Controlled generation

You can guarantee that a model's generated output always adheres to a specific schema so that you receive consistently formatted responses. For example, you might have an established data schema that you use for other tasks. If you have the model follow the same schema, you can directly extract data from the model's output without any post-processing.

To specify the structure of a model's output, define a response schema, which works like a blueprint for model responses. When you submit a prompt and include the response schema, the model's response always follows your defined schema.

You can control generated output when using the following models:

  • Gemini 1.5 Pro
  • Gemini 1.5 Flash

For function calling with controlled generation (also known as forced function calling), see Introduction to function calling.

Example use cases

One use case for applying a response schema is to ensure a model's response produces valid JSON and conforms to your schema. Generative model outputs can have some degree of variability, so including a response schema ensures that you always receive valid JSON. Consequently, your downstream tasks can reliably expect valid JSON input from generated responses.

Another example is to constrain how a model can respond. For example, you can have a model annotate text with user-defined labels, not with labels that the model produces. This constraint is useful when you expect a specific set of labels such as positive or negative and don't want to receive a mixture of other labels that the model might generate like good, positive, negative, or bad.

Considerations

The following considerations discuss potential limitations if you plan on using a response schema:

  • You must use the API to define and use a response schema. There's no console support.
  • The size of your response schema counts towards the input token limit.
  • Only certain output formats are supported, such as application/json or text/x.enum. For more information, see the responseMimeType parameter in the Gemini API reference.
  • Controlled generation supports a subset of the Vertex AI schema reference. For more information, see Supported schema fields.

  • A complex schema can result in an InvalidArgument: 400 error. Complexity might come from long property names, long array length limits, enums with many values, objects with lots of optional properties, or a combination of these factors.

    If you get this error with a valid schema, make one or more of the following changes to resolve the error:

    • Shorten property names or enum names.
    • Flatten nested arrays.
    • Reduce the number of properties with constraints, such as numbers with minimum and maximum limits.
    • Reduce the number of properties with complex constraints, such as properties with complex formats like date-time.
    • Reduce the number of optional properties.
    • Reduce the number of valid values for enums.

Supported schema fields

Controlled generation supports the following fields from the Vertex AI schema. If you use an unsupported field, Vertex AI can still handle your request but ignores the field.

  • anyOf
  • enum
  • format
  • items
  • maximum
  • maxItems
  • minimum
  • minItems
  • nullable
  • properties
  • propertyOrdering*
  • required

* propertyOrdering is specifically for controlled generation and not part of the Vertex AI schema. This field defines the order in which properties are generated. The listed properties must be unique and must be valid keys in the properties dictionary.

For the format field, Vertex AI supports the following values: date, date-time, duration, and time. The description and format of each value is described in the OpenAPI Initiative Registry

Before you begin

Define a response schema to specify the structure of a model's output, the field names, and the expected data type for each field. Use only the supported fields as listed in the Considerations section. All other fields are ignored.

Include your response schema as part of the responseSchema field only. Don't duplicate the schema in your input prompt. If you do, the generated output might be lower in quality.

For sample schemas, see the Example schemas and model responses section.

Model behavior and response schema

When a model generates a response, it uses the field name and context from your prompt. As such, we recommend that you use a clear structure and unambiguous field names so that your intent is clear.

By default, fields are optional, meaning the model can populate the fields or skip them. You can set fields as required to force the model to provide a value. If there's insufficient context in the associated input prompt, the model generates responses mainly based on the data it was trained on.

If you aren't seeing the results you expect, add more context to your input prompts or revise your response schema. For example, review the model's response without controlled generation to see how the model responds. You can then update your response schema that better fits the model's output.

Send a prompt with a response schema

By default, all fields are optional, meaning a model might generate a response to a field. To force the model to always generate a response to a field, set the field as required.

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import vertexai

from vertexai.generative_models import GenerationConfig, GenerativeModel

# TODO(developer): Update and un-comment below line
# PROJECT_ID = "your-project-id"
vertexai.init(project=PROJECT_ID, location="us-central1")

response_schema = {
    "type": "array",
    "items": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "recipe_name": {
                "type": "string",
            },
        },
        "required": ["recipe_name"],
    },
}

model = GenerativeModel("gemini-1.5-pro-002")

response = model.generate_content(
    "List a few popular cookie recipes",
    generation_config=GenerationConfig(
        response_mime_type="application/json", response_schema=response_schema
    ),
)

print(response.text)
# Example response:
# [
#     {"recipe_name": "Chocolate Chip Cookies"},
#     {"recipe_name": "Peanut Butter Cookies"},
#     {"recipe_name": "Snickerdoodles"},
#     {"recipe_name": "Oatmeal Raisin Cookies"},
# ]

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/vertexai/genai"
)

// controlledGenerationResponseSchema shows how to make sure the generated output
// will always be valid JSON and adhere to a specific schema.
func controlledGenerationResponseSchema(w io.Writer, projectID, location, modelName string) error {
	// location := "us-central1"
	// modelName := "gemini-1.5-pro-001"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := genai.NewClient(ctx, projectID, location)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	model := client.GenerativeModel(modelName)

	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseMIMEType = "application/json"

	// Build an OpenAPI schema, in memory
	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseSchema = &genai.Schema{
		Type: genai.TypeArray,
		Items: &genai.Schema{
			Type: genai.TypeObject,
			Properties: map[string]*genai.Schema{
				"recipe_name": {
					Type: genai.TypeString,
				},
			},
			Required: []string{
				"recipe_name",
			},
		},
	}

	prompt := "List a few popular cookie recipes"

	res, err := model.GenerateContent(ctx, genai.Text(prompt))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to generate contents: %v", err)
	}

	if len(res.Candidates) == 0 ||
		len(res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts) == 0 {
		return errors.New("empty response from model")
	}

	fmt.Fprint(w, res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0])
	return nil
}

REST

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

  • GENERATE_RESPONSE_METHOD: The type of response that you want the model to generate. Choose a method that generates how you want the model's response to be returned:
    • streamGenerateContent: The response is streamed as it's being generated to reduce the perception of latency to a human audience.
    • generateContent: The response is returned after it's fully generated.
  • LOCATION: The region to process the request.
  • PROJECT_ID: Your project ID.
  • MODEL_ID: The model ID of the multimodal model that you want to use. The options are:
    • gemini-1.5-flash
    • gemini-1.5-pro
  • ROLE: The role in a conversation associated with the content. Specifying a role is required even in singleturn use cases. Acceptable values include the following:
    • USER: Specifies content that's sent by you.
  • TEXT: The text instructions to include in the prompt.
  • RESPONSE_MIME_TYPE: The format type of the generated candidate text. For a list of supported values, see the responseMimeType parameter in the Gemini API.
  • RESPONSE_SCHEMA: Schema for the model to follow when generating responses. For more information, see the Schema reference.

HTTP method and URL: 

POST https://LOCATION-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/locations/LOCATION/publishers/google/models/MODEL_ID:GENERATE_RESPONSE_METHOD

Request JSON body: 

{
  "contents": {
    "role": "ROLE",
    "parts": {
      "text": "TEXT"
    }
  },
  "generation_config": {
    "responseMimeType": "RESPONSE_MIME_TYPE",
    "responseSchema": RESPONSE_SCHEMA,
  }
}

To send your request, choose one of these options:

curl

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command: 

curl -X POST \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://LOCATION-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/locations/LOCATION/publishers/google/models/MODEL_ID:GENERATE_RESPONSE_METHOD"

PowerShell

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command: 

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `
    -Method POST `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://LOCATION-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/locations/LOCATION/publishers/google/models/MODEL_ID:GENERATE_RESPONSE_METHOD" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following.

Example curl command

LOCATION="us-central1"
MODEL_ID="gemini-1.5-pro"
PROJECT_ID="test-project"
GENERATE_RESPONSE_METHOD="generateContent"

cat << EOF > request.json
{
  "contents": {
    "role": "user",
    "parts": {
      "text": "List a few popular cookie recipes."
    }
  },
  "generation_config": {
    "maxOutputTokens": 2048,
    "responseMimeType": "application/json",
    "responseSchema": {
      "type": "array",
      "items": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
          "recipe_name": {
            "type": "string",
          },
        },
        "required": ["recipe_name"],
      },
    }
  }
}
EOF

curl \
-X POST \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
https://${LOCATION}-aiplatform.googleapis.com/v1/projects/${PROJECT_ID}/locations/${LOCATION}/publishers/google/models/${MODEL_ID}:${GENERATE_RESPONSE_METHOD} -d \
-d `@request.json`

Example schemas for JSON output

The following sections demonstrate a variety of sample prompts and response schemas. A sample model response is also included after each code sample.

Summarize review ratings

The following example outputs an array of objects, where each object has two properties: the rating and the name of an ice cream flavor.

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import vertexai

from vertexai.generative_models import GenerationConfig, GenerativeModel

# TODO(developer): Update and un-comment below line
# PROJECT_ID = "your-project-id"
vertexai.init(project=PROJECT_ID, location="us-central1")

response_schema = {
    "type": "ARRAY",
    "items": {
        "type": "ARRAY",
        "items": {
            "type": "OBJECT",
            "properties": {
                "rating": {"type": "INTEGER"},
                "flavor": {"type": "STRING"},
            },
        },
    },
}

prompt = """
    Reviews from our social media:
    - "Absolutely loved it! Best ice cream I've ever had." Rating: 4, Flavor: Strawberry Cheesecake
    - "Quite good, but a bit too sweet for my taste." Rating: 1, Flavor: Mango Tango
"""

model = GenerativeModel("gemini-1.5-pro-002")

response = model.generate_content(
    prompt,
    generation_config=GenerationConfig(
        response_mime_type="application/json", response_schema=response_schema
    ),
)

print(response.text)
# Example response:
# [
#     [
#         {"flavor": "Strawberry Cheesecake", "rating": 4},
#         {"flavor": "Mango Tango", "rating": 1},
#     ]
# ]

Example model response

candidates {
  content {
    role: "model"
    parts {
      text: "[\n    [\n        {\n            \"rating\": 4\n        },\n        {\n            \"flavor\": \"Strawberry Cheesecake\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"rating\": 1\n        },\n        {\n            \"flavor\": \"Mango Tango\"\n        }\n    ]\n] "
    }
  }
  finish_reason: STOP
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.1139734759926796
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.10070161521434784
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_DANGEROUS_CONTENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.13695430755615234
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.12241825461387634
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.11676400154829025
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.05310790613293648
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.10521054267883301
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.08299414813518524
  }
}
usage_metadata {
  prompt_token_count: 61
  candidates_token_count: 66
  total_token_count: 127
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/vertexai/genai"
)

// controlledGenerationResponseSchema2 shows how to make sure the generated output
// will always be valid JSON and adhere to a specific schema.
func controlledGenerationResponseSchema2(w io.Writer, projectID, location, modelName string) error {
	// location := "us-central1"
	// modelName := "gemini-1.5-pro-001"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := genai.NewClient(ctx, projectID, location)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	model := client.GenerativeModel(modelName)

	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseMIMEType = "application/json"

	// Build an OpenAPI schema, in memory
	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseSchema = &genai.Schema{
		Type: genai.TypeArray,
		Items: &genai.Schema{
			Type: genai.TypeArray,
			Items: &genai.Schema{
				Type: genai.TypeObject,
				Properties: map[string]*genai.Schema{
					"rating": {
						Type: genai.TypeInteger,
					},
					"flavor": {
						Type: genai.TypeString,
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}

	prompt := `
		Reviews from our social media:

		- "Absolutely loved it! Best ice cream I've ever had." Rating: 4, Flavor: Strawberry Cheesecake
		- "Quite good, but a bit too sweet for my taste." Rating: 1, Flavor: Mango Tango
	`

	res, err := model.GenerateContent(ctx, genai.Text(prompt))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to generate contents: %v", err)
	}

	if len(res.Candidates) == 0 ||
		len(res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts) == 0 {
		return errors.New("empty response from model")
	}

	fmt.Fprint(w, res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0])
	return nil
}

Forecast the weather for each day of the week

The following example outputs a forecast object for each day of the week that includes an array of properties such as the expected temperate and humidity level for the day. Some properties are set to nullable so the model can return a null value when it doesn't have enough context to generate a meaningful response. This strategy helps reduce hallucinations.

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import vertexai

from vertexai.generative_models import GenerationConfig, GenerativeModel

# TODO(developer): Update and un-comment below line
# PROJECT_ID = "your-project-id"

vertexai.init(project=PROJECT_ID, location="us-central1")

response_schema = {
    "type": "OBJECT",
    "properties": {
        "forecast": {
            "type": "ARRAY",
            "items": {
                "type": "OBJECT",
                "properties": {
                    "Day": {"type": "STRING", "nullable": True},
                    "Forecast": {"type": "STRING", "nullable": True},
                    "Temperature": {"type": "INTEGER", "nullable": True},
                    "Humidity": {"type": "STRING", "nullable": True},
                    "Wind Speed": {"type": "INTEGER", "nullable": True},
                },
                "required": ["Day", "Temperature", "Forecast", "Wind Speed"],
            },
        }
    },
}

prompt = """
    The week ahead brings a mix of weather conditions.
    Sunday is expected to be sunny with a temperature of 77°F and a humidity level of 50%. Winds will be light at around 10 km/h.
    Monday will see partly cloudy skies with a slightly cooler temperature of 72°F and the winds will pick up slightly to around 15 km/h.
    Tuesday brings rain showers, with temperatures dropping to 64°F and humidity rising to 70%.
    Wednesday may see thunderstorms, with a temperature of 68°F.
    Thursday will be cloudy with a temperature of 66°F and moderate humidity at 60%.
    Friday returns to partly cloudy conditions, with a temperature of 73°F and the Winds will be light at 12 km/h.
    Finally, Saturday rounds off the week with sunny skies, a temperature of 80°F, and a humidity level of 40%. Winds will be gentle at 8 km/h.
"""

model = GenerativeModel("gemini-1.5-pro-002")

response = model.generate_content(
    prompt,
    generation_config=GenerationConfig(
        response_mime_type="application/json", response_schema=response_schema
    ),
)

print(response.text)
# Example response:
#  {"forecast": [{"Day": "Sunday", "Forecast": "Sunny", "Temperature": 77, "Humidity": "50%", "Wind Speed": 10},
#     {"Day": "Monday", "Forecast": "Partly Cloudy", "Temperature": 72, "Wind Speed": 15},
#     {"Day": "Tuesday", "Forecast": "Rain Showers", "Temperature": 64, "Humidity": "70%"},
#     {"Day": "Wednesday", "Forecast": "Thunderstorms", "Temperature": 68},
#     {"Day": "Thursday", "Forecast": "Cloudy", "Temperature": 66, "Humidity": "60%"},
#     {"Day": "Friday", "Forecast": "Partly Cloudy", "Temperature": 73, "Wind Speed": 12},
#     {"Day": "Saturday", "Forecast": "Sunny", "Temperature": 80, "Humidity": "40%", "Wind Speed": 8}]}

Example model response

candidates {
  content {
    role: "model"
    parts {
      text: "{\"forecast\": [{\"Day\": \"Sunday\", \"Forecast\": \"sunny\", \"Humidity\": \"50%\", \"Temperature\": 77, \"Wind Speed\": 10}, {\"Day\": \"Monday\", \"Forecast\": \"partly cloudy\", \"Humidity\": null, \"Temperature\": 72, \"Wind Speed\": 15}, {\"Day\": \"Tuesday\", \"Forecast\": \"rain showers\", \"Humidity\": \"70%\", \"Temperature\": 64, \"Wind Speed\": null}, {\"Day\": \"Wednesday\", \"Forecast\": \"thunderstorms\", \"Humidity\": null, \"Temperature\": 68, \"Wind Speed\": null}, {\"Day\": \"Thursday\", \"Forecast\": \"cloudy\", \"Humidity\": \"60%\", \"Temperature\": 66, \"Wind Speed\": null}, {\"Day\": \"Friday\", \"Forecast\": \"partly cloudy\", \"Humidity\": null, \"Temperature\": 73, \"Wind Speed\": 12}, {\"Day\": \"Saturday\", \"Forecast\": \"sunny\", \"Humidity\": \"40%\", \"Temperature\": 80, \"Wind Speed\": 8}]}"
    }
  }
  finish_reason: STOP
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.1037486344575882
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.09670579433441162
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_DANGEROUS_CONTENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.18126320838928223
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.10052486509084702
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.15960998833179474
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.09518112242221832
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.1388116478919983
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.10539454221725464
  }
}
usage_metadata {
  prompt_token_count: 280
  candidates_token_count: 249
  total_token_count: 529
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/vertexai/genai"
)

// controlledGenerationResponseSchema3 shows how to make sure the generated output
// will always be valid JSON and adhere to a specific schema.
func controlledGenerationResponseSchema3(w io.Writer, projectID, location, modelName string) error {
	// location := "us-central1"
	// modelName := "gemini-1.5-pro-001"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := genai.NewClient(ctx, projectID, location)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	model := client.GenerativeModel(modelName)

	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseMIMEType = "application/json"

	// Build an OpenAPI schema, in memory
	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseSchema = &genai.Schema{
		Type: genai.TypeObject,
		Properties: map[string]*genai.Schema{
			"forecast": {
				Type: genai.TypeArray,
				Items: &genai.Schema{
					Type: genai.TypeObject,
					Properties: map[string]*genai.Schema{
						"Day": {
							Type: genai.TypeString,
						},
						"Forecast": {
							Type: genai.TypeString,
						},
						"Humidity": {
							Type: genai.TypeString,
						},
						"Temperature": {
							Type: genai.TypeInteger,
						},
						"Wind Speed": {
							Type: genai.TypeInteger,
						},
					},
					Required: []string{"Day", "Temperature", "Forecast"},
				},
			},
		},
	}

	prompt := `
		The week ahead brings a mix of weather conditions.
		Sunday is expected to be sunny with a temperature of 77°F and a humidity level of 50%. Winds will be light at around 10 km/h.
		Monday will see partly cloudy skies with a slightly cooler temperature of 72°F and humidity increasing to 55%. Winds will pick up slightly to around 15 km/h.
		Tuesday brings rain showers, with temperatures dropping to 64°F and humidity rising to 70%. Expect stronger winds at 20 km/h.
		Wednesday may see thunderstorms, with a temperature of 68°F and high humidity of 75%. Winds will be gusty at 25 km/h.
		Thursday will be cloudy with a temperature of 66°F and moderate humidity at 60%. Winds will ease slightly to 18 km/h.
		Friday returns to partly cloudy conditions, with a temperature of 73°F and lower humidity at 45%. Winds will be light at 12 km/h.
		Finally, Saturday rounds off the week with sunny skies, a temperature of 80°F, and a humidity level of 40%. Winds will be gentle at 8 km/h.
	`

	res, err := model.GenerateContent(ctx, genai.Text(prompt))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to generate contents: %v", err)
	}

	if len(res.Candidates) == 0 ||
		len(res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts) == 0 {
		return errors.New("empty response from model")
	}

	fmt.Fprint(w, res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0])
	return nil
}

Classify a product

The following example includes enums where the model must classify an object's type and condition from a list of given values.

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import vertexai

from vertexai.generative_models import GenerationConfig, GenerativeModel

# TODO(developer): Update and un-comment below line
# PROJECT_ID = "your-project-id"
vertexai.init(project=PROJECT_ID, location="us-central1")

response_schema = {
    "type": "ARRAY",
    "items": {
        "type": "OBJECT",
        "properties": {
            "to_discard": {"type": "INTEGER"},
            "subcategory": {"type": "STRING"},
            "safe_handling": {"type": "INTEGER"},
            "item_category": {
                "type": "STRING",
                "enum": [
                    "clothing",
                    "winter apparel",
                    "specialized apparel",
                    "furniture",
                    "decor",
                    "tableware",
                    "cookware",
                    "toys",
                ],
            },
            "for_resale": {"type": "INTEGER"},
            "condition": {
                "type": "STRING",
                "enum": [
                    "new in package",
                    "like new",
                    "gently used",
                    "used",
                    "damaged",
                    "soiled",
                ],
            },
        },
    },
}

prompt = """
    Item description:
    The item is a long winter coat that has many tears all around the seams and is falling apart.
    It has large questionable stains on it.
"""

model = GenerativeModel("gemini-1.5-pro-002")

response = model.generate_content(
    prompt,
    generation_config=GenerationConfig(
        response_mime_type="application/json", response_schema=response_schema
    ),
)

print(response.text)
# Example response:
# [
#     {
#         "condition": "damaged",
#         "item_category": "clothing",
#         "subcategory": "winter apparel",
#         "to_discard": 123,
#     }
# ]

Example model response

candidates {
  content {
    role: "model"
    parts {
      text: " [{\n    \"item_category\": \"winter apparel\",\n    \"subcategory\": \"coat\",\n    \"to_discard\":  1\n  }] "
    }
  }
  finish_reason: STOP
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.08945459872484207
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.13753245770931244
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_DANGEROUS_CONTENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.19208428263664246
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_LOW
    severity_score: 0.23810701072216034
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.07585817575454712
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.04336579889059067
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.12667709589004517
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.07396338135004044
  }
}
usage_metadata {
  prompt_token_count: 38
  candidates_token_count: 33
  total_token_count: 71
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/vertexai/genai"
)

// controlledGenerationResponseSchema4 shows how to make sure the generated output
// will always be valid JSON and adhere to a specific schema.
func controlledGenerationResponseSchema4(w io.Writer, projectID, location, modelName string) error {
	// location := "us-central1"
	// modelName := "gemini-1.5-pro-001"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := genai.NewClient(ctx, projectID, location)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	model := client.GenerativeModel(modelName)

	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseMIMEType = "application/json"

	// Build an OpenAPI schema, in memory
	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseSchema = &genai.Schema{
		Type: genai.TypeArray,
		Items: &genai.Schema{
			Type: genai.TypeObject,
			Properties: map[string]*genai.Schema{
				"to_discard":    {Type: genai.TypeInteger},
				"subcategory":   {Type: genai.TypeString},
				"safe_handling": {Type: genai.TypeString},
				"item_category": {
					Type: genai.TypeString,
					Enum: []string{
						"clothing",
						"winter apparel",
						"specialized apparel",
						"furniture",
						"decor",
						"tableware",
						"cookware",
						"toys",
					},
				},
				"for_resale": {Type: genai.TypeInteger},
				"condition": {
					Type: genai.TypeString,
					Enum: []string{
						"new in package",
						"like new",
						"gently used",
						"used",
						"damaged",
						"soiled",
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}

	prompt := `
		Item description:
		The item is a long winter coat that has many tears all around the seams and is falling apart.
		It has large questionable stains on it.
	`

	res, err := model.GenerateContent(ctx, genai.Text(prompt))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to generate contents: %v", err)
	}

	if len(res.Candidates) == 0 ||
		len(res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts) == 0 {
		return errors.New("empty response from model")
	}

	fmt.Fprint(w, res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0])
	return nil
}

Identify objects in images

The following example identifies objects from two images that are stored on Cloud Storage.

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import vertexai

from vertexai.generative_models import GenerationConfig, GenerativeModel, Part

# TODO(developer): Update and un-comment below line
# PROJECT_ID = "your-project-id"
vertexai.init(project=PROJECT_ID, location="us-central1")

response_schema = {
    "type": "ARRAY",
    "items": {
        "type": "ARRAY",
        "items": {
            "type": "OBJECT",
            "properties": {
                "object": {"type": "STRING"},
            },
        },
    },
}

model = GenerativeModel("gemini-1.5-pro-002")

response = model.generate_content(
    [
        # Text prompt
        "Generate a list of objects in the images.",
        # Http Image
        Part.from_uri(
            "https://storage.googleapis.com/cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/image/office-desk.jpeg",
            "image/jpeg",
        ),
        # Cloud storage object
        Part.from_uri(
            "gs://cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/image/gardening-tools.jpeg",
            "image/jpeg",
        ),
    ],
    generation_config=GenerationConfig(
        response_mime_type="application/json", response_schema=response_schema
    ),
)

print(response.text)
# Example response:
# [
#     [
#         {"object": "globe"}, {"object": "tablet"}, {"object": "toy car"},
#         {"object": "airplane"}, {"object": "keyboard"}, {"object": "mouse"},
#         {"object": "passport"}, {"object": "sunglasses"}, {"object": "money"},
#         {"object": "notebook"}, {"object": "pen"}, {"object": "coffee cup"},
#     ],
#     [
#         {"object": "watering can"}, {"object": "plant"}, {"object": "flower pot"},
#         {"object": "gloves"}, {"object": "garden tool"},
#     ],
# ]

Example model response

candidates {
  content {
    role: "model"
    parts {
      text: "[\n    [\n        {\n            \"object\": \"globe model\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"tablet computer\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"shopping cart\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"Eiffel Tower model\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"airplane model\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"coffee cup\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"computer keyboard\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"computer mouse\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"passport\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"sunglasses\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"US Dollar bills\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"notepad\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"pen\"\n        }\n    ],\n    [\n        {\n            \"object\": \"watering can\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"oregano\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"flower pot\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"flower pot\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"gardening gloves\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"hand rake\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"hand trowel\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"object\": \"grass\"\n        }\n    ]\n] "
    }
  }
  finish_reason: STOP
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.1872812658548355
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.16357900202274323
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_DANGEROUS_CONTENT
    probability: LOW
    probability_score: 0.37920594215393066
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_LOW
    severity_score: 0.29320207238197327
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.14175598323345184
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.12074951827526093
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.12241825461387634
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.0955180674791336
  }
}
usage_metadata {
  prompt_token_count: 525
  candidates_token_count: 333
  total_token_count: 858
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/vertexai/genai"
)

// controlledGenerationResponseSchema6 shows how to make sure the generated output
// will always be valid JSON and adhere to a specific schema.
func controlledGenerationResponseSchema6(w io.Writer, projectID, location, modelName string) error {
	// location := "us-central1"
	// modelName := "gemini-1.5-pro-001"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := genai.NewClient(ctx, projectID, location)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	model := client.GenerativeModel(modelName)

	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseMIMEType = "application/json"

	// Build an OpenAPI schema, in memory
	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseSchema = &genai.Schema{
		Type: genai.TypeArray,
		Items: &genai.Schema{
			Type: genai.TypeArray,
			Items: &genai.Schema{
				Type: genai.TypeObject,
				Properties: map[string]*genai.Schema{
					"object": {
						Type: genai.TypeString,
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}

	// These images in Cloud Storage are viewable at
	// https://storage.googleapis.com/cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/image/office-desk.jpeg
	// https://storage.googleapis.com/cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/image/gardening-tools.jpeg

	img1 := genai.FileData{
		MIMEType: "image/jpeg",
		FileURI:  "gs://cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/image/office-desk.jpeg",
	}

	img2 := genai.FileData{
		MIMEType: "image/jpeg",
		FileURI:  "gs://cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/image/gardening-tools.jpeg",
	}

	prompt := "Generate a list of objects in the images."

	res, err := model.GenerateContent(ctx, img1, img2, genai.Text(prompt))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to generate contents: %v", err)
	}

	if len(res.Candidates) == 0 ||
		len(res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts) == 0 {
		return errors.New("empty response from model")
	}

	fmt.Fprint(w, res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0])
	return nil
}

Example schema for enum output

The following example identifies the genre of a movie based on its description. The output is one plain-text enum value that the model selects from a list values that are defined in the response schema.

Python

Before trying this sample, follow the Python setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Python API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import vertexai

from vertexai.generative_models import GenerationConfig, GenerativeModel

# TODO(developer): Update and un-comment below line
# PROJECT_ID = "your-project-id"

vertexai.init(project=PROJECT_ID, location="us-central1")

model = GenerativeModel("gemini-1.5-pro")

response_schema = {"type": "STRING", "enum": ["drama", "comedy", "documentary"]}

prompt = (
    "The film aims to educate and inform viewers about real-life subjects, events, or people."
    "It offers a factual record of a particular topic by combining interviews, historical footage, "
    "and narration. The primary purpose of a film is to present information and provide insights "
    "into various aspects of reality."
)

response = model.generate_content(
    prompt,
    generation_config=GenerationConfig(
        response_mime_type="text/x.enum", response_schema=response_schema
    ),
)

print(response.text)
# Example response:
#     'documentary'

Example model response

candidates {
  content {
    role: "model"
    parts {
      text: "documentary"
    }
  }
  finish_reason: STOP
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.051025390625
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.08056640625
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_DANGEROUS_CONTENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.1416015625
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.068359375
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.11572265625
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.0439453125
  }
  safety_ratings {
    category: HARM_CATEGORY_SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT
    probability: NEGLIGIBLE
    probability_score: 0.099609375
    severity: HARM_SEVERITY_NEGLIGIBLE
    severity_score: 0.146484375
  }
  avg_logprobs: -8.783838711678982e-05
}
usage_metadata {
  prompt_token_count: 33
  candidates_token_count: 2
  total_token_count: 35
}

Go

Before trying this sample, follow the Go setup instructions in the Vertex AI quickstart using client libraries. For more information, see the Vertex AI Go API reference documentation.

To authenticate to Vertex AI, set up Application Default Credentials. For more information, see Set up authentication for a local development environment. 

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/vertexai/genai"
)

// controlledGenerationResponseSchemaEnum demonstrates how to constrain model responses
// to a predefined set of enum values for genre classification.
func controlledGenerationResponseSchemaEnum(w io.Writer, projectID, location, modelName string) error {
	// location = "us-central1"
	// modelName = "gemini-1.5-pro-001"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := genai.NewClient(ctx, projectID, location)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create GenAI client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	model := client.GenerativeModel(modelName)

	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseMIMEType = "text/x.enum"
	model.GenerationConfig.ResponseSchema = &genai.Schema{
		Type: genai.TypeString,
		Enum: []string{"drama", "comedy", "documentary"},
	}

	prompt := `
The film aims to educate and inform viewers about real-life subjects, events, or people.
It offers a factual record of a particular topic by combining interviews, historical footage,
and narration. The primary purpose of a film is to present information and provide insights
into various aspects of reality.
`

	res, err := model.GenerateContent(ctx, genai.Text(prompt))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate content: %w", err)
	}

	if len(res.Candidates) == 0 || len(res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts) == 0 {
		return errors.New("got empty response from model")
	}

	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Candidate label: %q", res.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0])
	// Example response:
	// Candidate label: "documentary"

	return nil
}