This guide shows you how to configure Google Cloud
URL maps. A URL map is a set of rules for routing incoming HTTP(S) requests to
specific backend services or backend buckets.
A minimal URL map matches all incoming request paths (/*
).
Before following this guide, familiarize yourself with URL map concepts.
URL maps are used with the following Google Cloud products:
- External Application Load Balancer (global, classic, and regional modes)
- Internal Application Load Balancer
URL maps used with global external Application Load Balancers, regional external Application Load Balancers, internal Application Load Balancers, and Cloud Service Mesh also support several advanced traffic management features. For more information, see URL map concepts: Advanced traffic management.
URL map defaults
URL maps have two defaults, as described in the following table.
Default type | Setting | Meaning |
---|---|---|
URL map default | gcloud compute url-maps create
|
The specified default backend service or backend bucket is used if none of the path matchers or host rules match the incoming URL. |
Path matcher default | gcloud compute url-maps add-path-matcher
|
The specified default backend service or backend bucket is used
if the URL's
path matches a path matcher, but none of the specified
--path-rules match. |
Host rules
A host rule defines a set of hosts to match requests against.
In a host rule, the hostname must be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). The hostname can't be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. For example:
- Works:
example.com
- Works:
web.example.com
- Works:
*.example.com
- Doesn't work:
35.244.221.250
Configure URL maps
A URL map can send traffic to backend services or backend buckets. Backend buckets are not supported with regional external Application Load Balancers and internal Application Load Balancers.
Console
To add a URL map using the Google Cloud console, perform the following steps:
- Go to the Load balancing page.
- Click the Name of a load balancer.
- On the Load Balancer Details page, click Edit for the selected load balancer.
- Select Host and path rules.
- Click Add host and path rule.
Fill in the Host field, Paths field, or both, and select a backend service or backend bucket.
- Enter a fully qualified Host name, for example
web.example.com
. - Enter the path—for example,
/video
. - On the Host and path rules page, in the Backends menu, select an available backend service or backend bucket.
- Enter a fully qualified Host name, for example
Look for the blue checkmark to the left of Host and Path Rules and click the Update button.
gcloud
To add a URL map using the Google Cloud CLI, use the
url-maps create
command:
gcloud compute url-maps create URL_MAP_NAME \ (--default-backend-bucket=DEFAULT_BACKEND_BUCKET | --default-service=DEFAULT_SERVICE) \ [--description DESCRIPTION] \ [--global | --region=REGION]
For regional external Application Load Balancers and internal Application Load Balancers, make sure to include
the --region
flag when you create the URL map.
To create a path matcher, use the
gcloud compute url-maps add-path-matcher
command:
gcloud compute url-maps add-path-matcher URL_MAP_NAME \ (--default-backend-bucket=DEFAULT_BACKEND_BUCKET | --default-service=DEFAULT_SERVICE) \ --path-matcher-name PATH_MATCHER \ [--path-rules="PATH=SERVICE or BUCKET"]
This command requires a default backend service or backend bucket to which
it can send unmatched requests. The --path-rules
flag defines mappings
between request paths and backend services or buckets. The following example
routes the request paths /video/
and /video/*
to the video-service
backend service:
--path-rules="/video=video-service,/video/*=video-service"
To create a host rule, use the
gcloud compute url-maps add-host-rule
command:
gcloud compute url-maps add-host-rule URL_MAP_NAME \ --hosts=[HOSTS] --path-matcher-name=PATH_MATCHER
For example, the following --hosts
value matches requests against
www.example.com
and any subdomain of altostrat.com
:
--hosts=[*.altostrat.com,www.example.com]
To change the default service or default bucket of a URL map, use the
url-maps set-default-service
command:
gcloud compute url-maps set-default-service URL_MAP_NAME (--default-backend-bucket=DEFAULT_BACKEND_BUCKET | --default-service=DEFAULT_SERVICE)[GCLOUD_WIDE_FLAG ...]
Terraform
To create a global URL map, use the google_compute_url_map resource.
To create a regional URL map, use the google_compute_region_url_map resource.
Validate the URL map configuration
Before deploying a URL map, make sure you validate the URL map configuration to ensure that the map is routing requests to the appropriate backends as intended. You can do this by adding tests to the URL map configuration. You can experiment with different URL map rules and run as many tests as needed to be confident that the map will route traffic appropriately when it is deployed. Additionally, if any rule changes are needed in the future, you can test those changes before actually going live with the new configuration.
Use the gcloud compute url-maps
validate
command to validate
URL map configuration. This command only tests the configuration provided.
Irrespective of whether the tests pass or fail, no changes are saved to the deployed URL map. This behavior is unlike other URL map commands
(edit
, import
), which also run the same tests but will actually save the new
configuration if tests pass. When you want to test a new routing configuration
without making changes to the deployed URL map, use the validate
command.
The validate
command lets you test advanced route configurations such as
routing based on headers and query parameters, HTTP to HTTPS redirects, and URL
rewrites.
Console
You cannot use the Google Cloud console to validate URL map configuration.
Use gcloud
or the REST API instead.
gcloud
To validate your URL map configuration use the
gcloud compute url-maps validate
command.
For the global external Application Load Balancer:
gcloud compute url-maps validate --source PATH_TO_URL_MAP_CONFIG_FILE \ --load-balancing-scheme=EXTERNAL_MANAGED \ --global
For the classic Application Load Balancer:
gcloud compute url-maps validate --source PATH_TO_URL_MAP_CONFIG_FILE \ --load-balancing-scheme=EXTERNAL \ --global
- PATH_TO_URL_MAP_CONFIG_FILE: Replace with a path to the file that contains the URL map configuration for validation.
Validate changes to an existing load balancer's URL map
If you have an existing load balancer that needs changes to the URL map, you can test those configuration changes before making them live.
Export the load balancer's existing URL map to a YAML file.
gcloud compute url-maps export URL_MAP_NAME \ --destination PATH_TO_URL_MAP_CONFIG_FILE \ --global
Edit the YAML file with new configuration. For example, if you want to edit an external Application Load Balancer and send all requests with the path
/video
to a new backend service calledvideo-backend-service
, you can add tests to the URL map configuration as follows:Existing URL map configuration with a single default
web-backend-service
:kind: compute#urlMap name: URL_MAP_NAME defaultService: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendService/web-backend-service
Edited URL map configuration with added path matcher and tests for both the default
web-backend-service
and the newvideo-backend-service
backend service:kind: compute#urlMap name: URL_MAP_NAME defaultService: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendService/web-backend-service hostRules: - hosts: - '*' pathMatcher: pathmap pathMatchers: - defaultService: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendService/web-backend-service name: pathmap pathRules: - paths: - /video - /video/* service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendService/video-backend-service tests: - description: Test routing to existing web service host: foobar path: / service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendService/web-backend-service - description: Test routing to new video service host: foobar path: /video service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendService/video-backend-service
Validate the new configuration.
gcloud compute url-maps validate --source PATH_TO_URL_MAP_CONFIG_FILE
If all tests pass successfully, you should see a success message such as:
Successfully validated [https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/urlMaps/URL_MAP_CONFIG_FILE_NAME]
If the tests fail, an error message appears. Make the required fixes to the URL map config file and try validating again.
Error: Invalid value for field 'urlMap.tests': ''. Test failure: Expect URL 'HOST/PATH' to map to service 'EXPECTED_BACKEND_SERVICE', but actually mapped to 'ACTUAL_BACKEND_SERVICE'.
Once you know that the new configuration works and does not impact your existing setup, you can import it into the URL map. Note that this step also deploys the URL map with the new configuration.
gcloud compute url-maps import URL_MAP_NAME \ --source PATH_TO_URL_MAP_CONFIG_FILE \ --global
Add tests to a URL map
You can add configuration tests to a URL map to ensure that your URL map routes requests to the backend services or backend buckets as intended.
This section describes how to add tests to a URL map that has already been deployed. If you want to test new changes to a URL map without actually deploying the map, see Validate URL map configuration.
When you edit your URL map, the tests run, and an error message appears if a test fails:
Error: Invalid value for field 'urlMap.tests': ''. Test failure: Expect URL 'HOST/PATH' to map to service 'EXPECTED_BACKEND_SERVICE', but actually mapped to 'ACTUAL_BACKEND_SERVICE'.
Adding tests to URL maps is optional.
Console
To run tests from the Google Cloud console:
- Go to the Load balancing page.
- Click the Name of a load balancer.
- On the Load Balancer Details page, click Edit for the selected load balancer.
- Click Routing rules. For a classic Application Load Balancer, this is Host and path rules.
- Click Show configuration tests.
- Click Add configuration test. Add the following test URLs and backends:
- Test host and path 1
example.com
and Backendwww-service.
- Test host and path 2
example.net
and Backendwww-service.
- Test host and path 3
example.net/web
and Backendwww-service.
- Test host and path 4
example.com/videos
and Backendvideo-service.
- Test host and path 5
example.com/videos/browse
and Backendvideo-service.
- Test host and path 6
example.net/static
and Backendstatic-service.
- Test host and path 7
example.net/static/images
and Backendstatic-service.
- Test host and path 1
- Look for the blue checkmark to the left of Routing rules and click the Update button. For a classic Application Load Balancer, look for the blue check next to Host and path rules.
gcloud
To add tests to your URL map using the Google Cloud CLI, use the
gcloud compute url-maps edit
command:
gcloud compute url-maps edit URL_MAP_NAME
This launches a text editor. For external Application Load Balancers, your tests must use the following format:
tests: - host: example.com service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendServices/www-service - host: example.net service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendServices/www-service - host: example.com path: /videos service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendServices/video-service - host: example.com path: /videos/browse service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendServices/video-service - host: example.net path: /web service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendServices/www-service - host: example.net path: /static service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendServices/static-service - host: example.net path: /static/images service: https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/global/backendServices/static-service
Note that if you don't specify a host in a host rule, then URLs from all hosts (both example.com and example.net) can match. If you do have host rules, then you must create rules that match both example.com and example.net.
List URL maps
Console
You cannot list all of your URL maps in the Google Cloud console.
gcloud
To display a list of URL maps using the Google Cloud CLI,
use the url-maps list
command.
gcloud compute url-maps list
Get information about a URL map
Console
To get information about a URL map, perform the following steps:
- Go to the Load balancing page.
- Click the Name of a load balancer.
- On the Load Balancer Details page, click Edit for the selected load balancer.
- View the Host and path rules.
gcloud
To get information about a single URL map using the Google Cloud CLI,
use the url-maps describe
command.
gcloud compute url-maps describe URL_MAP_NAME
Delete a URL map
You can delete a URL map only after you've deleted all target proxies that reference it. For more information, see Deleting a target proxy.
Console
To delete a URL map, perform the following steps:
- Go to the Load balancing page.
- Click the Name of a load balancer.
- On the Load Balancer Details page, click Edit for the selected load balancer.
- On the Load Balancer Details page, view the Host and path rules.
- Click the "X" to the right of a URL map to delete it. The URL map disappears.
- Look for the blue checkmark to the left of Host and Path Rules and click the Update button.
gcloud
To delete a URL map using the Google Cloud CLI, use the
url-maps delete
command.
Before you can delete a URL map, any target HTTP proxies that reference the
URL map must first be deleted.
gcloud compute url-maps delete URL_MAP_NAME [--quiet]
Delete a path matcher
Console
To delete a path matcher, perform the following steps:
- Go to the Load balancing page.
- Click the Name of a load balancer.
- On the Load Balancer Details page, click Edit for the selected load balancer.
- Select Host and path rules.
- In the Paths field for an existing URL map, click the "x" on the path matcher's name.
- Look for the blue checkmark to the left of Host and Path Rules and click the Update button.
gcloud
To delete a path matcher, use the
gcloud compute url-maps remove-path-matcher
command:
gcloud compute url-maps remove-path-matcher URL_MAP_NAME \ [--path-matcher-name PATH_MATCHER]
Delete a host rule
Console
To delete a host rule, perform the following steps:
- If you're not already on the Host and path rules page, go to the Load balancing page.
- Click the Name of a load balancer.
- On the Load Balancer Details page, click Edit for the selected load balancer.
- Select Host and path rules.
- In the Hosts field for an existing URL map, click the "x" on the host's name.
- Look for the blue checkmark to the left of Host and Path Rules and click the Update button.
gcloud
To delete a host rule from your URL map, use the
gcloud compute url-maps remove-host-rule
command:
gcloud compute url-maps remove-host-rule URL_MAP_NAME --host=HOST
For example, to remove a host rule that contains the host altostrat.com
from
a URL map named my-map
, you would run the following command:
gcloud compute url-maps remove-host-rule my-map --host altostrat.com
Traffic management guides
Not all URL map features are available for all products. URL maps are used with load balancers to support several advanced traffic management features, not all of which are supported on the classic Application Load Balancer.
Use the following table to learn about the URL map features for management works.
Product | URL map features and traffic management guides |
---|---|
Global external Application Load Balancer | Load balancer features: Routing and traffic management |
Classic Application Load Balancer | Load balancer features: Routing and traffic management |
Regional external Application Load Balancer | Load balancer features: Routing and traffic management |
Internal Application Load Balancer | Load balancer features: Routing and traffic management |
Cloud Service Mesh | Cloud Service Mesh features: Routing and traffic management |
API and gcloud CLI reference
In addition to the Google Cloud console, you can use the API and gcloud CLI to create URL maps.
API
For descriptions of the properties and methods available to you when working with URL maps through the REST API, see the following:
Product | API documentation |
---|---|
External Application Load Balancer | urlMaps |
Internal Application Load Balancer | regionUrlMaps |
Cloud Service Mesh | urlMaps |
gcloud CLI
For the Google Cloud CLI in the Google Cloud CLI, see the following:
- Global:
--global
- Regional:
--region=[REGION]
For advanced traffic management, use YAML files and import them with the
gcloud compute url-maps import
command.
What's next
- See URL maps overview for information on how URL maps work.
- See External Application Load Balancer overview for information on how URL maps work in external Application Load Balancers.
- See Internal Application Load Balancer overview for information on how URL maps work in internal Application Load Balancers.