name)

publisher.delete_topic(topic_path)

print("Topic deleted: {}".format(topic_path))

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# topic_name = "Your Pubsub topic name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

topic = pubsub.topic topic_name
topic.delete

puts "Topic #{topic_name} deleted."

When you delete a topic, its subscriptions are not deleted, and the subscription's message backlog is available for subscribers. After a topic is deleted, its subscriptions have the topic name _deleted-topic_. If you try to create a topic with the same name as a topic you had just deleted, expect an error for a brief period of time after the deletion.

Listing topics

Here is an example showing how to get a list of topics:

Protocol

Request:

The request must be authenticated with an access token in the Authorization header. To obtain an access token for the current Application Default Credentials: gcloud auth application-default print-access-token.

GET https://pubsub.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject/topics
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN
    

Response:

200 OK

{
  "topics": [
    {
      "name": "projects/myproject/topics/mytopic1"
    },
    {
      "name": "projects/myproject/topics/mytopic2"
    }
  ]
}

gcloud command

   gcloud pubsub topics list

C#

Before trying this sample, follow the C# setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub C# API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

ProjectName projectName = new ProjectName(projectId);
IEnumerable<Topic> topics = publisher.ListTopics(projectName);
foreach (Topic topic in topics)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{topic.Name}");
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

func list(projectID string) ([]*pubsub.Topic, error) {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	var topics []*pubsub.Topic

	it := client.Topics(ctx)
	for {
		topic, err := it.Next()
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Next: %v", err)
		}
		topics = append(topics, topic)
	}

	return topics, nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (TopicAdminClient topicAdminClient = TopicAdminClient.create()) {
  ListTopicsRequest listTopicsRequest =
      ListTopicsRequest.newBuilder().setProject(ProjectName.format(projectId)).build();
  ListTopicsPagedResponse response = topicAdminClient.listTopics(listTopicsRequest);
  Iterable<Topic> topics = response.iterateAll();
  for (Topic topic : topics) {
    // do something with the topic
  }
  return response;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function listAllTopics() {
  // Lists all topics in the current project
  const [topics] = await pubSubClient.getTopics();
  console.log('Topics:');
  topics.forEach(topic => console.log(topic.name));
}

listAllTopics().catch(console.error);

PHP

Before trying this sample, follow the PHP setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub PHP API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Lists all Pub/Sub topics.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 */
function list_topics($projectId)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    foreach ($pubsub->topics() as $topic) {
        printf('Topic: %s' . PHP_EOL, $topic->name());
    }
}

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"

publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient()
project_path = publisher.project_path(project_id)

for topic in publisher.list_topics(project_path):
    print(topic)

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

topics = pubsub.topics

puts "Topics in project:"
topics.each do |topic|
  puts topic.name
end

By default, a maximum of 100 results are returned per query. You can specify an alternative value up to 1,000 using the page size parameter.

Managing Subscriptions

This section covers how to manage push and pull subscriptions. See the Subscriber Overview for an overview and comparison of pull and push subscriptions.

You must create a subscription to a topic before subscribers can receive messages published to the topic.

Also see the gcloud reference for subscriber commands.

Subscriptions have several properties that can be set at creation time or updated later, including:

• Delivery method: By default, Pub/Sub subscriptions use the pull method. You can switch to push delivery by specifying a non-empty, valid HTTPS push endpoint URL.You can switch back to pull delivery by specifying an empty URL.

• An acknowledgment deadline: If your code doesn't acknowledge the message before the deadline, the message is sent again. The default is 10 seconds. The maximum custom deadline you can specify is 600 seconds (10 minutes).

Creating subscriptions

You can use the following methods to create subscriptions:

• The Cloud Console:

  • If you know the topic ID, you can use the subscriptions section of the console.

  • To create a subscription directly on the topic, go to the topics section of the console and open the topic.

• The gcloud pubsub subscriptions create command.

• The Client libraries:

Protocol

Request:

The request must be authenticated with an access token in the Authorization header. To obtain an access token for the current Application Default Credentials: gcloud auth application-default print-access-token.

PUT https://pubsub.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject/subscriptions/mysubscription
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN
    

Specify the following fields in the request body:

{
  "topic": "projects/someproject/topics/sometopic"
  // Only needed if you are using push delivery
  "pushConfig": {
    "pushEndpoint": "https://myproject.appspot.com/myhandler"
  }
}

Response:

200 OK

{
  "name": "projects/myproject/subscriptions/mysubscription",
  "topic": "projects/someproject/topics/sometopic",
  "pushConfig": {
    "pushEndpoint": "https://myproject.appspot.com/myhandler"
  },
  "ackDeadlineSeconds": 10
}

gcloud command

   gcloud pubsub subscriptions create mySubscription --topic myTopic

C#

Before trying this sample, follow the C# setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub C# API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

SubscriberServiceApiClient subscriber = SubscriberServiceApiClient.Create();
TopicName topicName = new TopicName(projectId, topicId);
SubscriptionName subscriptionName = new SubscriptionName(projectId,
    subscriptionId);
try
{
    Subscription subscription = subscriber.CreateSubscription(
        subscriptionName, topicName, pushConfig: null,
        ackDeadlineSeconds: 60);
}
catch (RpcException e)
when (e.Status.StatusCode == StatusCode.AlreadyExists)
{
    // Already exists.  That's fine.
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func create(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string, topic *pubsub.Topic) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	// topic of type https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/pubsub#Topic
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	sub, err := client.CreateSubscription(ctx, subID, pubsub.SubscriptionConfig{
		Topic:       topic,
		AckDeadline: 20 * time.Second,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("CreateSubscription: %v", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Created subscription: %v\n", sub)
	return nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (SubscriptionAdminClient subscriptionAdminClient = SubscriptionAdminClient.create()) {
  // eg. projectId = "my-test-project", topicId = "my-test-topic"
  ProjectTopicName topicName = ProjectTopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
  // eg. subscriptionId = "my-test-subscription"
  ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
      ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);
  // create a pull subscription with default acknowledgement deadline
  Subscription subscription =
      subscriptionAdminClient.createSubscription(
          subscriptionName, topicName, PushConfig.getDefaultInstance(), 0);
  return subscription;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const topicName = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME';
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function createSubscription() {
  // Creates a new subscription
  await pubSubClient.topic(topicName).createSubscription(subscriptionName);
  console.log(`Subscription ${subscriptionName} created.`);
}

createSubscription().catch(console.error);

PHP

Before trying this sample, follow the PHP setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub PHP API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Creates a Pub/Sub subscription.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 * @param string $topicName  The Pub/Sub topic name.
 * @param string $subscriptionName  The Pub/Sub subscription name.
 */
function create_subscription($projectId, $topicName, $subscriptionName)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    $topic = $pubsub->topic($topicName);
    $subscription = $topic->subscription($subscriptionName);
    $subscription->create();

    printf('Subscription created: %s' . PHP_EOL, $subscription->name());
}

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# TODO topic_name = "Your Pub/Sub topic name"
# TODO subscription_name = "Your Pub/Sub subscription name"

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
topic_path = subscriber.topic_path(project_id, topic_name)
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(
    project_id, subscription_name
)

subscription = subscriber.create_subscription(
    subscription_path, topic_path
)

print("Subscription created: {}".format(subscription))

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id        = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# topic_name        = "Your Pubsub topic name"
# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

topic        = pubsub.topic topic_name
subscription = topic.subscribe subscription_name

puts "Pull subscription #{subscription_name} created."

You can create push subscriptions by providing an HTTP endpoint URL, as shown in these examples:

gcloud command

   gcloud pubsub subscriptions create mySubscription --topic myTopic --push-endpoint="https://myapp.appspot.com/push"

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func createWithEndpoint(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string, topic *pubsub.Topic, endpoint string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	// topic of type https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/pubsub#Topic
	// endpoint := "https://my-test-project.appspot.com/push"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	sub, err := client.CreateSubscription(ctx, subID, pubsub.SubscriptionConfig{
		Topic:       topic,
		AckDeadline: 10 * time.Second,
		PushConfig:  pubsub.PushConfig{Endpoint: endpoint},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("CreateSubscription: %v", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Created subscription: %v\n", sub)
	return nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (SubscriptionAdminClient subscriptionAdminClient = SubscriptionAdminClient.create()) {
  ProjectTopicName topicName = ProjectTopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
  ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
      ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

  // eg. endpoint = "https://my-test-project.appspot.com/push"
  PushConfig pushConfig = PushConfig.newBuilder().setPushEndpoint(endpoint).build();

  // acknowledgement deadline in seconds for the message received over the push endpoint
  int ackDeadlineInSeconds = 10;

  Subscription subscription =
      subscriptionAdminClient.createSubscription(
          subscriptionName, topicName, pushConfig, ackDeadlineInSeconds);
  return subscription;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const topicName = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME';
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function createPushSubscription() {
  const options = {
    pushConfig: {
      // Set to an HTTPS endpoint of your choice. If necessary, register
      // (authorize) the domain on which the server is hosted.
      pushEndpoint: `https://${pubSubClient.projectId}.appspot.com/push`,
    },
  };

  await pubSubClient
    .topic(topicName)
    .createSubscription(subscriptionName, options);
  console.log(`Subscription ${subscriptionName} created.`);
}

createPushSubscription().catch(console.error);

PHP

Before trying this sample, follow the PHP setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub PHP API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Creates a Pub/Sub push subscription.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 * @param string $topicName  The Pub/Sub topic name.
 * @param string $subscriptionName  The Pub/Sub subscription name.
 * @param string $endpoint  The endpoint for the push subscription.
 */
function create_push_subscription($projectId, $topicName, $subscriptionName, $endpoint)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    $topic = $pubsub->topic($topicName);
    $subscription = $topic->subscription($subscriptionName);
    $subscription->create([
        'pushConfig' => ['pushEndpoint' => $endpoint]
    ]);

    printf('Subscription created: %s' . PHP_EOL, $subscription->name());
}

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# TODO topic_name = "Your Pub/Sub topic name"
# TODO subscription_name = "Your Pub/Sub subscription name"
# TODO endpoint = "https://my-test-project.appspot.com/push"

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
topic_path = subscriber.topic_path(project_id, topic_name)
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(
    project_id, subscription_name
)

push_config = pubsub_v1.types.PushConfig(push_endpoint=endpoint)

subscription = subscriber.create_subscription(
    subscription_path, topic_path, push_config
)

print("Push subscription created: {}".format(subscription))
print("Endpoint for subscription is: {}".format(endpoint))

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id        = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# topic_name        = "Your Pubsub topic name"
# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
# endpoint          = "Endpoint where your app receives messages"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

topic        = pubsub.topic topic_name
subscription = topic.subscribe subscription_name,
                               endpoint: endpoint

puts "Push subscription #{subscription_name} created."

Switching between push and pull subscriptions

You can use the Pub/Sub Cloud Console to change the subscription type. In the console, edit the subscription and change the Delivery Type to Pull or Push.

Alternately, you can use the gcloud command line tool command.. Specifically, use modify-push-config to modify the push endpoint URL.

• To convert a push subscription to pull, change the URL to an empty string.
• To convert a pull subscription to push, set a valid URL.

Note: If you are switching from a push to a pull subscription, you should allow a short period of time for the change to take effect. The interval is typically on the order of a few seconds, but it can take several minutes in rare cases. During that time, the system may continue to deliver messages to the endpoint and you can expect that pull requests will generate errors.

Examples: Modifying a subscription's endpoint or delivery mechanism

Once a subscription has been created, you can update the push endpoint of a subscription or switch from push to pull and vice versa. Here are examples showing how to update an existing pull or push subscription by specifying a non-empty, valid HTTPS push endpoint URL:

gcloud command

   gcloud pubsub subscriptions modify-push-config mySubscription --push-endpoint="https://anotherapp.appspot.com/push"

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func updateEndpoint(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string, endpoint string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	// endpoint := "https://my-test-project.appspot.com/push"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	subConfig, err := client.Subscription(subID).Update(ctx, pubsub.SubscriptionConfigToUpdate{
		PushConfig: &pubsub.PushConfig{Endpoint: endpoint},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Update: %v", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Updated subscription config: %v\n", subConfig)
	return nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (SubscriptionAdminClient subscriptionAdminClient = SubscriptionAdminClient.create()) {
  ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
      ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);
  PushConfig pushConfig = PushConfig.newBuilder().setPushEndpoint(endpoint).build();
  subscriptionAdminClient.modifyPushConfig(subscriptionName, pushConfig);
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const topicName = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME';
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function modifyPushConfig() {
  const options = {
    // Set to an HTTPS endpoint of your choice. If necessary, register
    // (authorize) the domain on which the server is hosted.
    pushEndpoint: `https://${pubSubClient.projectId}.appspot.com/push`,
  };

  await pubSubClient
    .topic(topicName)
    .subscription(subscriptionName)
    .modifyPushConfig(options);
  console.log(`Modified push config for subscription ${subscriptionName}.`);
}

modifyPushConfig().catch(console.error);

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# TODO topic_name = "Your Pub/Sub topic name"
# TODO subscription_name = "Your Pub/Sub subscription name"
# TODO endpoint = "https://my-test-project.appspot.com/push"

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(
    project_id, subscription_name
)

push_config = pubsub_v1.types.PushConfig(push_endpoint=endpoint)

subscription = pubsub_v1.types.Subscription(
    name=subscription_path, push_config=push_config
)

update_mask = {"paths": {"push_config"}}
subscriber.update_subscription(subscription, update_mask)
result = subscriber.get_subscription(subscription_path)

print("Subscription updated: {}".format(subscription_path))
print("New endpoint for subscription is: {}".format(result.push_config))

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id        = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
# new_endpoint      = "Endpoint where your app receives messages""
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

subscription          = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
subscription.endpoint = new_endpoint

puts "Push endpoint updated."

Modifying subscription expiration policies

By default, subscriptions expire after 31 days of inactivity. If Pub/Sub detects subscriber activity (such as open connections, active pulls, or successful pushes), the subscription deletion clock restarts.

To change this behavior, modify the subscription's expiration policy. You can set the policy duration when you create the subscription or modify it later. The minimum allowed value for an expiration policy is 1 day. There is no maximum. Use any of the following options to configure the policy:

• The duration and expiration flags available in the gcloud subscription commands. For example:

  alias pubsub='gcloud pubsub'
  # subscription that expires after one day of inactivity
  pubsub subscriptions create mySubscription --expiration-period=1d --topic myTopic
  # make the subscription non-expiring
  pubsub subscriptions update mySubscription --expiration-period=never
  

• Support for expiration policies is available in the Pub/Sub Client Libraries.

• RPC methods:

  • CreateSubscription
  • UpdateSubscription

• REST method:

  • projects.subscriptions.create

Retaining unacknowledged and acknowledged messages

By default, Pub/Sub ensures that subscriptions retain unacknowledged messages for 7 days from the moment of publication. You can set a subscription's messageRetentionDuration property to specify how long after publication messages should be retained, up to a maximum of 7 days. After the duration specified in this property, Pub/Sub is free to discard the message, regardless of its acknowledgment state. You can also configure the subscription to retain acknowledged messages for this duration. See Replaying and Discarding Messages.

Note: When you modify either the message retention duration or subscription expiration policy, the expiration duration must be set to a value greater than the message retention duration. The defaults are 7 and 31 days, respectively.

Listing subscriptions

You can list all subscriptions in a project, or only subscriptions to a particular topic. See Access Control for details on limiting access, if needed. Here are examples showing how to list all subscriptions in a project.

gcloud command

   gcloud pubsub subscriptions list

C#

Before trying this sample, follow the C# setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub C# API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

SubscriberServiceApiClient subscriber = SubscriberServiceApiClient.Create();
ProjectName projectName = new ProjectName(projectId);
IEnumerable<Subscription> subscriptions =
    subscriber.ListSubscriptions(projectName);
foreach (Subscription subscription in subscriptions)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{subscription}");
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

func list(projectID string) ([]*pubsub.Subscription, error) {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	var subs []*pubsub.Subscription
	it := client.Subscriptions(ctx)
	for {
		s, err := it.Next()
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Next: %v", err)
		}
		subs = append(subs, s)
	}
	return subs, nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (SubscriptionAdminClient subscriptionAdminClient = SubscriptionAdminClient.create()) {
  ListSubscriptionsRequest listSubscriptionsRequest =
      ListSubscriptionsRequest.newBuilder()
          .setProject(ProjectName.of(projectId).toString())
          .build();
  ListSubscriptionsPagedResponse response =
      subscriptionAdminClient.listSubscriptions(listSubscriptionsRequest);
  Iterable<Subscription> subscriptions = response.iterateAll();
  for (Subscription subscription : subscriptions) {
    // do something with the subscription
  }
  return response;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function listSubscriptions() {
  // Lists all subscriptions in the current project
  const [subscriptions] = await pubSubClient.getSubscriptions();
  console.log('Subscriptions:');
  subscriptions.forEach(subscription => console.log(subscription.name));
}

listSubscriptions().catch(console.error);

PHP

Before trying this sample, follow the PHP setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub PHP API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Lists all Pub/Sub subscriptions.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 */
function list_subscriptions($projectId)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    foreach ($pubsub->subscriptions() as $subscription) {
        printf('Subscription: %s' . PHP_EOL, $subscription->name());
    }
}

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
project_path = subscriber.project_path(project_id)

for subscription in subscriber.list_subscriptions(project_path):
    print(subscription.name)

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id = Your Google Cloud Project ID
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

subscriptions = pubsub.list_subscriptions

puts "Subscriptions:"
subscriptions.each do |subscription|
  puts subscription.name
end

Accessing subscriptions

Here are examples showing how to access subscriptions for a specific topic.

gcloud command

   gcloud pubsub topics list-subscriptions myTopic

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
)

func listSubscriptions(projectID, topicID string) ([]*pubsub.Subscription, error) {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicName := "projects/sample-248520/topics/ocr-go-test-topic"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	var subs []*pubsub.Subscription

	it := client.Topic(topicID).Subscriptions(ctx)
	for {
		sub, err := it.Next()
		if err == iterator.Done {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Next: %v", err)
		}
		subs = append(subs, sub)
	}
	return subs, nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (TopicAdminClient topicAdminClient = TopicAdminClient.create()) {
  ProjectTopicName topicName = ProjectTopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
  ListTopicSubscriptionsRequest request =
      ListTopicSubscriptionsRequest.newBuilder().setTopic(topicName.toString()).build();
  ListTopicSubscriptionsPagedResponse response =
      topicAdminClient.listTopicSubscriptions(request);
  Iterable<String> subscriptionNames = response.iterateAll();
  for (String subscriptionName : subscriptionNames) {
    // do something with the subscription name
  }
  return response;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment this variable before running the sample.
 */
// const topicName = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function listTopicSubscriptions() {
  // Lists all subscriptions for the topic
  const [subscriptions] = await pubSubClient
    .topic(topicName)
    .getSubscriptions();

  console.log(`Subscriptions for ${topicName}:`);
  subscriptions.forEach(subscription => console.log(subscription.name));
}

listTopicSubscriptions().catch(console.error);

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# TODO topic_name = "Your Pub/Sub topic name"

publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient()
topic_path = publisher.topic_path(project_id, topic_name)

for subscription in publisher.list_topic_subscriptions(topic_path):
    print(subscription)

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# topic_name = "Your Pubsub topic name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

topic         = pubsub.topic topic_name
subscriptions = topic.subscriptions

puts "Subscriptions in topic #{topic.name}:"
subscriptions.each do |subscription|
  puts subscription.name
end

Deleting subscriptions

Here are examples showing how to delete subscriptions in a project once they are no longer required.

gcloud command

   gcloud pubsub subscriptions delete mySubscription

C#

Before trying this sample, follow the C# setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub C# API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

SubscriberServiceApiClient subscriber = SubscriberServiceApiClient.Create();
SubscriptionName subscriptionName = new SubscriptionName(projectId,
    subscriptionId);
subscriber.DeleteSubscription(subscriptionName);
Console.WriteLine("Subscription deleted.");

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Go API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func delete(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)
	if err := sub.Delete(ctx); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Delete: %v", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Subscription %q deleted.", subID)
	return nil
}

Java

Before trying this sample, follow the Java setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Java API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

try (SubscriptionAdminClient subscriptionAdminClient = SubscriptionAdminClient.create()) {
  ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
      ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);
  subscriptionAdminClient.deleteSubscription(subscriptionName);
  return subscriptionName;
}

Node.js

Before trying this sample, follow the Node.js setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Node.js API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment this variable before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function deleteSubscription() {
  // Deletes the subscription
  await pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionName).delete();
  console.log(`Subscription ${subscriptionName} deleted.`);
}

deleteSubscription().catch(console.error);

PHP

Before trying this sample, follow the PHP setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub PHP API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Creates a Pub/Sub subscription.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 * @param string $subscriptionName  The Pub/Sub subscription name.
 */
function delete_subscription($projectId, $subscriptionName)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    $subscription = $pubsub->subscription($subscriptionName);
    $subscription->delete();

    printf('Subscription deleted: %s' . PHP_EOL, $subscription->name());
}

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Python API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO project_id = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# TODO subscription_name = "Your Pub/Sub subscription name"

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(
    project_id, subscription_name
)

subscriber.delete_subscription(subscription_path)

print("Subscription deleted: {}".format(subscription_path))

Ruby

Before trying this sample, follow the Ruby setup instructions in the Cloud Pub/Sub Quickstart Using Client Libraries . For more information, see the Cloud Pub/Sub Ruby API reference documentation .

View on GitHub Feedback

# project_id        = "Your Google Cloud Project ID"
# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new project: project_id

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
subscription.delete

puts "Subscription #{subscription_name} deleted."

Resource names

A Pub/Sub resource name uniquely identifies a Pub/Sub resource, such as a subscription or topic, and must fit the following format:

projects/project-identifier/collection/relative-name

The project-identifier must be the project ID, available from the Google Cloud Console. For example, projects/myproject/topics/mytopic.

The collection must be one of subscriptions or topics.

The relative-name must:

• Not begin with the string goog.
• Start with a letter
• Contain between 3 and 255 characters

• Contain only the following characters:

  • Letters: [A-Za-z]
  • Numbers: [0-9]
  • Dashes: -
  • Underscores: _
  • Periods: .
  • Tildes: ~
  • Plus signs: +

  • Percent signs: %

    The special characters in the above list can be used in resource names without URL-encoding. However, you must ensure that any other special characters are properly encoded/decoded when used in URLs. For example, mi-tópico is an invalid relative-name. However, mi-t%C3%B3pico is valid.

    This is particularly important for REST calls.

Note:The client libraries can take different approaches to naming resources, such as specifying the project and the relative-name in separate fields.