Transcribe audio from streaming input

This section demonstrates how to transcribe streaming audio, like the input from a microphone, to text.

Streaming speech recognition allows you to stream audio to Speech-to-Text and receive a stream speech recognition results in real time as the audio is processed. See also the audio limits for streaming speech recognition requests. Streaming speech recognition is available via gRPC only.

Note: To use streaming recognition to stop listening after the user speaks a single word, like in the case of voice commands, set the single_utterance field to true in the StreamingRecognitionConfig object. The single_utterance flag tells the Speech API to end the transcription request once it detects that the speech has ended like at the end of a single word.

Perform streaming speech recognition on a local file

Below is an example of performing streaming speech recognition on a local audio file. There is a 10 MB limit on all streaming requests sent to the API. This limit applies to to both the initial StreamingRecognize request and the size of each individual message in the stream. Exceeding this limit will throw an error.

Go

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

import (
	"context"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"

	speech "cloud.google.com/go/speech/apiv1"
	"cloud.google.com/go/speech/apiv1/speechpb"
)

func main() {
	flag.Usage = func() {
		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: %s <AUDIOFILE>\n", filepath.Base(os.Args[0]))
		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "<AUDIOFILE> must be a path to a local audio file. Audio file must be a 16-bit signed little-endian encoded with a sample rate of 16000.\n")

	}
	flag.Parse()
	if len(flag.Args()) != 1 {
		log.Fatal("Please pass path to your local audio file as a command line argument")
	}
	audioFile := flag.Arg(0)

	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := speech.NewClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	stream, err := client.StreamingRecognize(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// Send the initial configuration message.
	if err := stream.Send(&speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest{
		StreamingRequest: &speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest_StreamingConfig{
			StreamingConfig: &speechpb.StreamingRecognitionConfig{
				Config: &speechpb.RecognitionConfig{
					Encoding:        speechpb.RecognitionConfig_LINEAR16,
					SampleRateHertz: 16000,
					LanguageCode:    "en-US",
				},
			},
		},
	}); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	f, err := os.Open(audioFile)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer f.Close()

	go func() {
		buf := make([]byte, 1024)
		for {
			n, err := f.Read(buf)
			if n > 0 {
				if err := stream.Send(&speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest{
					StreamingRequest: &speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest_AudioContent{
						AudioContent: buf[:n],
					},
				}); err != nil {
					log.Printf("Could not send audio: %v", err)
				}
			}
			if err == io.EOF {
				// Nothing else to pipe, close the stream.
				if err := stream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
					log.Fatalf("Could not close stream: %v", err)
				}
				return
			}
			if err != nil {
				log.Printf("Could not read from %s: %v", audioFile, err)
				continue
			}
		}
	}()

	for {
		resp, err := stream.Recv()
		if err == io.EOF {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Cannot stream results: %v", err)
		}
		if err := resp.Error; err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Could not recognize: %v", err)
		}
		for _, result := range resp.Results {
			fmt.Printf("Result: %+v\n", result)
		}
	}
}

Java

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Java API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

/**
 * Performs streaming speech recognition on raw PCM audio data.
 *
 * @param fileName the path to a PCM audio file to transcribe.
 */
public static void streamingRecognizeFile(String fileName) throws Exception, IOException {
  Path path = Paths.get(fileName);
  byte[] data = Files.readAllBytes(path);

  // Instantiates a client with GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS
  try (SpeechClient speech = SpeechClient.create()) {

    // Configure request with local raw PCM audio
    RecognitionConfig recConfig =
        RecognitionConfig.newBuilder()
            .setEncoding(AudioEncoding.LINEAR16)
            .setLanguageCode("en-US")
            .setSampleRateHertz(16000)
            .setModel("default")
            .build();
    StreamingRecognitionConfig config =
        StreamingRecognitionConfig.newBuilder().setConfig(recConfig).build();

    class ResponseApiStreamingObserver<T> implements ApiStreamObserver<T> {
      private final SettableFuture<List<T>> future = SettableFuture.create();
      private final List<T> messages = new java.util.ArrayList<T>();

      @Override
      public void onNext(T message) {
        messages.add(message);
      }

      @Override
      public void onError(Throwable t) {
        future.setException(t);
      }

      @Override
      public void onCompleted() {
        future.set(messages);
      }

      // Returns the SettableFuture object to get received messages / exceptions.
      public SettableFuture<List<T>> future() {
        return future;
      }
    }

    ResponseApiStreamingObserver<StreamingRecognizeResponse> responseObserver =
        new ResponseApiStreamingObserver<>();

    BidiStreamingCallable<StreamingRecognizeRequest, StreamingRecognizeResponse> callable =
        speech.streamingRecognizeCallable();

    ApiStreamObserver<StreamingRecognizeRequest> requestObserver =
        callable.bidiStreamingCall(responseObserver);

    // The first request must **only** contain the audio configuration:
    requestObserver.onNext(
        StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder().setStreamingConfig(config).build());

    // Subsequent requests must **only** contain the audio data.
    requestObserver.onNext(
        StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder()
            .setAudioContent(ByteString.copyFrom(data))
            .build());

    // Mark transmission as completed after sending the data.
    requestObserver.onCompleted();

    List<StreamingRecognizeResponse> responses = responseObserver.future().get();

    for (StreamingRecognizeResponse response : responses) {
      // For streaming recognize, the results list has one is_final result (if available) followed
      // by a number of in-progress results (if iterim_results is true) for subsequent utterances.
      // Just print the first result here.
      StreamingRecognitionResult result = response.getResultsList().get(0);
      // There can be several alternative transcripts for a given chunk of speech. Just use the
      // first (most likely) one here.
      SpeechRecognitionAlternative alternative = result.getAlternativesList().get(0);
      System.out.printf("Transcript : %s\n", alternative.getTranscript());
    }
  }
}

Node.js

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Node.js API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

const fs = require('fs');

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const speech = require('@google-cloud/speech');

// Creates a client
const client = new speech.SpeechClient();

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const filename = 'Local path to audio file, e.g. /path/to/audio.raw';
// const encoding = 'Encoding of the audio file, e.g. LINEAR16';
// const sampleRateHertz = 16000;
// const languageCode = 'BCP-47 language code, e.g. en-US';

const request = {
  config: {
    encoding: encoding,
    sampleRateHertz: sampleRateHertz,
    languageCode: languageCode,
  },
  interimResults: false, // If you want interim results, set this to true
};

// Stream the audio to the Google Cloud Speech API
const recognizeStream = client
  .streamingRecognize(request)
  .on('error', console.error)
  .on('data', data => {
    console.log(
      `Transcription: ${data.results[0].alternatives[0].transcript}`
    );
  });

// Stream an audio file from disk to the Speech API, e.g. "./resources/audio.raw"
fs.createReadStream(filename).pipe(recognizeStream);

Python

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

def transcribe_streaming(stream_file: str) -> speech.RecognitionConfig:
    """Streams transcription of the given audio file using Google Cloud Speech-to-Text API.
    Args:
        stream_file (str): Path to the local audio file to be transcribed.
            Example: "resources/audio.raw"
    """
    client = speech.SpeechClient()

    with open(stream_file, "rb") as audio_file:
        audio_content = audio_file.read()

    # In practice, stream should be a generator yielding chunks of audio data.
    stream = [audio_content]

    requests = (
        speech.StreamingRecognizeRequest(audio_content=chunk) for chunk in stream
    )

    config = speech.RecognitionConfig(
        encoding=speech.RecognitionConfig.AudioEncoding.LINEAR16,
        sample_rate_hertz=16000,
        language_code="en-US",
    )

    streaming_config = speech.StreamingRecognitionConfig(config=config)

    # streaming_recognize returns a generator.
    responses = client.streaming_recognize(
        config=streaming_config,
        requests=requests,
    )

    for response in responses:
        # Once the transcription has settled, the first result will contain the
        # is_final result. The other results will be for subsequent portions of
        # the audio.
        for result in response.results:
            print(f"Finished: {result.is_final}")
            print(f"Stability: {result.stability}")
            alternatives = result.alternatives
            # The alternatives are ordered from most likely to least.
            for alternative in alternatives:
                print(f"Confidence: {alternative.confidence}")
                print(f"Transcript: {alternative.transcript}")

Additional languages

C#: Please follow the C# setup instructions on the client libraries page and then visit the Speech-to-Text reference documentation for .NET.

PHP: Please follow the PHP setup instructions on the client libraries page and then visit the Speech-to-Text reference documentation for PHP.

Ruby: Please follow the Ruby setup instructions on the client libraries page and then visit the Speech-to-Text reference documentation for Ruby.

While you can stream a local audio file to the Speech-to-Text API, it is recommended that you perform synchronous or asynchronous audio recognition for batch mode results.

Perform streaming speech recognition on an audio stream

Speech-to-Text can also perform recognition on streaming, real-time audio.

Here is an example of performing streaming speech recognition on an audio stream received from a microphone:

Go

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"os"

	speech "cloud.google.com/go/speech/apiv1"
	"cloud.google.com/go/speech/apiv1/speechpb"
)

func main() {
	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := speech.NewClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	stream, err := client.StreamingRecognize(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	// Send the initial configuration message.
	if err := stream.Send(&speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest{
		StreamingRequest: &speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest_StreamingConfig{
			StreamingConfig: &speechpb.StreamingRecognitionConfig{
				Config: &speechpb.RecognitionConfig{
					Encoding:        speechpb.RecognitionConfig_LINEAR16,
					SampleRateHertz: 16000,
					LanguageCode:    "en-US",
				},
			},
		},
	}); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	go func() {
		// Pipe stdin to the API.
		buf := make([]byte, 1024)
		for {
			n, err := os.Stdin.Read(buf)
			if n > 0 {
				if err := stream.Send(&speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest{
					StreamingRequest: &speechpb.StreamingRecognizeRequest_AudioContent{
						AudioContent: buf[:n],
					},
				}); err != nil {
					log.Printf("Could not send audio: %v", err)
				}
			}
			if err == io.EOF {
				// Nothing else to pipe, close the stream.
				if err := stream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
					log.Fatalf("Could not close stream: %v", err)
				}
				return
			}
			if err != nil {
				log.Printf("Could not read from stdin: %v", err)
				continue
			}
		}
	}()

	for {
		resp, err := stream.Recv()
		if err == io.EOF {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatalf("Cannot stream results: %v", err)
		}
		if err := resp.Error; err != nil {
			// Workaround while the API doesn't give a more informative error.
			if err.Code == 3 || err.Code == 11 {
				log.Print("WARNING: Speech recognition request exceeded limit of 60 seconds.")
			}
			log.Fatalf("Could not recognize: %v", err)
		}
		for _, result := range resp.Results {
			fmt.Printf("Result: %+v\n", result)
		}
	}
}

Python

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

import queue
import re
import sys

from google.cloud import speech

import pyaudio

# Audio recording parameters
RATE = 16000
CHUNK = int(RATE / 10)  # 100ms


class MicrophoneStream:
    """Opens a recording stream as a generator yielding the audio chunks."""

    def __init__(self: object, rate: int = RATE, chunk: int = CHUNK) -> None:
        """The audio -- and generator -- is guaranteed to be on the main thread."""
        self._rate = rate
        self._chunk = chunk

        # Create a thread-safe buffer of audio data
        self._buff = queue.Queue()
        self.closed = True

    def __enter__(self: object) -> object:
        self._audio_interface = pyaudio.PyAudio()
        self._audio_stream = self._audio_interface.open(
            format=pyaudio.paInt16,
            # The API currently only supports 1-channel (mono) audio
            # https://goo.gl/z757pE
            channels=1,
            rate=self._rate,
            input=True,
            frames_per_buffer=self._chunk,
            # Run the audio stream asynchronously to fill the buffer object.
            # This is necessary so that the input device's buffer doesn't
            # overflow while the calling thread makes network requests, etc.
            stream_callback=self._fill_buffer,
        )

        self.closed = False

        return self

    def __exit__(
        self: object,
        type: object,
        value: object,
        traceback: object,
    ) -> None:
        """Closes the stream, regardless of whether the connection was lost or not."""
        self._audio_stream.stop_stream()
        self._audio_stream.close()
        self.closed = True
        # Signal the generator to terminate so that the client's
        # streaming_recognize method will not block the process termination.
        self._buff.put(None)
        self._audio_interface.terminate()

    def _fill_buffer(
        self: object,
        in_data: object,
        frame_count: int,
        time_info: object,
        status_flags: object,
    ) -> object:
        """Continuously collect data from the audio stream, into the buffer.

        Args:
            in_data: The audio data as a bytes object
            frame_count: The number of frames captured
            time_info: The time information
            status_flags: The status flags

        Returns:
            The audio data as a bytes object
        """
        self._buff.put(in_data)
        return None, pyaudio.paContinue

    def generator(self: object) -> object:
        """Generates audio chunks from the stream of audio data in chunks.

        Args:
            self: The MicrophoneStream object

        Returns:
            A generator that outputs audio chunks.
        """
        while not self.closed:
            # Use a blocking get() to ensure there's at least one chunk of
            # data, and stop iteration if the chunk is None, indicating the
            # end of the audio stream.
            chunk = self._buff.get()
            if chunk is None:
                return
            data = [chunk]

            # Now consume whatever other data's still buffered.
            while True:
                try:
                    chunk = self._buff.get(block=False)
                    if chunk is None:
                        return
                    data.append(chunk)
                except queue.Empty:
                    break

            yield b"".join(data)


def listen_print_loop(responses: object) -> str:
    """Iterates through server responses and prints them.

    The responses passed is a generator that will block until a response
    is provided by the server.

    Each response may contain multiple results, and each result may contain
    multiple alternatives; for details, see https://goo.gl/tjCPAU.  Here we
    print only the transcription for the top alternative of the top result.

    In this case, responses are provided for interim results as well. If the
    response is an interim one, print a line feed at the end of it, to allow
    the next result to overwrite it, until the response is a final one. For the
    final one, print a newline to preserve the finalized transcription.

    Args:
        responses: List of server responses

    Returns:
        The transcribed text.
    """
    num_chars_printed = 0
    for response in responses:
        if not response.results:
            continue

        # The `results` list is consecutive. For streaming, we only care about
        # the first result being considered, since once it's `is_final`, it
        # moves on to considering the next utterance.
        result = response.results[0]
        if not result.alternatives:
            continue

        # Display the transcription of the top alternative.
        transcript = result.alternatives[0].transcript

        # Display interim results, but with a carriage return at the end of the
        # line, so subsequent lines will overwrite them.
        #
        # If the previous result was longer than this one, we need to print
        # some extra spaces to overwrite the previous result
        overwrite_chars = " " * (num_chars_printed - len(transcript))

        if not result.is_final:
            sys.stdout.write(transcript + overwrite_chars + "\r")
            sys.stdout.flush()

            num_chars_printed = len(transcript)

        else:
            print(transcript + overwrite_chars)

            # Exit recognition if any of the transcribed phrases could be
            # one of our keywords.
            if re.search(r"\b(exit|quit)\b", transcript, re.I):
                print("Exiting..")
                break

            num_chars_printed = 0

    return transcript


def main() -> None:
    """Transcribe speech from audio file."""
    # See http://g.co/cloud/speech/docs/languages
    # for a list of supported languages.
    language_code = "en-US"  # a BCP-47 language tag

    client = speech.SpeechClient()
    config = speech.RecognitionConfig(
        encoding=speech.RecognitionConfig.AudioEncoding.LINEAR16,
        sample_rate_hertz=RATE,
        language_code=language_code,
    )

    streaming_config = speech.StreamingRecognitionConfig(
        config=config, interim_results=True
    )

    with MicrophoneStream(RATE, CHUNK) as stream:
        audio_generator = stream.generator()
        requests = (
            speech.StreamingRecognizeRequest(audio_content=content)
            for content in audio_generator
        )

        responses = client.streaming_recognize(streaming_config, requests)

        # Now, put the transcription responses to use.
        listen_print_loop(responses)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Java

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Java API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

/** Performs microphone streaming speech recognition with a duration of 1 minute. */
public static void streamingMicRecognize() throws Exception {

  ResponseObserver<StreamingRecognizeResponse> responseObserver = null;
  try (SpeechClient client = SpeechClient.create()) {

    responseObserver =
        new ResponseObserver<StreamingRecognizeResponse>() {
          ArrayList<StreamingRecognizeResponse> responses = new ArrayList<>();

          public void onStart(StreamController controller) {}

          public void onResponse(StreamingRecognizeResponse response) {
            responses.add(response);
          }

          public void onComplete() {
            for (StreamingRecognizeResponse response : responses) {
              StreamingRecognitionResult result = response.getResultsList().get(0);
              SpeechRecognitionAlternative alternative = result.getAlternativesList().get(0);
              System.out.printf("Transcript : %s\n", alternative.getTranscript());
            }
          }

          public void onError(Throwable t) {
            System.out.println(t);
          }
        };

    ClientStream<StreamingRecognizeRequest> clientStream =
        client.streamingRecognizeCallable().splitCall(responseObserver);

    RecognitionConfig recognitionConfig =
        RecognitionConfig.newBuilder()
            .setEncoding(RecognitionConfig.AudioEncoding.LINEAR16)
            .setLanguageCode("en-US")
            .setSampleRateHertz(16000)
            .build();
    StreamingRecognitionConfig streamingRecognitionConfig =
        StreamingRecognitionConfig.newBuilder().setConfig(recognitionConfig).build();

    StreamingRecognizeRequest request =
        StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder()
            .setStreamingConfig(streamingRecognitionConfig)
            .build(); // The first request in a streaming call has to be a config

    clientStream.send(request);
    // SampleRate:16000Hz, SampleSizeInBits: 16, Number of channels: 1, Signed: true,
    // bigEndian: false
    AudioFormat audioFormat = new AudioFormat(16000, 16, 1, true, false);
    DataLine.Info targetInfo =
        new Info(
            TargetDataLine.class,
            audioFormat); // Set the system information to read from the microphone audio stream

    if (!AudioSystem.isLineSupported(targetInfo)) {
      System.out.println("Microphone not supported");
      System.exit(0);
    }
    // Target data line captures the audio stream the microphone produces.
    TargetDataLine targetDataLine = (TargetDataLine) AudioSystem.getLine(targetInfo);
    targetDataLine.open(audioFormat);
    targetDataLine.start();
    System.out.println("Start speaking");
    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    // Audio Input Stream
    AudioInputStream audio = new AudioInputStream(targetDataLine);
    while (true) {
      long estimatedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
      byte[] data = new byte[6400];
      audio.read(data);
      if (estimatedTime > 60000) { // 60 seconds
        System.out.println("Stop speaking.");
        targetDataLine.stop();
        targetDataLine.close();
        break;
      }
      request =
          StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder()
              .setAudioContent(ByteString.copyFrom(data))
              .build();
      clientStream.send(request);
    }
  } catch (Exception e) {
    System.out.println(e);
  }
  responseObserver.onComplete();
}

Node.js

This samples requires you to install SoX and it must be available in your $PATH.

• For Mac OS: brew install sox.
• For most Linux distributions: sudo apt-get install sox libsox-fmt-all.
• For Windows: Download the binaries.

For more on installing and creating a Speech-to-Text client, refer to Speech-to-Text Client Libraries.

const recorder = require('node-record-lpcm16');

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const speech = require('@google-cloud/speech');

// Creates a client
const client = new speech.SpeechClient();

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
 */
// const encoding = 'Encoding of the audio file, e.g. LINEAR16';
// const sampleRateHertz = 16000;
// const languageCode = 'BCP-47 language code, e.g. en-US';

const request = {
  config: {
    encoding: encoding,
    sampleRateHertz: sampleRateHertz,
    languageCode: languageCode,
  },
  interimResults: false, // If you want interim results, set this to true
};

// Create a recognize stream
const recognizeStream = client
  .streamingRecognize(request)
  .on('error', console.error)
  .on('data', data =>
    process.stdout.write(
      data.results[0] && data.results[0].alternatives[0]
        ? `Transcription: ${data.results[0].alternatives[0].transcript}\n`
        : '\n\nReached transcription time limit, press Ctrl+C\n'
    )
  );

// Start recording and send the microphone input to the Speech API.
// Ensure SoX is installed, see https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-record-lpcm16#dependencies
recorder
  .record({
    sampleRateHertz: sampleRateHertz,
    threshold: 0,
    // Other options, see https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-record-lpcm16#options
    verbose: false,
    recordProgram: 'rec', // Try also "arecord" or "sox"
    silence: '10.0',
  })
  .stream()
  .on('error', console.error)
  .pipe(recognizeStream);

console.log('Listening, press Ctrl+C to stop.');

Additional languages

C#: Please follow the C# setup instructions on the client libraries page and then visit the Speech-to-Text reference documentation for .NET.

PHP: Please follow the PHP setup instructions on the client libraries page and then visit the Speech-to-Text reference documentation for PHP.

Ruby: Please follow the Ruby setup instructions on the client libraries page and then visit the Speech-to-Text reference documentation for Ruby.

Perform endless streaming speech recognition

Here is an example of performing streaming speech recognition on an endless audio stream received from a microphone:

Python

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

import queue
import re
import sys
import time

from google.cloud import speech
import pyaudio

# Audio recording parameters
STREAMING_LIMIT = 240000  # 4 minutes
SAMPLE_RATE = 16000
CHUNK_SIZE = int(SAMPLE_RATE / 10)  # 100ms

RED = "\033[0;31m"
GREEN = "\033[0;32m"
YELLOW = "\033[0;33m"


def get_current_time() -> int:
    """Return Current Time in MS.

    Returns:
        int: Current Time in MS.
    """

    return int(round(time.time() * 1000))


class ResumableMicrophoneStream:
    """Opens a recording stream as a generator yielding the audio chunks."""

    def __init__(
        self: object,
        rate: int,
        chunk_size: int,
    ) -> None:
        """Creates a resumable microphone stream.

        Args:
        self: The class instance.
        rate: The audio file's sampling rate.
        chunk_size: The audio file's chunk size.

        returns: None
        """
        self._rate = rate
        self.chunk_size = chunk_size
        self._num_channels = 1
        self._buff = queue.Queue()
        self.closed = True
        self.start_time = get_current_time()
        self.restart_counter = 0
        self.audio_input = []
        self.last_audio_input = []
        self.result_end_time = 0
        self.is_final_end_time = 0
        self.final_request_end_time = 0
        self.bridging_offset = 0
        self.last_transcript_was_final = False
        self.new_stream = True
        self._audio_interface = pyaudio.PyAudio()
        self._audio_stream = self._audio_interface.open(
            format=pyaudio.paInt16,
            channels=self._num_channels,
            rate=self._rate,
            input=True,
            frames_per_buffer=self.chunk_size,
            # Run the audio stream asynchronously to fill the buffer object.
            # This is necessary so that the input device's buffer doesn't
            # overflow while the calling thread makes network requests, etc.
            stream_callback=self._fill_buffer,
        )

    def __enter__(self: object) -> object:
        """Opens the stream.

        Args:
        self: The class instance.

        returns: None
        """
        self.closed = False
        return self

    def __exit__(
        self: object,
        type: object,
        value: object,
        traceback: object,
    ) -> object:
        """Closes the stream and releases resources.

        Args:
        self: The class instance.
        type: The exception type.
        value: The exception value.
        traceback: The exception traceback.

        returns: None
        """
        self._audio_stream.stop_stream()
        self._audio_stream.close()
        self.closed = True
        # Signal the generator to terminate so that the client's
        # streaming_recognize method will not block the process termination.
        self._buff.put(None)
        self._audio_interface.terminate()

    def _fill_buffer(
        self: object,
        in_data: object,
        *args: object,
        **kwargs: object,
    ) -> object:
        """Continuously collect data from the audio stream, into the buffer.

        Args:
        self: The class instance.
        in_data: The audio data as a bytes object.
        args: Additional arguments.
        kwargs: Additional arguments.

        returns: None
        """
        self._buff.put(in_data)
        return None, pyaudio.paContinue

    def generator(self: object) -> object:
        """Stream Audio from microphone to API and to local buffer

        Args:
            self: The class instance.

        returns:
            The data from the audio stream.
        """
        while not self.closed:
            data = []

            if self.new_stream and self.last_audio_input:
                chunk_time = STREAMING_LIMIT / len(self.last_audio_input)

                if chunk_time != 0:
                    if self.bridging_offset < 0:
                        self.bridging_offset = 0

                    if self.bridging_offset > self.final_request_end_time:
                        self.bridging_offset = self.final_request_end_time

                    chunks_from_ms = round(
                        (self.final_request_end_time - self.bridging_offset)
                        / chunk_time
                    )

                    self.bridging_offset = round(
                        (len(self.last_audio_input) - chunks_from_ms) * chunk_time
                    )

                    for i in range(chunks_from_ms, len(self.last_audio_input)):
                        data.append(self.last_audio_input[i])

                self.new_stream = False

            # Use a blocking get() to ensure there's at least one chunk of
            # data, and stop iteration if the chunk is None, indicating the
            # end of the audio stream.
            chunk = self._buff.get()
            self.audio_input.append(chunk)

            if chunk is None:
                return
            data.append(chunk)
            # Now consume whatever other data's still buffered.
            while True:
                try:
                    chunk = self._buff.get(block=False)

                    if chunk is None:
                        return
                    data.append(chunk)
                    self.audio_input.append(chunk)

                except queue.Empty:
                    break

            yield b"".join(data)


def listen_print_loop(responses: object, stream: object) -> None:
    """Iterates through server responses and prints them.

    The responses passed is a generator that will block until a response
    is provided by the server.

    Each response may contain multiple results, and each result may contain
    multiple alternatives; for details, see https://goo.gl/tjCPAU.  Here we
    print only the transcription for the top alternative of the top result.

    In this case, responses are provided for interim results as well. If the
    response is an interim one, print a line feed at the end of it, to allow
    the next result to overwrite it, until the response is a final one. For the
    final one, print a newline to preserve the finalized transcription.

    Arg:
        responses: The responses returned from the API.
        stream: The audio stream to be processed.
    """
    for response in responses:
        if get_current_time() - stream.start_time > STREAMING_LIMIT:
            stream.start_time = get_current_time()
            break

        if not response.results:
            continue

        result = response.results[0]

        if not result.alternatives:
            continue

        transcript = result.alternatives[0].transcript

        result_seconds = 0
        result_micros = 0

        if result.result_end_time.seconds:
            result_seconds = result.result_end_time.seconds

        if result.result_end_time.microseconds:
            result_micros = result.result_end_time.microseconds

        stream.result_end_time = int((result_seconds * 1000) + (result_micros / 1000))

        corrected_time = (
            stream.result_end_time
            - stream.bridging_offset
            + (STREAMING_LIMIT * stream.restart_counter)
        )
        # Display interim results, but with a carriage return at the end of the
        # line, so subsequent lines will overwrite them.

        if result.is_final:
            sys.stdout.write(GREEN)
            sys.stdout.write("\033[K")
            sys.stdout.write(str(corrected_time) + ": " + transcript + "\n")

            stream.is_final_end_time = stream.result_end_time
            stream.last_transcript_was_final = True

            # Exit recognition if any of the transcribed phrases could be
            # one of our keywords.
            if re.search(r"\b(exit|quit)\b", transcript, re.I):
                sys.stdout.write(YELLOW)
                sys.stdout.write("Exiting...\n")
                stream.closed = True
                break
        else:
            sys.stdout.write(RED)
            sys.stdout.write("\033[K")
            sys.stdout.write(str(corrected_time) + ": " + transcript + "\r")

            stream.last_transcript_was_final = False


def main() -> None:
    """start bidirectional streaming from microphone input to speech API"""
    client = speech.SpeechClient()
    config = speech.RecognitionConfig(
        encoding=speech.RecognitionConfig.AudioEncoding.LINEAR16,
        sample_rate_hertz=SAMPLE_RATE,
        language_code="en-US",
        max_alternatives=1,
    )

    streaming_config = speech.StreamingRecognitionConfig(
        config=config, interim_results=True
    )

    mic_manager = ResumableMicrophoneStream(SAMPLE_RATE, CHUNK_SIZE)
    print(mic_manager.chunk_size)
    sys.stdout.write(YELLOW)
    sys.stdout.write('\nListening, say "Quit" or "Exit" to stop.\n\n')
    sys.stdout.write("End (ms)       Transcript Results/Status\n")
    sys.stdout.write("=====================================================\n")

    with mic_manager as stream:
        while not stream.closed:
            sys.stdout.write(YELLOW)
            sys.stdout.write(
                "\n" + str(STREAMING_LIMIT * stream.restart_counter) + ": NEW REQUEST\n"
            )

            stream.audio_input = []
            audio_generator = stream.generator()

            requests = (
                speech.StreamingRecognizeRequest(audio_content=content)
                for content in audio_generator
            )

            responses = client.streaming_recognize(streaming_config, requests)

            # Now, put the transcription responses to use.
            listen_print_loop(responses, stream)

            if stream.result_end_time > 0:
                stream.final_request_end_time = stream.is_final_end_time
            stream.result_end_time = 0
            stream.last_audio_input = []
            stream.last_audio_input = stream.audio_input
            stream.audio_input = []
            stream.restart_counter = stream.restart_counter + 1

            if not stream.last_transcript_was_final:
                sys.stdout.write("\n")
            stream.new_stream = True


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Java

To learn how to install and use the client library for Speech-to-Text, see Speech-to-Text client libraries. For more information, see the Speech-to-Text Java API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Speech-to-Text, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment.

import com.google.api.gax.rpc.ClientStream;
import com.google.api.gax.rpc.ResponseObserver;
import com.google.api.gax.rpc.StreamController;
import com.google.cloud.speech.v1p1beta1.RecognitionConfig;
import com.google.cloud.speech.v1p1beta1.SpeechClient;
import com.google.cloud.speech.v1p1beta1.SpeechRecognitionAlternative;
import com.google.cloud.speech.v1p1beta1.StreamingRecognitionConfig;
import com.google.cloud.speech.v1p1beta1.StreamingRecognitionResult;
import com.google.cloud.speech.v1p1beta1.StreamingRecognizeRequest;
import com.google.cloud.speech.v1p1beta1.StreamingRecognizeResponse;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import com.google.protobuf.Duration;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import javax.sound.sampled.AudioFormat;
import javax.sound.sampled.AudioSystem;
import javax.sound.sampled.DataLine;
import javax.sound.sampled.DataLine.Info;
import javax.sound.sampled.TargetDataLine;

public class InfiniteStreamRecognize {

  private static final int STREAMING_LIMIT = 290000; // ~5 minutes

  public static final String RED = "\033[0;31m";
  public static final String GREEN = "\033[0;32m";
  public static final String YELLOW = "\033[0;33m";

  // Creating shared object
  private static volatile BlockingQueue<byte[]> sharedQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<byte[]>();
  private static TargetDataLine targetDataLine;
  private static int BYTES_PER_BUFFER = 6400; // buffer size in bytes

  private static int restartCounter = 0;
  private static ArrayList<ByteString> audioInput = new ArrayList<ByteString>();
  private static ArrayList<ByteString> lastAudioInput = new ArrayList<ByteString>();
  private static int resultEndTimeInMS = 0;
  private static int isFinalEndTime = 0;
  private static int finalRequestEndTime = 0;
  private static boolean newStream = true;
  private static double bridgingOffset = 0;
  private static boolean lastTranscriptWasFinal = false;
  private static StreamController referenceToStreamController;
  private static ByteString tempByteString;

  public static void main(String... args) {
    InfiniteStreamRecognizeOptions options = InfiniteStreamRecognizeOptions.fromFlags(args);
    if (options == null) {
      // Could not parse.
      System.out.println("Failed to parse options.");
      System.exit(1);
    }

    try {
      infiniteStreamingRecognize(options.langCode);
    } catch (Exception e) {
      System.out.println("Exception caught: " + e);
    }
  }

  public static String convertMillisToDate(double milliSeconds) {
    long millis = (long) milliSeconds;
    DecimalFormat format = new DecimalFormat();
    format.setMinimumIntegerDigits(2);
    return String.format(
        "%s:%s /",
        format.format(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMinutes(millis)),
        format.format(
            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(millis)
                - TimeUnit.MINUTES.toSeconds(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMinutes(millis))));
  }

  /** Performs infinite streaming speech recognition */
  public static void infiniteStreamingRecognize(String languageCode) throws Exception {

    // Microphone Input buffering
    class MicBuffer implements Runnable {

      @Override
      public void run() {
        System.out.println(YELLOW);
        System.out.println("Start speaking...Press Ctrl-C to stop");
        targetDataLine.start();
        byte[] data = new byte[BYTES_PER_BUFFER];
        while (targetDataLine.isOpen()) {
          try {
            int numBytesRead = targetDataLine.read(data, 0, data.length);
            if ((numBytesRead <= 0) && (targetDataLine.isOpen())) {
              continue;
            }
            sharedQueue.put(data.clone());
          } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            System.out.println("Microphone input buffering interrupted : " + e.getMessage());
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // Creating microphone input buffer thread
    MicBuffer micrunnable = new MicBuffer();
    Thread micThread = new Thread(micrunnable);
    ResponseObserver<StreamingRecognizeResponse> responseObserver = null;
    try (SpeechClient client = SpeechClient.create()) {
      ClientStream<StreamingRecognizeRequest> clientStream;
      responseObserver =
          new ResponseObserver<StreamingRecognizeResponse>() {

            ArrayList<StreamingRecognizeResponse> responses = new ArrayList<>();

            public void onStart(StreamController controller) {
              referenceToStreamController = controller;
            }

            public void onResponse(StreamingRecognizeResponse response) {
              responses.add(response);
              StreamingRecognitionResult result = response.getResultsList().get(0);
              Duration resultEndTime = result.getResultEndTime();
              resultEndTimeInMS =
                  (int)
                      ((resultEndTime.getSeconds() * 1000) + (resultEndTime.getNanos() / 1000000));
              double correctedTime =
                  resultEndTimeInMS - bridgingOffset + (STREAMING_LIMIT * restartCounter);

              SpeechRecognitionAlternative alternative = result.getAlternativesList().get(0);
              if (result.getIsFinal()) {
                System.out.print(GREEN);
                System.out.print("\033[2K\r");
                System.out.printf(
                    "%s: %s [confidence: %.2f]\n",
                    convertMillisToDate(correctedTime),
                    alternative.getTranscript(),
                    alternative.getConfidence());
                isFinalEndTime = resultEndTimeInMS;
                lastTranscriptWasFinal = true;
              } else {
                System.out.print(RED);
                System.out.print("\033[2K\r");
                System.out.printf(
                    "%s: %s", convertMillisToDate(correctedTime), alternative.getTranscript());
                lastTranscriptWasFinal = false;
              }
            }

            public void onComplete() {}

            public void onError(Throwable t) {}
          };
      clientStream = client.streamingRecognizeCallable().splitCall(responseObserver);

      RecognitionConfig recognitionConfig =
          RecognitionConfig.newBuilder()
              .setEncoding(RecognitionConfig.AudioEncoding.LINEAR16)
              .setLanguageCode(languageCode)
              .setSampleRateHertz(16000)
              .build();

      StreamingRecognitionConfig streamingRecognitionConfig =
          StreamingRecognitionConfig.newBuilder()
              .setConfig(recognitionConfig)
              .setInterimResults(true)
              .build();

      StreamingRecognizeRequest request =
          StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder()
              .setStreamingConfig(streamingRecognitionConfig)
              .build(); // The first request in a streaming call has to be a config

      clientStream.send(request);

      try {
        // SampleRate:16000Hz, SampleSizeInBits: 16, Number of channels: 1, Signed: true,
        // bigEndian: false
        AudioFormat audioFormat = new AudioFormat(16000, 16, 1, true, false);
        DataLine.Info targetInfo =
            new Info(
                TargetDataLine.class,
                audioFormat); // Set the system information to read from the microphone audio
        // stream

        if (!AudioSystem.isLineSupported(targetInfo)) {
          System.out.println("Microphone not supported");
          System.exit(0);
        }
        // Target data line captures the audio stream the microphone produces.
        targetDataLine = (TargetDataLine) AudioSystem.getLine(targetInfo);
        targetDataLine.open(audioFormat);
        micThread.start();

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        while (true) {

          long estimatedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;

          if (estimatedTime >= STREAMING_LIMIT) {

            clientStream.closeSend();
            referenceToStreamController.cancel(); // remove Observer

            if (resultEndTimeInMS > 0) {
              finalRequestEndTime = isFinalEndTime;
            }
            resultEndTimeInMS = 0;

            lastAudioInput = null;
            lastAudioInput = audioInput;
            audioInput = new ArrayList<ByteString>();

            restartCounter++;

            if (!lastTranscriptWasFinal) {
              System.out.print('\n');
            }

            newStream = true;

            clientStream = client.streamingRecognizeCallable().splitCall(responseObserver);

            request =
                StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder()
                    .setStreamingConfig(streamingRecognitionConfig)
                    .build();

            System.out.println(YELLOW);
            System.out.printf("%d: RESTARTING REQUEST\n", restartCounter * STREAMING_LIMIT);

            startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

          } else {

            if ((newStream) && (lastAudioInput.size() > 0)) {
              // if this is the first audio from a new request
              // calculate amount of unfinalized audio from last request
              // resend the audio to the speech client before incoming audio
              double chunkTime = STREAMING_LIMIT / lastAudioInput.size();
              // ms length of each chunk in previous request audio arrayList
              if (chunkTime != 0) {
                if (bridgingOffset < 0) {
                  // bridging Offset accounts for time of resent audio
                  // calculated from last request
                  bridgingOffset = 0;
                }
                if (bridgingOffset > finalRequestEndTime) {
                  bridgingOffset = finalRequestEndTime;
                }
                int chunksFromMs =
                    (int) Math.floor((finalRequestEndTime - bridgingOffset) / chunkTime);
                // chunks from MS is number of chunks to resend
                bridgingOffset =
                    (int) Math.floor((lastAudioInput.size() - chunksFromMs) * chunkTime);
                // set bridging offset for next request
                for (int i = chunksFromMs; i < lastAudioInput.size(); i++) {
                  request =
                      StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder()
                          .setAudioContent(lastAudioInput.get(i))
                          .build();
                  clientStream.send(request);
                }
              }
              newStream = false;
            }

            tempByteString = ByteString.copyFrom(sharedQueue.take());

            request =
                StreamingRecognizeRequest.newBuilder().setAudioContent(tempByteString).build();

            audioInput.add(tempByteString);
          }

          clientStream.send(request);
        }
      } catch (Exception e) {
        System.out.println(e);
      }
    }
  }
}

Node.js

This sample requires you to install SoX, and it must be available in your $PATH.

• For Mac OS: brew install sox.
• For most Linux distributions: sudo apt-get install sox libsox-fmt-all.
• For Windows: Download the binaries.

For more on installing and creating a Speech-to-Text client, refer to Speech-to-Text Client Libraries.

// const encoding = 'LINEAR16';
// const sampleRateHertz = 16000;
// const languageCode = 'en-US';
// const streamingLimit = 10000; // ms - set to low number for demo purposes

const chalk = require('chalk');
const {Writable} = require('stream');
const recorder = require('node-record-lpcm16');

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
// Currently, only v1p1beta1 contains result-end-time
const speech = require('@google-cloud/speech').v1p1beta1;

const client = new speech.SpeechClient();

const config = {
  encoding: encoding,
  sampleRateHertz: sampleRateHertz,
  languageCode: languageCode,
};

const request = {
  config,
  interimResults: true,
};

let recognizeStream = null;
let restartCounter = 0;
let audioInput = [];
let lastAudioInput = [];
let resultEndTime = 0;
let isFinalEndTime = 0;
let finalRequestEndTime = 0;
let newStream = true;
let bridgingOffset = 0;
let lastTranscriptWasFinal = false;

function startStream() {
  // Clear current audioInput
  audioInput = [];
  // Initiate (Reinitiate) a recognize stream
  recognizeStream = client
    .streamingRecognize(request)
    .on('error', err => {
      if (err.code === 11) {
        // restartStream();
      } else {
        console.error('API request error ' + err);
      }
    })
    .on('data', speechCallback);

  // Restart stream when streamingLimit expires
  setTimeout(restartStream, streamingLimit);
}

const speechCallback = stream => {
  // Convert API result end time from seconds + nanoseconds to milliseconds
  resultEndTime =
    stream.results[0].resultEndTime.seconds * 1000 +
    Math.round(stream.results[0].resultEndTime.nanos / 1000000);

  // Calculate correct time based on offset from audio sent twice
  const correctedTime =
    resultEndTime - bridgingOffset + streamingLimit * restartCounter;

  process.stdout.clearLine();
  process.stdout.cursorTo(0);
  let stdoutText = '';
  if (stream.results[0] && stream.results[0].alternatives[0]) {
    stdoutText =
      correctedTime + ': ' + stream.results[0].alternatives[0].transcript;
  }

  if (stream.results[0].isFinal) {
    process.stdout.write(chalk.green(`${stdoutText}\n`));

    isFinalEndTime = resultEndTime;
    lastTranscriptWasFinal = true;
  } else {
    // Make sure transcript does not exceed console character length
    if (stdoutText.length > process.stdout.columns) {
      stdoutText =
        stdoutText.substring(0, process.stdout.columns - 4) + '...';
    }
    process.stdout.write(chalk.red(`${stdoutText}`));

    lastTranscriptWasFinal = false;
  }
};

const audioInputStreamTransform = new Writable({
  write(chunk, encoding, next) {
    if (newStream && lastAudioInput.length !== 0) {
      // Approximate math to calculate time of chunks
      const chunkTime = streamingLimit / lastAudioInput.length;
      if (chunkTime !== 0) {
        if (bridgingOffset < 0) {
          bridgingOffset = 0;
        }
        if (bridgingOffset > finalRequestEndTime) {
          bridgingOffset = finalRequestEndTime;
        }
        const chunksFromMS = Math.floor(
          (finalRequestEndTime - bridgingOffset) / chunkTime
        );
        bridgingOffset = Math.floor(
          (lastAudioInput.length - chunksFromMS) * chunkTime
        );

        for (let i = chunksFromMS; i < lastAudioInput.length; i++) {
          recognizeStream.write(lastAudioInput[i]);
        }
      }
      newStream = false;
    }

    audioInput.push(chunk);

    if (recognizeStream) {
      recognizeStream.write(chunk);
    }

    next();
  },

  final() {
    if (recognizeStream) {
      recognizeStream.end();
    }
  },
});

function restartStream() {
  if (recognizeStream) {
    recognizeStream.end();
    recognizeStream.removeListener('data', speechCallback);
    recognizeStream = null;
  }
  if (resultEndTime > 0) {
    finalRequestEndTime = isFinalEndTime;
  }
  resultEndTime = 0;

  lastAudioInput = [];
  lastAudioInput = audioInput;

  restartCounter++;

  if (!lastTranscriptWasFinal) {
    process.stdout.write('\n');
  }
  process.stdout.write(
    chalk.yellow(`${streamingLimit * restartCounter}: RESTARTING REQUEST\n`)
  );

  newStream = true;

  startStream();
}
// Start recording and send the microphone input to the Speech API
recorder
  .record({
    sampleRateHertz: sampleRateHertz,
    threshold: 0, // Silence threshold
    silence: 1000,
    keepSilence: true,
    recordProgram: 'rec', // Try also "arecord" or "sox"
  })
  .stream()
  .on('error', err => {
    console.error('Audio recording error ' + err);
  })
  .pipe(audioInputStreamTransform);

console.log('');
console.log('Listening, press Ctrl+C to stop.');
console.log('');
console.log('End (ms)       Transcript Results/Status');
console.log('=========================================================');

startStream();

What's next

• Learn how to measure and improve accuracy

Try it for yourself

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