Recevoir des messages en mode pull

Pub/Sub est compatible avec la distribution de messages en mode push et pull. Pour obtenir une présentation et une comparaison des abonnements en mode pull et push, consultez la page Présentation des abonnements. Le présent document décrit la distribution des messages en mode pull. Pour plus d'informations sur la distribution en mode push, consultez le Guide pour les abonnés – Mode push.

Mode pull asynchrone

L'utilisation du mode pull asynchrone augmente le débit de votre application, car celle-ci ne se bloque pas en cas de nouveaux messages. Les messages peuvent être reçus dans votre application à l'aide d'un programme d'écoute de messages à exécution longue et faire l'objet d'une confirmation individuelle, comme indiqué dans l'exemple ci-dessous. Les clients Java, Python, .NET, Go et Ruby utilisent l'API du service StreamingPull pour implémenter efficacement l'API cliente asynchrone.

Toutes les bibliothèques clientes ne sont pas compatibles avec le mode pull asynchrone pour les messages. Pour en savoir plus sur le mode pull synchrone, consultez la section Mode pull synchrone.

Pour plus d'informations, consultez la documentation de référence sur les API pour votre langage de programmation.

C++

Avant d'essayer cet exemple, suivez les instructions d'installation dans le langage C++ qui se trouvent sur la page Démarrage rapide : utiliser des bibliothèques clientes. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation de référence sur l'API Pub/Sub pour C++.

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namespace pubsub = google::cloud::pubsub;
using google::cloud::future;
using google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](pubsub::Subscriber subscriber) {
  std::mutex mu;
  std::condition_variable cv;
  int message_count = 0;
  auto session = subscriber.Subscribe(
      [&](pubsub::Message const& m, pubsub::AckHandler h) {
        std::cout << "Received message " << m << "\n";
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
        ++message_count;
        lk.unlock();
        cv.notify_one();
        std::move(h).ack();
      });
  // Wait until at least one message has been received.
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
  cv.wait(lk, [&message_count] { return message_count > 0; });
  lk.unlock();
  // Cancel the subscription session.
  session.cancel();
  // Wait for the session to complete, no more callbacks can happen after this
  // point.
  auto status = session.get();
  // Report any final status, blocking.
  std::cout << "Message count: " << message_count << ", status: " << status
            << "\n";
}

C#

Avant d'essayer cet exemple, suivez les instructions d'installation dans le langage C# qui se trouvent sur la page Démarrage rapide : utiliser des bibliothèques clientes. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation de référence sur l'API Pub/Sub pour C#.

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using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PullMessagesAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> PullMessagesAsync(string projectId, string subscriptionId, bool acknowledge)
    {
        SubscriptionName subscriptionName = SubscriptionName.FromProjectSubscription(projectId, subscriptionId);
        SubscriberClient subscriber = await SubscriberClient.CreateAsync(subscriptionName);
        // SubscriberClient runs your message handle function on multiple
        // threads to maximize throughput.
        int messageCount = 0;
        Task startTask = subscriber.StartAsync((PubsubMessage message, CancellationToken cancel) =>
        {
            string text = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(message.Data.ToArray());
            Console.WriteLine($"Message {message.MessageId}: {text}");
            Interlocked.Increment(ref messageCount);
            return Task.FromResult(acknowledge ? SubscriberClient.Reply.Ack : SubscriberClient.Reply.Nack);
        });
        // Run for 5 seconds.
        await Task.Delay(5000);
        await subscriber.StopAsync(CancellationToken.None);
        // Lets make sure that the start task finished successfully after the call to stop.
        await startTask;
        return messageCount;
    }
}

Go

Avant d'essayer cet exemple, suivez les instructions d'installation dans le langage Go qui se trouvent sur la page Démarrage rapide : utiliser des bibliothèques clientes. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation de référence sur l'API Pub/Sub pour Go.

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import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"sync"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func pullMsgs(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	// Consume 10 messages.
	var mu sync.Mutex
	received := 0
	sub := client.Subscription(subID)
	cctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	err = sub.Receive(cctx, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		mu.Lock()
		defer mu.Unlock()
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Got message: %q\n", string(msg.Data))
		msg.Ack()
		received++
		if received == 10 {
			cancel()
		}
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Receive: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

Java

Avant d'essayer cet exemple, suivez les instructions d'installation dans le langage Java qui se trouvent sur la page Démarrage rapide : utiliser des bibliothèques clientes. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation de référence sur l'API Pub/Sub pour Java.

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import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class SubscribeAsyncExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeAsyncExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  public static void subscribeAsyncExample(String projectId, String subscriptionId) {
    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    // Instantiate an asynchronous message receiver.
    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          // Handle incoming message, then ack the received message.
          System.out.println("Id: " + message.getMessageId());
          System.out.println("Data: " + message.getData().toStringUtf8());
          consumer.ack();
        };

    Subscriber subscriber = null;
    try {
      subscriber = Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver).build();
      // Start the subscriber.
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName.toString());
      // Allow the subscriber to run for 30s unless an unrecoverable error occurs.
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      // Shut down the subscriber after 30s. Stop receiving messages.
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

Node.js

Avant d'essayer cet exemple, suivez les instructions d'installation dans le langage Node.js qui se trouvent sur la page Démarrage rapide : utiliser des bibliothèques clientes. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation de référence sur l'API Pub/Sub pour Node.js.

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/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';
// const timeout = 60;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

function listenForMessages() {
  // References an existing subscription
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionName);

  // Create an event handler to handle messages
  let messageCount = 0;
  const messageHandler = message => {
    console.log(`Received message ${message.id}:`);
    console.log(`\tData: ${message.data}`);
    console.log(`\tAttributes: ${message.attributes}`);
    messageCount += 1;

    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();
  };

  // Listen for new messages until timeout is hit
  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);

  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.removeListener('message', messageHandler);
    console.log(`${messageCount} message(s) received.`);
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

listenForMessages();

Python

Avant d'essayer cet exemple, suivez les instructions d'installation dans le langage Python qui se trouvent sur la page Démarrage rapide : utiliser des bibliothèques clientes. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation de référence sur l'API Pub/Sub pour Python.

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from concurrent.futures import TimeoutError
from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# Number of seconds the subscriber should listen for messages
# timeout = 5.0

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
# The `subscription_path` method creates a fully qualified identifier
# in the form `projects/{project_id}/subscriptions/{subscription_id}`
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

def callback(message):
    print(f"Received {message}.")
    message.ack()

streaming_pull_future = subscriber.subscribe(subscription_path, callback=callback)
print(f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path}..\n")

# Wrap subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
with subscriber:
    try:
        # When `timeout` is not set, result() will block indefinitely,
        # unless an exception is encountered first.
        streaming_pull_future.result(timeout=timeout)
    except TimeoutError:
        streaming_pull_future.cancel()

Ruby

Avant d'essayer cet exemple, suivez les instructions d'installation dans le langage Ruby qui se trouvent sur la page Démarrage rapide : utiliser des bibliothèques clientes. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation de référence sur l'API Pub/Sub pour Ruby.

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
subscriber   = subscription.listen do |received_message|
  puts "Received message: #{received_message.data}"
  received_message.acknowledge!
end

subscriber.start
# Let the main thread sleep for 60 seconds so the thread for listening
# messages does not quit
sleep 60
subscriber.stop.wait!

Traiter les attributs personnalisés

Cet exemple montre comment extraire des messages de manière asynchrone et récupérer les attributs personnalisés à partir des métadonnées :

C++

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namespace pubsub = google::cloud::pubsub;
using google::cloud::future;
using google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](pubsub::Subscriber subscriber) {
  std::mutex mu;
  std::condition_variable cv;
  int message_count = 0;
  auto session = subscriber.Subscribe(
      [&](pubsub::Message const& m, pubsub::AckHandler h) {
        std::cout << "Received message with attributes:\n";
        for (auto const& kv : m.attributes()) {
          std::cout << "  " << kv.first << ": " << kv.second << "\n";
        }
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
        ++message_count;
        lk.unlock();
        cv.notify_one();
        std::move(h).ack();
      });
  // Most applications would just release the `session` object at this point,
  // but we want to gracefully close down this example.
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
  cv.wait(lk, [&message_count] { return message_count > 0; });
  lk.unlock();
  session.cancel();
  auto status = session.get();
  std::cout << "Message count: " << message_count << ", status: " << status
            << "\n";
}

C#

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using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PullMessagesWithCustomAttributesAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<List<PubsubMessage>> PullMessagesWithCustomAttributesAsync(string projectId, string subscriptionId, bool acknowledge)
    {
        SubscriptionName subscriptionName = SubscriptionName.FromProjectSubscription(projectId, subscriptionId);

        SubscriberClient subscriber = await SubscriberClient.CreateAsync(subscriptionName);
        var messages = new List<PubsubMessage>();
        Task startTask = subscriber.StartAsync((PubsubMessage message, CancellationToken cancel) =>
        {
            messages.Add(message);
            string text = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(message.Data.ToArray());
            Console.WriteLine($"Message {message.MessageId}: {text}");
            if (message.Attributes != null)
            {
                foreach (var attribute in message.Attributes)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"{attribute.Key} = {attribute.Value}");
                }
            }
            return Task.FromResult(acknowledge ? SubscriberClient.Reply.Ack : SubscriberClient.Reply.Nack);
        });
        // Run for 7 seconds.
        await Task.Delay(7000);
        await subscriber.StopAsync(CancellationToken.None);
        // Lets make sure that the start task finished successfully after the call to stop.
        await startTask;
        return messages;
    }
}

Go

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import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func pullMsgsCustomAttributes(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)

	// Receive messages for 10 seconds.
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	// Create a channel to handle messages to as they come in.
	cm := make(chan *pubsub.Message)
	defer close(cm)

	// Handle individual messages in a goroutine.
	go func() {
		for msg := range cm {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Got message :%q\n", string(msg.Data))
			fmt.Fprintln(w, "Attributes:")
			for key, value := range msg.Attributes {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s = %s", key, value)
			}
			msg.Ack()
		}
	}()

	// Receive blocks until the context is cancelled or an error occurs.
	err = sub.Receive(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		cm <- msg
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Receive: %v", err)
	}

	return nil
}

Java

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import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class SubscribeWithCustomAttributesExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeWithCustomAttributesExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  public static void subscribeWithCustomAttributesExample(String projectId, String subscriptionId) {
    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    // Instantiate an asynchronous message receiver.
    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          // Handle incoming message, then ack the received message.
          System.out.println("Id: " + message.getMessageId());
          System.out.println("Data: " + message.getData().toStringUtf8());
          // Print message attributes.
          message
              .getAttributesMap()
              .forEach((key, value) -> System.out.println(key + " = " + value));
          consumer.ack();
        };

    Subscriber subscriber = null;
    try {
      subscriber = Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver).build();
      // Start the subscriber.
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName.toString());
      // Allow the subscriber to run for 30s unless an unrecoverable error occurs.
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      // Shut down the subscriber after 30s. Stop receiving messages.
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

Node.js

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/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';
// const timeout = 60;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function listenWithCustomAttributes() {
  // References an existing subscription, e.g. "my-subscription"
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionName);

  // Create an event handler to handle messages
  const messageHandler = message => {
    console.log(
      `Received message: id ${message.id}, data ${
        message.data
      }, attributes: ${JSON.stringify(message.attributes)}`
    );

    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();
  };

  // Listen for new messages until timeout is hit
  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);
  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.removeListener('message', messageHandler);
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

listenWithCustomAttributes();

Python

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from concurrent.futures import TimeoutError
from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# Number of seconds the subscriber should listen for messages
# timeout = 5.0

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

def callback(message):
    print(f"Received {message.data}.")
    if message.attributes:
        print("Attributes:")
        for key in message.attributes:
            value = message.attributes.get(key)
            print(f"{key}: {value}")
    message.ack()

streaming_pull_future = subscriber.subscribe(subscription_path, callback=callback)
print(f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path}..\n")

# Wrap subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
with subscriber:
    try:
        # When `timeout` is not set, result() will block indefinitely,
        # unless an exception is encountered first.
        streaming_pull_future.result(timeout=timeout)
    except TimeoutError:
        streaming_pull_future.cancel()

Ruby

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# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
subscriber   = subscription.listen do |received_message|
  puts "Received message: #{received_message.data}"
  unless received_message.attributes.empty?
    puts "Attributes:"
    received_message.attributes.each do |key, value|
      puts "#{key}: #{value}"
    end
  end
  received_message.acknowledge!
end

subscriber.start
# Let the main thread sleep for 60 seconds so the thread for listening
# messages does not quit
sleep 60
subscriber.stop.wait!

Écouter les erreurs

Cet exemple montre comment gérer les erreurs survenant lors de l'abonnement à des messages :

C++

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

namespace pubsub = google::cloud::pubsub;
using google::cloud::future;
using google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](pubsub::Subscriber subscriber) {
  std::mutex mu;
  std::condition_variable cv;
  bool done = false;
  int message_count = 0;
  auto session =
      subscriber
          .Subscribe([&](pubsub::Message const& m, pubsub::AckHandler h) {
            std::cout << "Received message " << m << "\n";
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
            ++message_count;
            done = true;
            lk.unlock();
            cv.notify_one();
            std::move(h).ack();
          })
          // Setup an error handler for the subscription session
          .then([&](future<google::cloud::Status> f) {
            std::cout << "Subscription session result: " << f.get() << "\n";
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
            done = true;
            cv.notify_one();
          });
  // Most applications would just release the `session` object at this point,
  // but we want to gracefully close down this example.
  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
  cv.wait(lk, [&done] { return done; });
  lk.unlock();
  session.cancel();
  session.get();
  std::cout << "Message count:" << message_count << "\n";
}

Go

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import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func pullMsgsError(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	// If the service returns a non-retryable error, Receive returns that error after
	// all of the outstanding calls to the handler have returned.
	err = client.Subscription(subID).Receive(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Got message: %q\n", string(msg.Data))
		msg.Ack()
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Receive: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

Java

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import com.google.api.gax.core.ExecutorProvider;
import com.google.api.gax.core.InstantiatingExecutorProvider;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class SubscribeWithErrorListenerExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeWithErrorListenerExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  public static void subscribeWithErrorListenerExample(String projectId, String subscriptionId) {
    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    // Instantiate an asynchronous message receiver.
    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          // Handle incoming message, then ack the received message.
          System.out.println("Id: " + message.getMessageId());
          System.out.println("Data: " + message.getData().toStringUtf8());
          consumer.ack();
        };

    Subscriber subscriber = null;
    try {
      // Provides an executor service for processing messages.
      ExecutorProvider executorProvider =
          InstantiatingExecutorProvider.newBuilder().setExecutorThreadCount(4).build();

      subscriber =
          Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver)
              .setExecutorProvider(executorProvider)
              .build();

      // Listen for unrecoverable failures. Rebuild a subscriber and restart subscribing
      // when the current subscriber encounters permanent errors.
      subscriber.addListener(
          new Subscriber.Listener() {
            public void failed(Subscriber.State from, Throwable failure) {
              System.out.println(failure.getStackTrace());
              if (!executorProvider.getExecutor().isShutdown()) {
                subscribeWithErrorListenerExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
              }
            }
          },
          MoreExecutors.directExecutor());

      // Start the subscriber.
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName.toString());
      // Allow the subscriber to run for 30s unless an unrecoverable error occurs.
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      // Shut down the subscriber after 30s. Stop receiving messages.
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

Node.js

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/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';
// const timeout = 10;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

function listenForErrors() {
  // References an existing subscription
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionName);

  // Create an event handler to handle messages
  const messageHandler = function (message) {
    // Do something with the message
    console.log(`Message: ${message}`);

    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();
  };

  // Create an event handler to handle errors
  const errorHandler = function (error) {
    // Do something with the error
    console.error(`ERROR: ${error}`);
    throw error;
  };

  // Listen for new messages/errors until timeout is hit
  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);
  subscription.on('error', errorHandler);

  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.removeListener('message', messageHandler);
    subscription.removeListener('error', errorHandler);
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

listenForErrors();

Python

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from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# Number of seconds the subscriber should listen for messages
# timeout = 5.0

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

def callback(message):
    print(f"Received {message}.")
    message.ack()

streaming_pull_future = subscriber.subscribe(subscription_path, callback=callback)
print(f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path}..\n")

# Wrap subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
with subscriber:
    # When `timeout` is not set, result() will block indefinitely,
    # unless an exception is encountered first.
    try:
        streaming_pull_future.result(timeout=timeout)
    except Exception as e:
        streaming_pull_future.cancel()
        print(
            f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path} threw an exception: {e}."
        )

Ruby

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
subscriber   = subscription.listen do |received_message|
  puts "Received message: #{received_message.data}"
  received_message.acknowledge!
end
# Propagate expection from child threads to the main thread as soon as it is
# raised. Exceptions happened in the callback thread are collected in the
# callback thread pool and do not propagate to the main thread
Thread.abort_on_exception = true

begin
  subscriber.start
  # Let the main thread sleep for 60 seconds so the thread for listening
  # messages does not quit
  sleep 60
  subscriber.stop.wait!
rescue Exception => e
  puts "Exception #{e.inspect}: #{e.message}"
  raise "Stopped listening for messages."
end

Contrôler le flux de messages

Votre client abonné peut traiter et accuser réception des messages plus lentement que Pub/Sub ne les envoie au client. Dans ce cas :

Il se peut qu'un client ait de nombreux messages en attente, car il n'est pas en mesure de traiter le volume de messages entrants, mais qu'un autre client du réseau ait la capacité de le faire. Le deuxième client pourrait réduire le nombre de messages en attente de l'abonnement, mais il n'a pas la possibilité de le faire, car le premier client conserve un bail pour les messages qu'il reçoit. Cela réduit le taux global de traitement, car les messages restent bloqués au niveau du premier client.
Comme la bibliothèque cliente prolonge de manière répétée le délai de confirmation pour les messages en attente, ces messages continuent d'utiliser de la mémoire, du processeur et de la bande passante. En tant que tel, le client abonné risque de manquer de ressources (telles que la mémoire). Cela peut avoir un impact négatif sur le débit et la latence du traitement des messages.

Pour atténuer les problèmes ci-dessus, utilisez les fonctions de contrôle de flux de l'abonné pour contrôler le débit de réception des messages. Ces fonctionnalités sont illustrées dans les exemples suivants :

C++

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

namespace pubsub = google::cloud::pubsub;
using google::cloud::future;
using google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](std::string project_id, std::string subscription_id) {
  // Change the flow control watermarks, by default the client library uses
  // 0 and 1,000 for the message count watermarks, and 0 and 10MiB for the
  // size watermarks. Recall that the library stops requesting messages if
  // any of the high watermarks are reached, and the library resumes
  // requesting messages when *both* low watermarks are reached.
  auto constexpr kMiB = 1024 * 1024L;
  auto subscriber = pubsub::Subscriber(pubsub::MakeSubscriberConnection(
      pubsub::Subscription(std::move(project_id), std::move(subscription_id)),
      pubsub::SubscriberOptions{}
          .set_max_outstanding_messages(1000)
          .set_max_outstanding_bytes(8 * kMiB)));

  std::mutex mu;
  std::condition_variable cv;
  int count = 0;
  auto constexpr kExpectedMessageCount = 4;
  auto handler = [&](pubsub::Message const& m, pubsub::AckHandler h) {
    std::move(h).ack();
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mu);
      std::cout << "Received message [" << count << "] " << m.data() << "\n";
      if (++count < kExpectedMessageCount) return;
    }
    cv.notify_one();
  };
  auto session = subscriber.Subscribe(std::move(handler));
  {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
    cv.wait(lk, [&] { return count >= kExpectedMessageCount; });
  }
  session.cancel();
  auto status = session.get();
  std::cout << "Message count: " << count << ", status: " << status << "\n";
}

C#

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires


using Google.Api.Gax;
using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PullMessagesWithFlowControlAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> PullMessagesWithFlowControlAsync(string projectId, string subscriptionId, bool acknowledge)
    {
        SubscriptionName subscriptionName = SubscriptionName.FromProjectSubscription(projectId, subscriptionId);
        int messageCount = 0;
        SubscriberClient subscriber = await SubscriberClient.CreateAsync(subscriptionName,
            settings: new SubscriberClient.Settings()
            {
                AckExtensionWindow = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(4),
                AckDeadline = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10),
                FlowControlSettings = new FlowControlSettings(maxOutstandingElementCount: 100, maxOutstandingByteCount: 10240)
            });
        // SubscriberClient runs your message handle function on multiple
        // threads to maximize throughput.
        Task startTask = subscriber.StartAsync((PubsubMessage message, CancellationToken cancel) =>
        {
            string text = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(message.Data.ToArray());
            Console.WriteLine($"Message {message.MessageId}: {text}");
            Interlocked.Increment(ref messageCount);
            return Task.FromResult(acknowledge ? SubscriberClient.Reply.Ack : SubscriberClient.Reply.Nack);
        });
        // Run for 5 seconds.
        await Task.Delay(5000);
        await subscriber.StopAsync(CancellationToken.None);
        // Lets make sure that the start task finished successfully after the call to stop.
        await startTask;
        return messageCount;
    }
}

Go

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func pullMsgsSettings(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)
	sub.ReceiveSettings.Synchronous = true
	// MaxOutstandingMessages is the maximum number of unprocessed messages the
	// client will pull from the server before pausing.
	//
	// This is only guaranteed when ReceiveSettings.Synchronous is set to true.
	// When Synchronous is set to false, the StreamingPull RPC is used which
	// can pull a single large batch of messages at once that is greater than
	// MaxOustandingMessages before pausing. For more info, see
	// https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/pull#streamingpull_dealing_with_large_backlogs_of_small_messages.
	sub.ReceiveSettings.MaxOutstandingMessages = 10
	// MaxOutstandingBytes is the maximum size of unprocessed messages,
	// that the client will pull from the server before pausing. Similar
	// to MaxOutstandingMessages, this may be exceeded with a large batch
	// of messages since we cannot control the size of a batch of messages
	// from the server (even with the synchronous Pull RPC).
	sub.ReceiveSettings.MaxOutstandingBytes = 1e10
	err = sub.Receive(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Got message: %q\n", string(msg.Data))
		msg.Ack()
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Receive: %v", err)
	}
	return nil
}

Java

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires


import com.google.api.gax.batching.FlowControlSettings;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class SubscribeWithFlowControlSettingsExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeWithFlowControlSettingsExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  public static void subscribeWithFlowControlSettingsExample(
      String projectId, String subscriptionId) {
    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    // Instantiate an asynchronous message receiver.
    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          // Handle incoming message, then ack the received message.
          System.out.println("Id: " + message.getMessageId());
          System.out.println("Data: " + message.getData().toStringUtf8());
          consumer.ack();
        };

    Subscriber subscriber = null;

    // The subscriber will pause the message stream and stop receiving more messsages from the
    // server if any one of the conditions is met.
    FlowControlSettings flowControlSettings =
        FlowControlSettings.newBuilder()
            // 1,000 outstanding messages. Must be >0. It controls the maximum number of messages
            // the subscriber receives before pausing the message stream.
            .setMaxOutstandingElementCount(1000L)
            // 100 MiB. Must be >0. It controls the maximum size of messages the subscriber
            // receives before pausing the message stream.
            .setMaxOutstandingRequestBytes(100L * 1024L * 1024L)
            .build();

    try {
      subscriber =
          Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver)
              .setFlowControlSettings(flowControlSettings)
              .build();

      // Start the subscriber.
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName.toString());
      // Allow the subscriber to run for 30s unless an unrecoverable error occurs.
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      // Shut down the subscriber after 30s. Stop receiving messages.
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

Node.js

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/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';
// const maxInProgress = 5;
// const timeout = 10;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function subscribeWithFlowControlSettings() {
  const subscriberOptions = {
    flowControl: {
      maxMessages: maxInProgress,
    },
  };

  // References an existing subscription.
  // Note that flow control settings are not persistent across subscribers.
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(
    subscriptionName,
    subscriberOptions
  );

  console.log(
    `Subscriber to subscription ${subscription.name} is ready to receive messages at a controlled volume of ${maxInProgress} messages.`
  );

  const messageHandler = message => {
    console.log(`Received message: ${message.id}`);
    console.log(`\tData: ${message.data}`);
    console.log(`\tAttributes: ${message.attributes}`);

    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();
  };

  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);

  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.close();
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

Python

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from concurrent.futures import TimeoutError
from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# Number of seconds the subscriber should listen for messages
# timeout = 5.0

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

def callback(message):
    print(f"Received {message.data}.")
    message.ack()

# Limit the subscriber to only have ten outstanding messages at a time.
flow_control = pubsub_v1.types.FlowControl(max_messages=10)

streaming_pull_future = subscriber.subscribe(
    subscription_path, callback=callback, flow_control=flow_control
)
print(f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path}..\n")

# Wrap subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
with subscriber:
    try:
        # When `timeout` is not set, result() will block indefinitely,
        # unless an exception is encountered first.
        streaming_pull_future.result(timeout=timeout)
    except TimeoutError:
        streaming_pull_future.cancel()

Ruby

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
subscriber   = subscription.listen inventory: 10 do |received_message|
  puts "Received message: #{received_message.data}"
  received_message.acknowledge!
end

subscriber.start
# Let the main thread sleep for 60 seconds so the thread for listening
# messages does not quit
sleep 60
subscriber.stop.wait!

Plus généralement, la nécessité de contrôler le flux indique que les messages sont publiés plus rapidement qu'ils ne sont consultés. S'il s'agit d'un état persistant plutôt que d'une augmentation transitoire du volume de messages, envisagez d'augmenter le nombre d'instances du client abonné.

Contrôle de simultanéité

La simultanéité n'est pas disponible avec tous les langages de programmation. Pour les implémentations de langage prenant en charge les threads parallèles, tels que Java et Go, les bibliothèques clientes font un choix par défaut pour le nombre de threads. Ce choix peut ne pas être optimal pour votre application. Par exemple, si vous constatez que votre application d'abonné ne parvient pas à absorber le volume de messages entrants, mais qu'elle n'est pas liée au processeur, vous devez augmenter le nombre de threads. Pour les opérations de traitement de messages nécessitant une utilisation intensive du processeur, il peut être approprié de réduire le nombre de threads.

L'exemple suivant montre comment contrôler la simultanéité dans un abonné :

C++

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

namespace pubsub = google::cloud::pubsub;
using google::cloud::future;
using google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](std::string project_id, std::string subscription_id) {
  // Create a subscriber with 16 threads handling I/O work, by default the
  // library creates `std::thread::hardware_concurrency()` threads.
  auto subscriber = pubsub::Subscriber(pubsub::MakeSubscriberConnection(
      pubsub::Subscription(std::move(project_id), std::move(subscription_id)),
      pubsub::SubscriberOptions{}.set_max_concurrency(8),
      pubsub::ConnectionOptions{}.set_background_thread_pool_size(16)));

  std::mutex mu;
  std::condition_variable cv;
  int count = 0;
  auto constexpr kExpectedMessageCount = 4;
  auto handler = [&](pubsub::Message const& m, pubsub::AckHandler h) {
    // This handler executes in the I/O threads, applications could use,
    // std::async(), a thread-pool,
    // google::cloud::CompletionQueue::RunAsync(), or any other mechanism to
    // transfer the execution to other threads.
    std::cout << "Received message " << m << "\n";
    std::move(h).ack();
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mu);
      if (++count < kExpectedMessageCount) return;
    }
    cv.notify_one();
  };

  // Create a subscription where up to 8 messages are handled concurrently. By
  // default the library uses `std::thread::hardware_concurrency()` as the
  // maximum number of concurrent callbacks.
  auto session = subscriber.Subscribe(std::move(handler));
  {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu);
    cv.wait(lk, [&] { return count >= kExpectedMessageCount; });
  }
  session.cancel();
  auto status = session.get();
  std::cout << "Message count: " << count << ", status: " << status << "\n";
}

Go

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"runtime"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func pullMsgsConcurrenyControl(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)
	// Must set ReceiveSettings.Synchronous to false (or leave as default) to enable
	// concurrency settings. Otherwise, NumGoroutines will be set to 1.
	sub.ReceiveSettings.Synchronous = false
	// NumGoroutines is the number of goroutines sub.Receive will spawn to pull
	// messages concurrently.
	sub.ReceiveSettings.NumGoroutines = runtime.NumCPU()

	// Receive messages for 10 seconds.
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	var counter int32

	// Receive blocks until the context is cancelled or an error occurs.
	err = sub.Receive(ctx, func(_ context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		// The message handler passed to Receive may be called concurrently
		// so it's okay to process the messages concurrently but make sure
		// to synchronize access to shared memory.
		atomic.AddInt32(&counter, 1)
		msg.Ack()
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub: Receive returned error: %v", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Received %d messages\n", counter)

	return nil
}

Java

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires


import com.google.api.gax.core.ExecutorProvider;
import com.google.api.gax.core.InstantiatingExecutorProvider;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class SubscribeWithConcurrencyControlExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeWithConcurrencyControlExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  public static void subscribeWithConcurrencyControlExample(
      String projectId, String subscriptionId) {
    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    // Instantiate an asynchronous message receiver.
    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          // Handle incoming message, then ack the received message.
          System.out.println("Id: " + message.getMessageId());
          System.out.println("Data: " + message.getData().toStringUtf8());
          consumer.ack();
        };

    Subscriber subscriber = null;
    try {
      // Provides an executor service for processing messages. The default `executorProvider` used
      // by the subscriber has a default thread count of 5.
      ExecutorProvider executorProvider =
          InstantiatingExecutorProvider.newBuilder().setExecutorThreadCount(4).build();

      // `setParallelPullCount` determines how many StreamingPull streams the subscriber will open
      // to receive message. It defaults to 1. `setExecutorProvider` configures an executor for the
      // subscriber to process messages. Here, the subscriber is configured to open 2 streams for
      // receiving messages, each stream creates a new executor with 4 threads to help process the
      // message callbacks. In total 2x4=8 threads are used for message processing.
      subscriber =
          Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver)
              .setParallelPullCount(2)
              .setExecutorProvider(executorProvider)
              .build();

      // Start the subscriber.
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName.toString());
      // Allow the subscriber to run for 30s unless an unrecoverable error occurs.
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      // Shut down the subscriber after 30s. Stop receiving messages.
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

Ruby

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires

# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
# Use 2 threads for streaming, 4 threads for executing callbacks and 2 threads
# for sending acknowledgements and/or delays
subscriber   = subscription.listen streams: 2, threads: {
  callback: 4,
  push:     2
} do |received_message|
  puts "Received message: #{received_message.data}"
  received_message.acknowledge!
end

subscriber.start
# Let the main thread sleep for 60 seconds so the thread for listening
# messages does not quit
sleep 60
subscriber.stop.wait!

La simultanéité n'est pas disponible avec tous les langages de programmation. Reportez-vous à la documentation de référence des API pour en savoir plus.

StreamingPull

Le service Pub/Sub dispose de deux API pour récupérer les messages :

Dans la mesure du possible, les bibliothèques clientes Cloud utilisent StreamingPull afin d'assurer un débit maximal et une latence minimale. Bien que vous ne vous servirez peut-être jamais directement de l'API StreamingPull, il est important de comprendre ses propriétés principales et ce qui la distingue de la méthode Pull plus traditionnelle.

La méthode pull repose sur un modèle de requête/réponse :

Le client envoie une requête de messages au serveur.
Le serveur répond par zéro message ou plus et ferme la connexion.

L'API du service StreamingPull s'appuie sur une connexion bidirectionnelle persistante pour recevoir plusieurs messages dès qu'ils sont disponibles :

Le client envoie une requête au serveur pour établir une connexion.
Le serveur envoie en continu des messages au client connecté.
La connexion est interrompue par le client ou le serveur après un certain temps.

Vous envoyez un rappel à l'abonné et celui-ci l'exécute de manière asynchrone pour chaque message. Si un abonné reçoit des messages ayant la même clé de tri, les bibliothèques clientes exécutent le rappel de manière séquentielle. Le service Pub/Sub transmet ces messages au même abonné de la manière la plus optimale possible.

StreamingPull a un taux d'erreur de 100 % (systématiquement)

Les flux StreamingPull se ferment toujours avec un état non OK. Notez que, contrairement aux RPC classiques, l'état est simplement une indication que le flux a été interrompu, et non que les requêtes échouent. Par conséquent, bien que l'API StreamingPull ait un taux d'erreur de 100 % qui peut sembler surprenant, cela tient à sa conception.

Diagnostiquer les erreurs StreamingPull

Comme les flux StreamingPull se terminent toujours par une erreur, il est inutile d'examiner les métriques de fin de flux lors du diagnostic des erreurs. Concentrez-vous plutôt sur la métrique d'opération de message StreamingPull (subscription/streaming_pull_message_operation_count). Cherchez les erreurs suivantes :

Des erreurs FAILED_PRECONDITION peuvent se produire dans les cas suivants :
- Pub/Sub tente de déchiffrer un message avec une clé Cloud KMS désactivée.
- Les abonnements peuvent être momentanément suspendus si des messages compris dans les tâches d'abonnement en attente sont chiffrées avec une clé Cloud KMS désactivée.
UNAVAILABLE erreur

StreamingPull : traiter un volume important de petits messages en attente

La pile gRPC de StreamingPull est optimisée pour un débit élevé et assure donc la mise en mémoire tampon des messages. Cela peut avoir des conséquences si vous essayez de traiter un volume important de petits messages en attente (plutôt qu'un flux régulier de nouveaux messages). Dans ces conditions, il est possible que les messages soient distribués plusieurs fois et que la charge ne soit pas équilibrée entre les clients.

Le tampon entre le service Pub/Sub et l'espace utilisateur de la bibliothèque cliente est d'environ 10 Mo. Pour comprendre l'impact de ce tampon sur le comportement de la bibliothèque cliente, prenons l'exemple ci-dessous :

10 000 messages de 1 Ko sont en attente sur un abonnement.
Il faut 1 seconde à une instance de client à thread unique pour traiter un message de manière séquentielle.
La première instance de client à établir une connexion StreamingPull avec le service pour cet abonnement remplira son tampon avec les 10 000 messages.
Il faut 10 000 secondes (presque 3 heures) pour traiter le tampon.
Pendant ce temps, certains messages mis en mémoire tampon dépassent le délai de confirmation et sont renvoyés au même client, ce qui entraîne des doubles.
Lorsque plusieurs instances de client sont en cours d'exécution, les messages bloqués dans le tampon du client ne sont disponibles pour aucune instance de client.

Cette situation ne se produira pas si les messages arrivent à un rythme régulier au lieu d'être distribués en un seul lot volumineux. En effet, le service ne reçoit jamais les 10 Mo de messages en même temps. Il est donc en mesure d'équilibrer la charge de messages efficacement entre plusieurs abonnés.

Pour remédier à cette situation, utilisez un abonnement en mode push ou une API Pull, actuellement disponible dans certaines bibliothèques clientes Cloud (consultez la section "Mode pull synchrone") et dans toutes les bibliothèques clientes de l'API. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la documentation sur les bibliothèques clientes.

Mode pull synchrone

Il existe des cas où le mode Pull asynchrone n'est pas parfaitement adapté à votre application. Par exemple, la logique de l'application peut s'appuyer sur un modèle d'interrogation pour récupérer des messages ou imposer une limitation précise du nombre de messages récupérés par le client à un moment donné. Pour assurer la compatibilité avec de telles applications, le service utilise une méthode pull synchrone.

Vous trouverez ci-dessous un exemple de code permettant d'extraire et de confirmer un nombre fixe de messages :

C#

Afficher sur GitHub Commentaires


using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using Grpc.Core;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;

public class PullMessagesSyncSample
{
    public int PullMessagesSync(string projectId, string subscriptionId, bool acknowledge)
    {
        SubscriptionName subscriptionName = SubscriptionName.FromProjectSubscription(projectId, subscriptionId);
        SubscriberServiceApiClient subscriberClient = SubscriberServiceApiClient.Create();
        int messageCount = 0;
        try
        {
            // Pull messages from server,
            // allowing an immediate response if there are no messages.
            PullResponse response = subscriberClient.Pull(subscriptionName, returnImmediately: false, maxMessages: 20);
            // Print out each received message.
            foreach (ReceivedMessage msg in response.ReceivedMessages)
            {
                string text = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(msg.Message.Data.ToArray());
                Console.WriteLine($"Message {msg.Message.MessageId}: {text}");
                Interlocked.Increment(ref messageCount);
            }
            // If acknowledgement required, send to server.
            if (acknowledge && messageCount > 0)
            {
                subscriberClient.Acknowledge(subscriptionName, response.ReceivedMessages.Select(msg => msg.AckId));
            }
        }
        catch (RpcException ex) when (ex.Status.StatusCode == StatusCode.Unavailable)
        {
            // UNAVAILABLE due to too many concurrent pull requests pending for the given subscription.
        }
        return messageCount;
    }
}

Go

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import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"time"

	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
)

func pullMsgsSync(w io.Writer, projectID, subID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)

	// Turn on synchronous mode. This makes the subscriber use the Pull RPC rather
	// than the StreamingPull RPC, which is useful for guaranteeing MaxOutstandingMessages,
	// the max number of messages the client will hold in memory at a time.
	sub.ReceiveSettings.Synchronous = true
	sub.ReceiveSettings.MaxOutstandingMessages = 10

	// Receive messages for 5 seconds.
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	// Create a channel to handle messages to as they come in.
	cm := make(chan *pubsub.Message)
	defer close(cm)
	// Handle individual messages in a goroutine.
	go func() {
		for msg := range cm {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Got message :%q\n", string(msg.Data))
			msg.Ack()
		}
	}()

	// Receive blocks until the passed in context is done.
	err = sub.Receive(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		cm <- msg
	})
	if err != nil && status.Code(err) != codes.Canceled {
		return fmt.Errorf("Receive: %v", err)
	}

	return nil
}

Java

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import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.stub.GrpcSubscriberStub;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.stub.SubscriberStub;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.stub.SubscriberStubSettings;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.AcknowledgeRequest;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PullRequest;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PullResponse;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ReceivedMessage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class SubscribeSyncExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";
    Integer numOfMessages = 10;

    subscribeSyncExample(projectId, subscriptionId, numOfMessages);
  }

  public static void subscribeSyncExample(
      String projectId, String subscriptionId, Integer numOfMessages) throws IOException {
    SubscriberStubSettings subscriberStubSettings =
        SubscriberStubSettings.newBuilder()
            .setTransportChannelProvider(
                SubscriberStubSettings.defaultGrpcTransportProviderBuilder()
                    .setMaxInboundMessageSize(20 * 1024 * 1024) // 20MB (maximum message size).
                    .build())
            .build();

    try (SubscriberStub subscriber = GrpcSubscriberStub.create(subscriberStubSettings)) {
      String subscriptionName = ProjectSubscriptionName.format(projectId, subscriptionId);
      PullRequest pullRequest =
          PullRequest.newBuilder()
              .setMaxMessages(numOfMessages)
              .setSubscription(subscriptionName)
              .build();

      // Use pullCallable().futureCall to asynchronously perform this operation.
      PullResponse pullResponse = subscriber.pullCallable().call(pullRequest);
      List<String> ackIds = new ArrayList<>();
      for (ReceivedMessage message : pullResponse.getReceivedMessagesList()) {
        // Handle received message
        // ...
        ackIds.add(message.getAckId());
      }
      // Acknowledge received messages.
      AcknowledgeRequest acknowledgeRequest =
          AcknowledgeRequest.newBuilder()
              .setSubscription(subscriptionName)
              .addAllAckIds(ackIds)
              .build();

      // Use acknowledgeCallable().futureCall to asynchronously perform this operation.
      subscriber.acknowledgeCallable().call(acknowledgeRequest);
      System.out.println(pullResponse.getReceivedMessagesList());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

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/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'YOUR_PROJECT_ID';
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library. v1 is for the lower level
// proto access.
const {v1} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use.
const subClient = new v1.SubscriberClient();

async function synchronousPull() {
  const formattedSubscription = subClient.subscriptionPath(
    projectId,
    subscriptionName
  );

  // The maximum number of messages returned for this request.
  // Pub/Sub may return fewer than the number specified.
  const request = {
    subscription: formattedSubscription,
    maxMessages: 10,
  };

  // The subscriber pulls a specified number of messages.
  const [response] = await subClient.pull(request);

  // Process the messages.
  const ackIds = [];
  for (const message of response.receivedMessages) {
    console.log(`Received message: ${message.message.data}`);
    ackIds.push(message.ackId);
  }

  // Acknowledge all of the messages. You could also ackknowledge
  // these individually, but this is more efficient.
  const ackRequest = {
    subscription: formattedSubscription,
    ackIds: ackIds,
  };
  await subClient.acknowledge(ackRequest);

  console.log('Done.');
}

synchronousPull().catch(console.error);

PHP

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use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Pulls all Pub/Sub messages for a subscription.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 * @param string $subscriptionName  The Pub/Sub subscription name.
 */
function pull_messages($projectId, $subscriptionName)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);
    $subscription = $pubsub->subscription($subscriptionName);
    foreach ($subscription->pull() as $message) {
        printf('Message: %s' . PHP_EOL, $message->data());
        // Acknowledge the Pub/Sub message has been received, so it will not be pulled multiple times.
        $subscription->acknowledge($message);
    }
}

Protocole

Requête :

POST https://pubsub.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject/subscriptions/mysubscription:pull

{
  "returnImmediately": "false",
  "maxMessages": "1"
}

Réponse :

200 OK

{
  "receivedMessages": [{
    "ackId": "dQNNHlAbEGEIBERNK0EPKVgUWQYyODM2LwgRHFEZDDsLRk1SK...",
    "message": {
      "data": "SGVsbG8gQ2xvdWQgUHViL1N1YiEgSGVyZSBpcyBteSBtZXNzYWdlIQ==",
      "messageId": "19917247034"
    }
  }]
}

Requête :

POST https://pubsub.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject/subscriptions/mysubscription:acknowledge

{
  "ackIds": [
    "dQNNHlAbEGEIBERNK0EPKVgUWQYyODM2LwgRHFEZDDsLRk1SK..."
  ]
}

Python

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from google.api_core import retry
from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

NUM_MESSAGES = 3

# Wrap the subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() to
# close the underlying gRPC channel when done.
with subscriber:
    # The subscriber pulls a specific number of messages. The actual
    # number of messages pulled may be smaller than max_messages.
    response = subscriber.pull(
        request={"subscription": subscription_path, "max_messages": NUM_MESSAGES},
        retry=retry.Retry(deadline=300),
    )

    ack_ids = []
    for received_message in response.received_messages:
        print(f"Received: {received_message.message.data}.")
        ack_ids.append(received_message.ack_id)

    # Acknowledges the received messages so they will not be sent again.
    subscriber.acknowledge(
        request={"subscription": subscription_path, "ack_ids": ack_ids}
    )

    print(
        f"Received and acknowledged {len(response.received_messages)} messages from {subscription_path}."
    )

Ruby

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# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
subscription.pull.each do |message|
  puts "Message pulled: #{message.data}"
  message.acknowledge!
end

Pub/Sub transmet une liste de messages. Si la liste comporte plusieurs messages, Pub/Sub les classe suivant la même clé de tri.

Notez que pour obtenir une faible latence de distribution des messages avec une méthode pull synchrone, il est important de disposer de nombreuses requêtes pull en attente simultanément. Au fur et à mesure que le débit du sujet augmente, davantage de requêtes pull sont nécessaires. En général, la méthode pull asynchrone est préférable pour les applications sensibles à la latence.

Mode pull synchrone avec gestion du bail

Le traitement d'un message individuel peut dépasser le délai de confirmation préconfiguré, également appelé bail. Pour éviter la redistribution de ces messages, les bibliothèques clientes proposent un moyen de réinitialiser les délais de confirmation (à l'exception de la bibliothèque cliente Go, qui modifie automatiquement les délais de confirmation des messages interrogés), comme illustré dans les exemples ci-dessous :

C#

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using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using Grpc.Core;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

public class PullMessageWithLeaseManagementSample
{
    public int PullMessageWithLeaseManagement(string projectId, string subscriptionId, bool acknowledge)
    {
        SubscriptionName subscriptionName = SubscriptionName.FromProjectSubscription(projectId, subscriptionId);
        SubscriberServiceApiClient subscriberClient = SubscriberServiceApiClient.Create();

        var ackIds = new List<string>();
        try
        {
            PullResponse response = subscriberClient.Pull(subscriptionName, returnImmediately: false, maxMessages: 20);

            // Print out each received message.
            foreach (ReceivedMessage msg in response.ReceivedMessages)
            {
                ackIds.Add(msg.AckId);
                string text = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(msg.Message.Data.ToArray());
                Console.WriteLine($"Message {msg.Message.MessageId}: {text}");

                // Modify the ack deadline of each received message from the default 10 seconds to 30.
                // This prevents the server from redelivering the message after the default 10 seconds
                // have passed.
                subscriberClient.ModifyAckDeadline(subscriptionName, new List<string> { msg.AckId }, 30);
            }
            // If acknowledgement required, send to server.
            if (acknowledge && ackIds.Count > 0)
            {
                subscriberClient.Acknowledge(subscriptionName, ackIds);
            }
        }
        catch (RpcException ex) when (ex.Status.StatusCode == StatusCode.Unavailable)
        {
            // UNAVAILABLE due to too many concurrent pull requests pending for the given subscription.
        }
        return ackIds.Count;
    }
}

Java

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import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.stub.GrpcSubscriberStub;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.stub.SubscriberStub;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.stub.SubscriberStubSettings;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.AcknowledgeRequest;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ModifyAckDeadlineRequest;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PullRequest;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PullResponse;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ReceivedMessage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class SubscribeSyncWithLeaseExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";
    Integer numOfMessages = 10;

    projectId = "tz-playground-bigdata";
    subscriptionId = "uno";

    subscribeSyncWithLeaseExample(projectId, subscriptionId, numOfMessages);
  }

  public static void subscribeSyncWithLeaseExample(
      String projectId, String subscriptionId, Integer numOfMessages)
      throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    SubscriberStubSettings subscriberStubSettings =
        SubscriberStubSettings.newBuilder()
            .setTransportChannelProvider(
                SubscriberStubSettings.defaultGrpcTransportProviderBuilder()
                    .setMaxInboundMessageSize(20 << 20) // 20 MB
                    .build())
            .build();

    try (SubscriberStub subscriber = GrpcSubscriberStub.create(subscriberStubSettings)) {

      String subscriptionName = ProjectSubscriptionName.format(projectId, subscriptionId);

      PullRequest pullRequest =
          PullRequest.newBuilder()
              .setMaxMessages(numOfMessages)
              .setSubscription(subscriptionName)
              .build();

      // Use pullCallable().futureCall to asynchronously perform this operation.
      PullResponse pullResponse = subscriber.pullCallable().call(pullRequest);

      List<String> ackIds = new ArrayList<>();

      for (ReceivedMessage message : pullResponse.getReceivedMessagesList()) {
        ackIds.add(message.getAckId());

        // Modify the ack deadline of each received message from the default 10 seconds to 30.
        // This prevents the server from redelivering the message after the default 10 seconds
        // have passed.
        ModifyAckDeadlineRequest modifyAckDeadlineRequest =
            ModifyAckDeadlineRequest.newBuilder()
                .setSubscription(subscriptionName)
                .addAckIds(message.getAckId())
                .setAckDeadlineSeconds(30)
                .build();

        subscriber.modifyAckDeadlineCallable().call(modifyAckDeadlineRequest);
      }

      // Acknowledge received messages.
      AcknowledgeRequest acknowledgeRequest =
          AcknowledgeRequest.newBuilder()
              .setSubscription(subscriptionName)
              .addAllAckIds(ackIds)
              .build();

      // Use acknowledgeCallable().futureCall to asynchronously perform this operation.
      subscriber.acknowledgeCallable().call(acknowledgeRequest);
      System.out.println(pullResponse.getReceivedMessagesList());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

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/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const projectId = 'YOUR_PROJECT_ID';
// const subscriptionName = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library. v1 is for the lower level
// proto access.
const {v1} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use.
const subClient = new v1.SubscriberClient();

async function synchronousPullWithLeaseManagement() {
  const formattedSubscription = subClient.subscriptionPath(
    projectId,
    subscriptionName
  );

  // The maximum number of messages returned for this request.
  // Pub/Sub may return fewer than the number specified.
  const maxMessages = 1;
  const newAckDeadlineSeconds = 30;
  const request = {
    subscription: formattedSubscription,
    maxMessages: maxMessages,
  };

  let isProcessed = false;

  // The worker function is meant to be non-blocking. It starts a long-
  // running process, such as writing the message to a table, which may
  // take longer than the default 10-sec acknowledge deadline.
  function worker(message) {
    console.log(`Processing "${message.message.data}"...`);

    setTimeout(() => {
      console.log(`Finished procesing "${message.message.data}".`);
      isProcessed = true;
    }, 30000);
  }

  // The subscriber pulls a specified number of messages.
  const [response] = await subClient.pull(request);

  // Obtain the first message.
  const message = response.receivedMessages[0];

  // Send the message to the worker function.
  worker(message);

  let waiting = true;
  while (waiting) {
    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 10000));
    // If the message has been processed..
    if (isProcessed) {
      const ackRequest = {
        subscription: formattedSubscription,
        ackIds: [message.ackId],
      };

      //..acknowledges the message.
      await subClient.acknowledge(ackRequest);
      console.log(`Acknowledged: "${message.message.data}".`);
      // Exit after the message is acknowledged.
      waiting = false;
      console.log('Done.');
    } else {
      // If the message is not yet processed..
      const modifyAckRequest = {
        subscription: formattedSubscription,
        ackIds: [message.ackId],
        ackDeadlineSeconds: newAckDeadlineSeconds,
      };

      //..reset its ack deadline.
      await subClient.modifyAckDeadline(modifyAckRequest);

      console.log(
        `Reset ack deadline for "${message.message.data}" for ${newAckDeadlineSeconds}s.`
      );
    }
  }
}

synchronousPullWithLeaseManagement().catch(console.error);

Python

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import logging
import multiprocessing
import sys
import time

from google.api_core import retry
from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

multiprocessing.log_to_stderr()
logger = multiprocessing.get_logger()
logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
processes = dict()

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"

subscriber = pubsub_v1.SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

response = subscriber.pull(
    request={"subscription": subscription_path, "max_messages": 3},
    retry=retry.Retry(deadline=300),
)

# Start a process for each message based on its size modulo 10.
for message in response.received_messages:
    process = multiprocessing.Process(
        target=time.sleep, args=(sys.getsizeof(message) % 10,)
    )
    processes[process] = (message.ack_id, message.message.data)
    process.start()

while processes:
    # Take a break every second.
    if processes:
        time.sleep(1)

    for process in list(processes):
        ack_id, msg_data = processes[process]
        # If the process is running, reset the ack deadline.
        if process.is_alive():
            subscriber.modify_ack_deadline(
                request={
                    "subscription": subscription_path,
                    "ack_ids": [ack_id],
                    # Must be between 10 and 600.
                    "ack_deadline_seconds": 15,
                }
            )
            logger.info(f"Reset ack deadline for {msg_data}.")

        # If the process is complete, acknowledge the message.
        else:
            subscriber.acknowledge(
                request={"subscription": subscription_path, "ack_ids": [ack_id]}
            )
            logger.info(f"Acknowledged {msg_data}.")
            processes.pop(process)
print(
    f"Received and acknowledged {len(response.received_messages)} messages from {subscription_path}."
)

# Close the underlying gPRC channel. Alternatively, wrap subscriber in
# a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
subscriber.close()

Ruby

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# subscription_name = "Your Pubsub subscription name"
require "google/cloud/pubsub"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_name
new_ack_deadline = 30
processed = false

# The subscriber pulls a specified number of messages.
received_messages = subscription.pull max: 1

# Obtain the first message.
message = received_messages.first

# Send the message to a non-blocking worker that starts a long-running process, such as writing
# the message to a table, which may take longer than the default 10-sec acknowledge deadline.
Thread.new do
  sleep 15
  processed = true
  puts "Finished processing \"#{message.data}\"."
end

loop do
  sleep 10
  if processed
    # If the message has been processed, acknowledge the message.
    message.acknowledge!
    puts "Done."
    # Exit after the message is acknowledged.
    break
  else
    # If the message has not yet been processed, reset its ack deadline.
    message.modify_ack_deadline! new_ack_deadline
    puts "Reset ack deadline for \"#{message.data}\" for #{new_ack_deadline} seconds."
  end
end

Scaling

Vous devrez peut-être mettre en place un système de scaling pour que votre application d'abonné puisse absorber le volume de messages. La procédure dépend de votre environnement, mais repose généralement sur les métriques de messages en attente fournies par le service de surveillance de la suite des opérations Google Cloud. Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur la procédure à suivre pour Compute Engine, consultez la page Scaling basé sur les métriques Cloud Monitoring.

Accédez à la section Pub/Sub de la page "Liste des métriques GCP" pour connaître les métriques pouvant être surveillées de manière automatisée.

Enfin, comme pour tous les services distribués, attendez-vous à réessayer occasionnellement chaque requête.

Gérer les messages en double et forcer les tentatives

Si vous ne confirmez pas la réception d'un message avant l'expiration de son délai de confirmation, Pub/Sub le renvoie. En conséquence, Pub/Sub peut envoyer des messages en double. Utilisez la suite des opérations de Google Cloud à des fins de surveillance des opérations de confirmation avec le code de réponse expired pour détecter cette condition. Pour obtenir ces données, sélectionnez la métrique Acknowledge message operations (Opérations de message de confirmation), puis regroupez ou filtrez ces données à l'aide de l'étiquette response_code. Notez que response_code n'est pas une métrique, mais un libellé système sur une métrique.

Utilisation de Stackdriver pour rechercher des délais de confirmation de messages expirés

Pour réduire le taux de duplication, prolongez le délai du message :

Les bibliothèques clientes gèrent automatiquement la prolongation du délai, mais des limites par défaut s'appliquent au délai maximal de prolongation que vous pouvez configurer.
Si vous créez votre propre bibliothèque cliente, utilisez la méthode modifyAckDeadline pour prolonger le délai de confirmation.

D'un autre côté, si vous souhaitez forcer Pub/Sub à envoyer à nouveau un message, définissez modifyAckDeadline sur 0.