public class PercentEscaper extends UnicodeEscaperA UnicodeEscaper that escapes some set of Java characters using the URI percent encoding
scheme. The set of safe characters (those which remain unescaped) is specified on construction.
For details on escaping URIs for use in web pages, see RFC 3986 - section 2.4 and RFC 3986 - appendix A
When encoding a String, the following rules apply:
- The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain the same.
- Any additionally specified safe characters remain the same.
- If
plusForSpaceis true, the space character " " is converted into a plus sign "+". - All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8 encoding. Each byte is then represented by the 3-character string "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, uppercase, hexadecimal representation of the byte value.
RFC 3986 defines the set of unreserved characters as "-", "_", "~", and "." It goes on to state:
URIs that differ in the replacement of an unreserved character with its corresponding
percent-encoded US-ASCII octet are equivalent: they identify the same resource. However, URI
comparison implementations do not always perform normalization prior to comparison (see Section
6). For consistency, percent-encoded octets in the ranges of ALPHA (%41-%5A and %61-%7A), DIGIT
(%30-%39), hyphen (%2D), period (%2E), underscore (%5F), or tilde (%7E) should not be created by
URI producers and, when found in a URI, should be decoded to their corresponding unreserved
characters by URI normalizers.
Note: This escaper produces uppercase hexadecimal sequences. From RFC 3986:
"URI producers and normalizers should use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all
percent-encodings."
Static Fields
SAFECHARS_URLENCODER
public static final String SAFECHARS_URLENCODERA string of safe characters that mimics the behavior of java.net.URLEncoder.
| Type | Description |
String |
SAFEPATHCHARS_URLENCODER
public static final String SAFEPATHCHARS_URLENCODERA string of characters that do not need to be encoded when used in URI path segments, as specified in RFC 3986. Note that some of these characters do need to be escaped when used in other parts of the URI.
| Type | Description |
String |
SAFEQUERYSTRINGCHARS_URLENCODER
public static final String SAFEQUERYSTRINGCHARS_URLENCODERA string of characters that do not need to be encoded when used in URI query strings, as specified in RFC 3986. Note that some of these characters do need to be escaped when used in other parts of the URI.
| Type | Description |
String |
SAFEUSERINFOCHARS_URLENCODER
public static final String SAFEUSERINFOCHARS_URLENCODERA string of characters that do not need to be encoded when used in URI user info part, as specified in RFC 3986. Note that some of these characters do need to be escaped when used in other parts of the URI.
| Type | Description |
String |
SAFE_PLUS_RESERVED_CHARS_URLENCODER
public static final String SAFE_PLUS_RESERVED_CHARS_URLENCODERContains the safe characters plus all reserved characters. This happens to be the safe path characters plus those characters which are reserved for URI segments, namely '/' and '?'.
| Type | Description |
String |
Constructors
PercentEscaper(String safeChars)
public PercentEscaper(String safeChars)Constructs a URI escaper with the specified safe characters. The space character is escaped to %20 in accordance with the URI specification.
| Name | Description |
safeChars | Stringa non null string specifying additional safe characters for this escaper (the ranges 0..9, a..z and A..Z are always safe and should not be specified here) |
PercentEscaper(String safeChars, boolean plusForSpace) (deprecated)
public PercentEscaper(String safeChars, boolean plusForSpace)Deprecated. use PercentEscaper(String safeChars) instead which is the same as invoking
this method with plusForSpace set to false. Escaping spaces as plus signs does not conform
to the URI specification.
Constructs a URI escaper that converts all but the specified safe characters into hexadecimal
percent escapes. Optionally space characters can be converted into a plus sign +
instead of %20. and optional handling of the space
| Name | Description |
safeChars | Stringa non null string specifying additional safe characters for this escaper. The ranges 0..9, a..z and A..Z are always safe and should not be specified here. |
plusForSpace | booleantrue if ASCII space should be escaped to |
Methods
escape(int cp)
protected char[] escape(int cp)Escapes the given Unicode code point in UTF-8.
| Name | Description |
cp | int |
| Type | Description |
char[] |
escape(String s)
public String escape(String s)Returns the escaped form of a given literal string.
If you are escaping input in arbitrary successive chunks, then it is not generally safe to use this method. If an input string ends with an unmatched high surrogate character, then this method will throw IllegalArgumentException. You should ensure your input is valid UTF-16 before calling this method.
| Name | Description |
s | String |
| Type | Description |
String |
nextEscapeIndex(CharSequence csq, int index, int end)
protected int nextEscapeIndex(CharSequence csq, int index, int end)Scans a sub-sequence of characters from a given CharSequence, returning the index of the next character that requires escaping.
Note: When implementing an escaper, it is a good idea to override this method for efficiency. The base class implementation determines successive Unicode code points and invokes #escape(int) for each of them. If the semantics of your escaper are such that code points in the supplementary range are either all escaped or all unescaped, this method can be implemented more efficiently using CharSequence#charAt(int).
Note however that if your escaper does not escape characters in the supplementary range, you should either continue to validate the correctness of any surrogate characters encountered or provide a clear warning to users that your escaper does not validate its input.
See PercentEscaper for an example.
| Name | Description |
csq | CharSequence |
index | int |
end | int |
| Type | Description |
int |