Learning Path: Scalable applications - Monitor with Prometheus

This set of tutorials is for IT administrators and Operators that want to deploy, run, and manage modern application environments that run on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Enterprise edition. As you progress through this set of tutorials you learn how to configure monitoring and alerts, scale workloads, and simulate failure, all using the Cymbal Bank sample microservices application:

  1. Create a cluster and deploy a sample application
  2. Monitor with Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus (this tutorial)
  3. Scale workloads
  4. Simulate a failure
  5. Centralize change management

Overview and objectives

The Cymbal Bank sample application used in this set of tutorials is made up of a number of microservices that all run in the GKE cluster. Problems with any of these services could result in a bad experience for the bank's customers, such as not being able to access the bank application. Learning about problems with the services as soon as possible means you can quickly start to troubleshoot and resolve the issues.

In this tutorial, you learn how to monitor workloads in a GKE cluster using Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus and Cloud Monitoring. You learn how to complete the following tasks:

  • Create a Slack webhook for Alertmanager.

  • Configure Prometheus to monitor the status of a sample microservices-based application.

  • Simulate an outage and review the alerts sent using the Slack webhook.

Costs

Enabling GKE Enterprise and deploying the Cymbal Bank sample application for this series of tutorials means that you incur per-cluster charges for GKE Enterprise on Google Cloud as listed on our Pricing page until you disable GKE Enterprise or delete the project.

You are also responsible for other Google Cloud costs incurred while running the Cymbal Bank sample application, such as charges for Compute Engine VMs and Cloud Monitoring.

Before you begin

To learn how to monitor your workloads, you must complete the first tutorial to create a GKE cluster that uses Autopilot and deploy the Cymbal Bank sample microservices-based application.

We recommend that you complete this set of tutorials for Cymbal Bank in order. As you progress through the set of tutorials, you learn new skills and use additional Google Cloud products and services.

To show an example of how a GKE Autopilot cluster can use Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus to generate messages to a communications platform, this tutorial uses Slack. In your own production deployments, you can use your organization's preferred communication tool to process and deliver messages when your GKE cluster has an issue.

  • Join a Slack workspace, either by registering with your email or by using an invitation sent by a Workspace Admin.

Create a Slack application

An important part of setting up monitoring is making sure that you're notified when actionable events such as outages occur. A common pattern for this is to send notifications to a communication tool such as Slack, which is what you use in this tutorial. Slack provides a webhooks feature that lets external applications, like your production deployments, generate messages. You can use other communication tools in your organization to process and deliver messages when your GKE cluster has an issue.

GKE clusters that use Autopilot include a Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus instance. This instance can generate alerts when something happens to your applications. These alerts can then use a Slack webhook to send a message to your Slack workspace so you receive prompt notifications when there's a problem.

To set up Slack notifications based on alerts generated by Prometheus, you must create a Slack application, activate Incoming Webhooks for the application, and install the application to a Slack workspace.

  1. Sign in to Slack using your workspace name and your Slack account credentials.

  2. Create a new Slack app

    1. In the Create an app dialog, click From scratch.
    2. Specify an App Name and choose your Slack workspace.
    3. Click Create App.
    4. Under Add features and functionality, click Incoming Webhooks.
    5. Click the Activate Incoming Webhooks toggle.
    6. In the Webhook URLs for Your Workspace section, click Add New Webhook to Workspace.
    7. On the authorization page that opens, select a channel to receive notifications.
    8. Click Allow.
    9. A webhook for your Slack application is displayed in the Webhook URLs for Your Workspace section. Save the URL for later.

Configure Alertmanager

In Prometheus, Alertmanager processes monitoring events that your deployments generate. Alertmanager can skip duplicate events, group related events, and send notifications, like using a Slack webhook. This section shows you how to configure Alertmanager to use your new Slack webhook. Specifying how you want Alertmanager to process events to send is covered in the next section of the tutorial, Configure Prometheus.

To configure Alertmanager to use your Slack webhook, complete the following steps:

  1. Change directories to the Git repository that includes all the sample manifests for Cymbal Bank from the previous tutorial:

    cd ~/bank-of-anthos/

    If needed, change the directory location to where you previously cloned the repository.

  2. Update the Alertmanager sample YAML manifest with the webhook URL of your Slack application:

    sed -i "s@SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL@SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL@g" "extras/prometheus/gmp/alertmanager.yaml"

    Replace SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL with the URL of the webhook from the previous section.

  3. To dynamically use your unique Slack webhook URL without changes to the application code, you can use a Kubernetes Secret. The application code reads the value of this Secret. In more complex applications, this ability lets you change, or rotate, values for security or compliance reasons.

    Create a Kubernetes secret for Alertmanager using the sample YAML manifest that contains the Slack webhook URL:

    kubectl create secret generic alertmanager \
  -n gmp-public \
  --from-file=extras/prometheus/gmp/alertmanager.yaml

  4. Prometheus can use exporters to get metrics from applications without code changes. The Prometheus blackbox exporter lets you probe endpoints like HTTP or HTTPS. This exporter works well when you don't want to, or can't, expose the inner workings of your application to Prometheus. The Prometheus blackbox exporter can work without changes to your application code to expose metrics to Prometheus.

    Deploy the Prometheus blackbox exporter to your cluster:

    kubectl apply -f extras/prometheus/gmp/blackbox-exporter.yaml

Configure Prometheus

After you have configured Alertmanager to use your Slack webhook, you need to tell Prometheus what to monitor in Cymbal Bank, and what kinds of event you want Alertmanager to notify you about using the Slack webhook.

In the Cymbal Bank sample application that you use in these tutorials, there are various microservices that run in the GKE cluster. One problem you probably want to know about as soon as possible is if one of the Cymbal Bank services has stopped responding normally to requests, potentially meaning your customers can't access the application. You can configure Prometheus to respond to events based on your organization's policies.

Probes

You can configure Prometheus probes for the resources that you want to monitor. These probes can generate alerts based on the response that the probes receive. In the Cymbal Bank sample application, you can use HTTP probes that check for 200-level response codes from the Services. An HTTP 200-level response indicates that the Service is running correctly and can respond to requests. If there's a problem and the probe doesn't receive the expected response, you can define Prometheus rules that generate alerts for Alertmanager to process and perform additional actions.

  1. Create some Prometheus probes to monitor the HTTP status of the various microservices of the Cymbal Bank sample application. Review the following sample manifest:

    # Copyright 2023 Google LLC
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: PodMonitoring
metadata:
  name: frontend-probe
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: frontend-probe
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: blackbox-exporter
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics
    path: /probe
    params:
      target: [frontend:80]
      module: [http_2xx]
    timeout: 30s
    interval: 60s
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: PodMonitoring
metadata:
  name: userservice-probe
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: userservice-probe
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: blackbox-exporter
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics
    path: /probe
    params:
      target: [userservice:8080/ready]
      module: [http_2xx]
    timeout: 30s
    interval: 60s
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: PodMonitoring
metadata:
  name: balancereader-probe
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: balancereader-probe
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: blackbox-exporter
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics
    path: /probe
    params:
      target: [balancereader:8080/ready]
      module: [http_2xx]
    timeout: 30s
    interval: 60s
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: PodMonitoring
metadata:
  name: contacts-probe
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: contacts-probe
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: blackbox-exporter
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics
    path: /probe
    params:
      target: [contacts:8080/ready]
      module: [http_2xx]
    timeout: 30s
    interval: 60s
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: PodMonitoring
metadata:
  name: ledgerwriter-probe
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ledgerwriter-probe
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: blackbox-exporter
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics
    path: /probe
    params:
      target: [ledgerwriter:8080/ready]
      module: [http_2xx]
    timeout: 30s
    interval: 60s
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: PodMonitoring
metadata:
  name: transactionhistory-probe
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: transactionhistory-probe
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: blackbox-exporter
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics
    path: /probe
    params:
      target: [transactionhistory:8080/ready]
      module: [http_2xx]
    timeout: 30s
    interval: 60s

    As shown in this manifest file, it's best practice that each PodMonitoring Prometheus liveness probe monitors each Deployment separately.

  2. To create the Prometheus liveness probes, apply the manifest to your cluster:

    kubectl apply -f extras/prometheus/gmp/probes.yaml

Rules

Prometheus needs to know what you want to do based on the response that the probes you created in the previous steps receive. You define this response using Prometheus rules.

In this tutorial, you create Prometheus rules to generate alerts depending on the response to the liveness probe. Alertmanager then processes the output of these rules to generate notifications using the Slack webhook.

  1. Create rules that generate events based on the response to the liveness probes. Review the following sample manifest:

    # Copyright 2023 Google LLC
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
---
apiVersion: monitoring.googleapis.com/v1
kind: Rules
metadata:
  name: uptime-rule
spec:
  groups:
  - name: Micro services uptime
    interval: 60s
    rules:
    - alert: BalancereaderUnavailable
      expr: probe_success{job="balancereader-probe"} == 0
      for: 1m
      annotations:
        summary: Balance Reader Service is unavailable
        description: Check Balance Reader pods and its logs
      labels:
        severity: 'critical'
    - alert: ContactsUnavailable
      expr: probe_success{job="contacts-probe"} == 0
      for: 1m
      annotations:
        summary: Contacts Service is unavailable
        description: Check Contacts pods and its logs
      labels:
        severity: 'warning'
    - alert: FrontendUnavailable
      expr: probe_success{job="frontend-probe"} == 0
      for: 1m
      annotations:
        summary: Frontend Service is unavailable
        description: Check Frontend pods and its logs
      labels:
        severity: 'critical'
    - alert: LedgerwriterUnavailable
      expr: probe_success{job="ledgerwriter-probe"} == 0
      for: 1m
      annotations:
        summary: Ledger Writer Service is unavailable
        description: Check Ledger Writer pods and its logs
      labels:
        severity: 'critical'
    - alert: TransactionhistoryUnavailable
      expr: probe_success{job="transactionhistory-probe"} == 0
      for: 1m
      annotations:
        summary: Transaction History Service is unavailable
        description: Check Transaction History pods and its logs
      labels:
        severity: 'critical'
    - alert: UserserviceUnavailable
      expr: probe_success{job="userservice-probe"} == 0
      for: 1m
      annotations:
        summary: User Service is unavailable
        description: Check User Service pods and its logs
      labels:
        severity: 'critical'

    This manifest describes a PrometheusRule and includes the following fields:

    • spec.groups.[*].name: the name of the rule group.
    • spec.groups.[*].interval: how often rules in the group are evaluated.
    • spec.groups.[*].rules[*].alert: the name of the alert.
    • spec.groups.[*].rules[*].expr: the PromQL expression to evaluate.
    • spec.groups.[*].rules[*].for: the amount of time alerts must return for before they are considered firing.
    • spec.groups.[*].rules[*].annotations: a list of annotations to add to each alert. This is only valid for alerting rules.
    • spec.groups.[*].rules[*].labels: the labels to add or overwrite.

  2. To create the rules, apply the manifest to your cluster:

    kubectl apply -f extras/prometheus/gmp/rules.yaml

Simulate an outage

To make sure that your Prometheus probes, rules, and Alertmanager configuration are correct, you should test that alerts and notifications are sent when there's a problem. If you don't test this flow, you might not realize there's an outage of your production services when something goes wrong.

  1. To simulate an outage of one of the microservices, scale the contacts Deployment to zero. With zero instances of the Service, the Cymbal Bank sample application can't read contact information for customers:

    kubectl scale deployment contacts --replicas 0

    GKE might take up to 5 minutes to scale down the Deployment.

  2. Check the status of the Deployments in your cluster and verify that the contacts Deployment scales down correctly:

    kubectl get deployments

    In the following example output, the contacts Deployment has successfully scaled down to 0 instances:

    NAME                 READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
balancereader        1/1     1            1           17m
blackbox-exporter    1/1     1            1           5m7s
contacts             0/0     0            0           17m
frontend             1/1     1            1           17m
ledgerwriter         1/1     1            1           17m
loadgenerator        1/1     1            1           17m
transactionhistory   1/1     1            1           17m
userservice          1/1     1            1           17m

  3. After the contacts Deployment has scaled down to zero, the Prometheus probe reports a HTTP error code. This HTTP error generates an alert for Alertmanager to then process.

    Check your Slack workspace channel for an outage notification message with text similar to the following example:

    [FIRING:1] ContactsUnavailable
Severity: Warning :warning:
Summary: Contacts Service is unavailable
Namespace: default
Check Contacts pods and it's logs

  4. In a real outage scenario, after you receive the notification in Slack you would start to troubleshoot and restore services. For this tutorial, simulate this process and restore the contacts Deployment by scaling back up the number of replicas:

    kubectl scale deployment contacts --replicas 1

    It might take up to 5 minutes to scale the Deployment and for the Prometheus probe to receive an HTTP 200 response. You check the status of the Deployments using the kubectl get deployments command.

    When a healthy response to the Prometheus probe is received, Alertmanager clears the event. You should see an alert resolution notification message in your Slack workspace channel similar to the following example:

    [RESOLVED] ContactsUnavailable
Severity: Warning :warning:
Summary: Contacts Service is unavailable
Namespace: default
Check Contacts pods and it's logs

Clean up

We recommend that you complete this set of tutorials for Cymbal Bank in order. As you progress through the set of tutorials, you learn new skills and use additional Google Cloud products and services.

If you want to take a break before you move on to the next tutorial and avoid incurring charges to your Google Cloud account for the resources used in this tutorial, delete the project you created.

  1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Manage resources page.

    Go to Manage resources

  2. In the project list, select the project that you want to delete, and then click Delete.
  3. In the dialog, type the project ID, and then click Shut down to delete the project.

What's next

Learn how to scale your deployments in GKE Enterprise in the next tutorial.