スキーマを使用してトピックからメッセージを解析する

トピックでは、スキーマを使用して、メッセージが準拠すべき形式を定義できます。 スキーマを使用してトピックに登録するとき、サブスクライバーに送信されるメッセージが有効なメッセージとなることが保証されます。これらのメッセージは、トピックに関連付けられたスキーマ設定で指定されている型とエンコードに準拠しています。

サブスクライバーは、次の属性を調べることで、トピックに関連付けられたスキーマ設定を特定できます。

• googclient_schemaname: 検証に使用されるスキーマの名前。 スキーマが削除された場合、名前は _deleted-schema_ です。

• googclient_schemaencoding: メッセージのエンコード（JSON またはバイナリ）。

• googclient_schemarevisionid: メッセージの解析と検証に使用されるスキーマのリビジョン ID。各リビジョンには一意のリビジョン ID が関連付けられています。リビジョン ID は、自動生成された 8 文字の UUID です。リビジョンが削除されている場合、ID は _deleted-schema-revision_ です。

スキーマの詳細については、スキーマの概要をご覧ください。

スキーマに関連付けられているトピックをサブスクライブするためのコードサンプル

以下のサンプルは、スキーマを使用して構成したトピックをサブスクライブする際にメッセージを処理する方法を示しています。

C++

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の C++ の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub C++ API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

namespace pubsub = ::google::cloud::pubsub;
using ::google::cloud::future;
using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;
return [](pubsub::Subscriber subscriber) {
  auto session = subscriber.Subscribe(
      [](pubsub::Message const& m, pubsub::AckHandler h) {
        std::cout << "Message contents: " << m.data() << "\n";
        std::move(h).ack();
      });
  return session;
}

.proto

namespace pubsub = ::google::cloud::pubsub;
using ::google::cloud::future;
using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;
return [](pubsub::Subscriber subscriber) {
  auto session = subscriber.Subscribe(
      [](pubsub::Message const& m, pubsub::AckHandler h) {
        google::cloud::pubsub::samples::State state;
        state.ParseFromString(std::string{m.data()});
        std::cout << "Message contents: " << state.DebugString() << "\n";
        std::move(h).ack();
      });
  return session;
}

C#

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の C# の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub C# API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

using Avro.IO;
using Avro.Specific;
using Google.Api.Gax;
using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PullAvroMessagesAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> PullAvroMessagesAsync(string projectId, string subscriptionId, bool acknowledge)
    {
        SubscriptionName subscriptionName = SubscriptionName.FromProjectSubscription(projectId, subscriptionId);
        int messageCount = 0;
        SubscriberClient subscriber = await new SubscriberClientBuilder
        {
            SubscriptionName = subscriptionName,
            Settings = new SubscriberClient.Settings
            {
                AckExtensionWindow = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(4),
                AckDeadline = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10),
                FlowControlSettings = new FlowControlSettings(maxOutstandingElementCount: 100, maxOutstandingByteCount: 10240)
            }
        }.BuildAsync();
        // SubscriberClient runs your message handle function on multiple
        // threads to maximize throughput.
        Task startTask = subscriber.StartAsync((PubsubMessage message, CancellationToken cancel) =>
        {
            string encoding = message.Attributes["googclient_schemaencoding"];
            AvroUtilities.State state = new AvroUtilities.State();
            switch (encoding)
            {
                case "BINARY":
                    using (var ms = new MemoryStream(message.Data.ToByteArray()))
                    {
                        var decoder = new BinaryDecoder(ms);
                        var reader = new SpecificDefaultReader(state.Schema, state.Schema);
                        reader.Read<AvroUtilities.State>(state, decoder);
                    }
                    break;
                case "JSON":
                    state = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<AvroUtilities.State>(message.Data.ToStringUtf8());
                    break;
                default:
                    Console.WriteLine($"Encoding not provided in message.");
                    break;
            }
            Console.WriteLine($"Message {message.MessageId}: {state}");
            Interlocked.Increment(ref messageCount);
            return Task.FromResult(acknowledge ? SubscriberClient.Reply.Ack : SubscriberClient.Reply.Nack);
        });
        // Run for 5 seconds.
        await Task.Delay(5000);
        await subscriber.StopAsync(CancellationToken.None);
        // Lets make sure that the start task finished successfully after the call to stop.
        await startTask;
        return messageCount;
    }
}

.proto

using Google.Api.Gax;
using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PullProtoMessagesAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> PullProtoMessagesAsync(string projectId, string subscriptionId, bool acknowledge)
    {
        SubscriptionName subscriptionName = SubscriptionName.FromProjectSubscription(projectId, subscriptionId);
        int messageCount = 0;
        SubscriberClient subscriber = await new SubscriberClientBuilder
        {
            SubscriptionName = subscriptionName,
            Settings = new SubscriberClient.Settings
            {
                AckExtensionWindow = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(4),
                AckDeadline = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10),
                FlowControlSettings = new FlowControlSettings(maxOutstandingElementCount: 100, maxOutstandingByteCount: 10240)
            }
        }.BuildAsync();
        // SubscriberClient runs your message handle function on multiple
        // threads to maximize throughput.
        Task startTask = subscriber.StartAsync((PubsubMessage message, CancellationToken cancel) =>
        {
            string encoding = message.Attributes["googclient_schemaencoding"];
            Utilities.State state = null;
            switch (encoding)
            {
                case "BINARY":
                    state = Utilities.State.Parser.ParseFrom(message.Data.ToByteArray());
                    break;
                case "JSON":
                    state = Utilities.State.Parser.ParseJson(message.Data.ToStringUtf8());
                    break;
                default:
                    Console.WriteLine($"Encoding not provided in message.");
                    break;
            }
            Console.WriteLine($"Message {message.MessageId}: {state}");
            Interlocked.Increment(ref messageCount);
            return Task.FromResult(acknowledge ? SubscriberClient.Reply.Ack : SubscriberClient.Reply.Nack);
        });
        // Run for 5 seconds.
        await Task.Delay(5000);
        await subscriber.StopAsync(CancellationToken.None);
        // Lets make sure that the start task finished successfully after the call to stop.
        await startTask;
        return messageCount;
    }
}

Go

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Go の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Go API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
	"github.com/linkedin/goavro/v2"
)

func subscribeWithAvroSchema(w io.Writer, projectID, subID, avscFile string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicID := "my-topic"
	// avscFile = "path/to/an/avro/schema/file(.avsc)/formatted/in/json"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %w", err)
	}

	avroSchema, err := os.ReadFile(avscFile)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("os.ReadFile err: %w", err)
	}
	codec, err := goavro.NewCodec(string(avroSchema))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("goavro.NewCodec err: %w", err)
	}

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)
	ctx2, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	var mu sync.Mutex
	sub.Receive(ctx2, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		mu.Lock()
		defer mu.Unlock()
		encoding := msg.Attributes["googclient_schemaencoding"]

		var state map[string]interface{}
		if encoding == "BINARY" {
			data, _, err := codec.NativeFromBinary(msg.Data)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "codec.NativeFromBinary err: %v\n", err)
				msg.Nack()
				return
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Received a binary-encoded message:\n%#v\n", data)
			state = data.(map[string]interface{})
		} else if encoding == "JSON" {
			data, _, err := codec.NativeFromTextual(msg.Data)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "codec.NativeFromTextual err: %v\n", err)
				msg.Nack()
				return
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Received a JSON-encoded message:\n%#v\n", data)
			state = data.(map[string]interface{})
		} else {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Unknown message type(%s), nacking\n", encoding)
			msg.Nack()
			return
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s is abbreviated as %s\n", state["name"], state["post_abbr"])
		msg.Ack()
	})
	return nil
}

.proto

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
	statepb "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples/internal/pubsub/schemas"
	"google.golang.org/protobuf/encoding/protojson"
	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
)

func subscribeWithProtoSchema(w io.Writer, projectID, subID, protoFile string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// subID := "my-sub"
	// protoFile = "path/to/a/proto/schema/file(.proto)/formatted/in/protocol/buffers"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %w", err)
	}

	// Create an instance of the message to be decoded (a single U.S. state).
	state := &statepb.State{}

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)
	ctx2, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	var mu sync.Mutex
	sub.Receive(ctx2, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		mu.Lock()
		defer mu.Unlock()
		encoding := msg.Attributes["googclient_schemaencoding"]

		if encoding == "BINARY" {
			if err := proto.Unmarshal(msg.Data, state); err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "proto.Unmarshal err: %v\n", err)
				msg.Nack()
				return
			}
			fmt.Printf("Received a binary-encoded message:\n%#v\n", state)
		} else if encoding == "JSON" {
			if err := protojson.Unmarshal(msg.Data, state); err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "proto.Unmarshal err: %v\n", err)
				msg.Nack()
				return
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Received a JSON-encoded message:\n%#v\n", state)
		} else {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Unknown message type(%s), nacking\n", encoding)
			msg.Nack()
			return
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s is abbreviated as %s\n", state.Name, state.PostAbbr)
		msg.Ack()
	})
	return nil
}

Java

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Go の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Go API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import org.apache.avro.io.Decoder;
import org.apache.avro.io.DecoderFactory;
import org.apache.avro.specific.SpecificDatumReader;
import utilities.State;

public class SubscribeWithAvroSchemaExample {

  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    // Use an existing subscription.
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeWithAvroSchemaExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  public static void subscribeWithAvroSchemaExample(String projectId, String subscriptionId) {

    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    // Prepare a reader for the encoded Avro records.
    SpecificDatumReader<State> reader = new SpecificDatumReader<>(State.getClassSchema());

    // Instantiate an asynchronous message receiver.
    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          ByteString data = message.getData();

          // Get the schema encoding type.
          String encoding = message.getAttributesMap().get("googclient_schemaencoding");

          // Send the message data to a byte[] input stream.
          InputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(data.toByteArray());

          Decoder decoder = null;

          // Prepare an appropriate decoder for the message data in the input stream
          // based on the schema encoding type.
          block:
          try {
            switch (encoding) {
              case "BINARY":
                decoder = DecoderFactory.get().directBinaryDecoder(inputStream, /*reuse=*/ null);
                System.out.println("Receiving a binary-encoded message:");
                break;
              case "JSON":
                decoder = DecoderFactory.get().jsonDecoder(State.getClassSchema(), inputStream);
                System.out.println("Receiving a JSON-encoded message:");
                break;
              default:
                break block;
            }

            // Obtain an object of the generated Avro class using the decoder.
            State state = reader.read(null, decoder);
            System.out.println(state.getName() + " is abbreviated as " + state.getPostAbbr());

          } catch (IOException e) {
            System.err.println(e);
          }

          // Ack the message.
          consumer.ack();
        };

    Subscriber subscriber = null;
    try {
      subscriber = Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver).build();
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName.toString());
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

プロトコル バッファ

import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException;
import com.google.protobuf.util.JsonFormat;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import utilities.StateProto.State;

public class SubscribeWithProtoSchemaExample {

  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    // Use an existing subscription.
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeWithProtoSchemaExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  public static void subscribeWithProtoSchemaExample(String projectId, String subscriptionId) {

    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          ByteString data = message.getData();

          // Get the schema encoding type.
          String encoding = message.getAttributesMap().get("googclient_schemaencoding");

          block:
          try {
            switch (encoding) {
              case "BINARY":
                // Obtain an object of the generated proto class.
                State state = State.parseFrom(data);
                System.out.println("Received a BINARY-formatted message: " + state);
                break;

              case "JSON":
                State.Builder stateBuilder = State.newBuilder();
                JsonFormat.parser().merge(data.toStringUtf8(), stateBuilder);
                System.out.println("Received a JSON-formatted message:" + stateBuilder.build());
                break;

              default:
                break block;
            }
          } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
          }

          consumer.ack();
          System.out.println("Ack'ed the message");
        };

    // Create subscriber client.
    Subscriber subscriber = Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver).build();

    try {
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName);
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

Node.js

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Node.js の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Node.js API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionNameOrId = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME_OR_ID';
// const timeout = 60;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub, Schema, Encodings} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Node FS library, to load definitions
const fs = require('fs');

// And the Apache Avro library
const avro = require('avro-js');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

function listenForAvroRecords(subscriptionNameOrId, timeout) {
  // References an existing subscription
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionNameOrId);

  // Make an encoder using the official avro-js library.
  const definition = fs
    .readFileSync('system-test/fixtures/provinces.avsc')
    .toString();
  const type = avro.parse(definition);

  // Create an event handler to handle messages
  let messageCount = 0;
  const messageHandler = async message => {
    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();

    // Get the schema metadata from the message.
    const schemaMetadata = Schema.metadataFromMessage(message.attributes);

    let result;
    switch (schemaMetadata.encoding) {
      case Encodings.Binary:
        result = type.fromBuffer(message.data);
        break;
      case Encodings.Json:
        result = type.fromString(message.data.toString());
        break;
      default:
        console.log(`Unknown schema encoding: ${schemaMetadata.encoding}`);
        break;
    }

    console.log(`Received message ${message.id}:`);
    console.log(`\tData: ${JSON.stringify(result, null, 4)}`);
    console.log(`\tAttributes: ${message.attributes}`);
    messageCount += 1;
  };

  // Listen for new messages until timeout is hit
  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);

  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.removeListener('message', messageHandler);
    console.log(`${messageCount} message(s) received.`);
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

プロトコル バッファ

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionNameOrId = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME_OR_ID';
// const timeout = 60;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub, Schema, Encodings} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// And the protobufjs library
const protobuf = require('protobufjs');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function listenForProtobufMessages(subscriptionNameOrId, timeout) {
  // References an existing subscription
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionNameOrId);

  // Make an decoder using the protobufjs library.
  //
  // Since we're providing the test message for a specific schema here, we'll
  // also code in the path to a sample proto definition.
  const root = protobuf.loadSync('system-test/fixtures/provinces.proto');
  const Province = root.lookupType('utilities.Province');

  // Create an event handler to handle messages
  let messageCount = 0;
  const messageHandler = async message => {
    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();

    // Get the schema metadata from the message.
    const schemaMetadata = Schema.metadataFromMessage(message.attributes);

    let result;
    switch (schemaMetadata.encoding) {
      case Encodings.Binary:
        result = Province.decode(message.data);
        break;
      case Encodings.Json:
        // This doesn't require decoding with the protobuf library,
        // since it's plain JSON. But you can still validate it against
        // your schema.
        result = JSON.parse(message.data.toString());
        console.log(`Validation of JSON: ${Province.verify(result)}`);
        break;
      default:
        console.log(`Unknown schema encoding: ${schemaMetadata.encoding}`);
        break;
    }

    console.log(`Received message ${message.id}:`);
    console.log(`\tData: ${JSON.stringify(result, null, 4)}`);
    console.log(`\tAttributes: ${JSON.stringify(message.attributes, null, 4)}`);
    messageCount += 1;
  };

  // Listen for new messages until timeout is hit
  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);

  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.removeListener('message', messageHandler);
    console.log(`${messageCount} message(s) received.`);
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

Node.js

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Node.js の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Node.js API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionNameOrId = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME_OR_ID';
// const timeout = 60;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
import {PubSub, Schema, Encodings, Message} from '@google-cloud/pubsub';

// Node FS library, to load definitions
import * as fs from 'fs';

// And the Apache Avro library
import * as avro from 'avro-js';

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

function listenForAvroRecords(subscriptionNameOrId: string, timeout: number) {
  // References an existing subscription
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionNameOrId);

  // Make an encoder using the official avro-js library.
  const definition = fs
    .readFileSync('system-test/fixtures/provinces.avsc')
    .toString();
  const type = avro.parse(definition);

  // Create an event handler to handle messages
  let messageCount = 0;
  const messageHandler = async (message: Message) => {
    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();

    // Get the schema metadata from the message.
    const schemaMetadata = Schema.metadataFromMessage(message.attributes);

    let result: object | undefined;
    switch (schemaMetadata.encoding) {
      case Encodings.Binary:
        result = type.fromBuffer(message.data);
        break;
      case Encodings.Json:
        result = type.fromString(message.data.toString());
        break;
      default:
        console.log(`Unknown schema encoding: ${schemaMetadata.encoding}`);
        break;
    }

    console.log(`Received message ${message.id}:`);
    console.log(`\tData: ${JSON.stringify(result, null, 4)}`);
    console.log(`\tAttributes: ${message.attributes}`);
    messageCount += 1;
  };

  // Listen for new messages until timeout is hit
  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);

  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.removeListener('message', messageHandler);
    console.log(`${messageCount} message(s) received.`);
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

プロトコル バッファ

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const subscriptionNameOrId = 'YOUR_SUBSCRIPTION_NAME_OR_ID';
// const timeout = 60;

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
import {PubSub, Schema, Encodings, Message} from '@google-cloud/pubsub';

// And the protobufjs library
import * as protobuf from 'protobufjs';

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function listenForProtobufMessages(
  subscriptionNameOrId: string,
  timeout: number
) {
  // References an existing subscription
  const subscription = pubSubClient.subscription(subscriptionNameOrId);

  // Make an decoder using the protobufjs library.
  //
  // Since we're providing the test message for a specific schema here, we'll
  // also code in the path to a sample proto definition.
  const root = protobuf.loadSync('system-test/fixtures/provinces.proto');
  const Province = root.lookupType('utilities.Province');

  // Create an event handler to handle messages
  let messageCount = 0;
  const messageHandler = async (message: Message) => {
    // "Ack" (acknowledge receipt of) the message
    message.ack();

    // Get the schema metadata from the message.
    const schemaMetadata = Schema.metadataFromMessage(message.attributes);

    let result;
    switch (schemaMetadata.encoding) {
      case Encodings.Binary:
        result = Province.decode(message.data);
        break;
      case Encodings.Json:
        // This doesn't require decoding with the protobuf library,
        // since it's plain JSON. But you can still validate it against
        // your schema.
        result = JSON.parse(message.data.toString());
        console.log(`Validation of JSON: ${Province.verify(result)}`);
        break;
      default:
        console.log(`Unknown schema encoding: ${schemaMetadata.encoding}`);
        break;
    }

    console.log(`Received message ${message.id}:`);
    console.log(`\tData: ${JSON.stringify(result, null, 4)}`);
    console.log(`\tAttributes: ${JSON.stringify(message.attributes, null, 4)}`);
    messageCount += 1;
  };

  // Listen for new messages until timeout is hit
  subscription.on('message', messageHandler);

  setTimeout(() => {
    subscription.removeListener('message', messageHandler);
    console.log(`${messageCount} message(s) received.`);
  }, timeout * 1000);
}

PHP

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の PHP の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub PHP API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Subscribe and pull messages using an AVRO schema.
 *
 * @param string $projectId
 * @param string $subscriptionId
 */
function subscribe_avro_records($projectId, $subscriptionId, $definitionFile)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);

    $subscription = $pubsub->subscription($subscriptionId);
    $definition = file_get_contents($definitionFile);
    $messages = $subscription->pull();

    foreach ($messages as $message) {
        $decodedMessageData = '';
        $encoding = $message->attribute('googclient_schemaencoding');
        switch ($encoding) {
            case 'BINARY':
                $io = new \AvroStringIO($message->data());
                $schema = \AvroSchema::parse($definition);
                $reader = new \AvroIODatumReader($schema);
                $decoder = new \AvroIOBinaryDecoder($io);
                $decodedMessageData = json_encode($reader->read($decoder));
                break;
            case 'JSON':
                $decodedMessageData = $message->data();
                break;
        }

        printf('Received a %d-encoded message %s', $encoding, $decodedMessageData);
    }
}

プロトコル バッファ

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Subscribe and pull messages using a protocol buffer schema.
 *
 * Relies on a proto message of the following form:
 * ```
 * syntax = "proto3";
 *
 * package utilities;
 *
 * message StateProto {
 *   string name = 1;
 *   string post_abbr = 2;
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $projectId
 * @param string $subscriptionId
 */
function subscribe_proto_messages($projectId, $subscriptionId)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);

    $subscription = $pubsub->subscription($subscriptionId);
    $messages = $subscription->pull();

    foreach ($messages as $message) {
        $decodedMessageData = '';
        $encoding = $message->attribute('googclient_schemaencoding');
        switch ($encoding) {
            case 'BINARY':
                $protobufMessage = new \Utilities\StateProto();
                $protobufMessage->mergeFromString($message->data());

                $decodedMessageData = $protobufMessage->serializeToJsonString();
                break;
            case 'JSON':
                $decodedMessageData = $message->data();
                break;
        }

        printf('Received a %d-encoded message %s', $encoding, $decodedMessageData);
    }
}

Python

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Python の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Python API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

import avro.schema as schema
from avro.io import BinaryDecoder, DatumReader
from concurrent.futures import TimeoutError
import io
import json
from google.cloud.pubsub import SubscriberClient

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# avsc_file = "path/to/an/avro/schema/file/(.avsc)/formatted/in/json"
# Number of seconds the subscriber listens for messages
# timeout = 5.0

subscriber = SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

with open(avsc_file, "rb") as file:
    avro_schema = schema.parse(file.read())

def callback(message: pubsub_v1.subscriber.message.Message) -> None:
    # Get the message serialization type.
    encoding = message.attributes.get("googclient_schemaencoding")
    # Deserialize the message data accordingly.
    if encoding == "BINARY":
        bout = io.BytesIO(message.data)
        decoder = BinaryDecoder(bout)
        reader = DatumReader(avro_schema)
        message_data = reader.read(decoder)
        print(f"Received a binary-encoded message:\n{message_data}")
    elif encoding == "JSON":
        message_data = json.loads(message.data)
        print(f"Received a JSON-encoded message:\n{message_data}")
    else:
        print(f"Received a message with no encoding:\n{message}")

    message.ack()

streaming_pull_future = subscriber.subscribe(subscription_path, callback=callback)
print(f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path}..\n")

# Wrap subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
with subscriber:
    try:
        # When `timeout` is not set, result() will block indefinitely,
        # unless an exception occurs first.
        streaming_pull_future.result(timeout=timeout)
    except TimeoutError:
        streaming_pull_future.cancel()  # Trigger the shutdown.
        streaming_pull_future.result()  # Block until the shutdown is complete.

プロトコル バッファ

from concurrent.futures import TimeoutError
from google.cloud.pubsub import SubscriberClient
from google.protobuf.json_format import Parse

from utilities import us_states_pb2

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# Number of seconds the subscriber listens for messages
# timeout = 5.0

subscriber = SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

# Instantiate a protoc-generated class defined in `us-states.proto`.
state = us_states_pb2.StateProto()

def callback(message: pubsub_v1.subscriber.message.Message) -> None:
    # Get the message serialization type.
    encoding = message.attributes.get("googclient_schemaencoding")
    # Deserialize the message data accordingly.
    if encoding == "BINARY":
        state.ParseFromString(message.data)
        print(f"Received a binary-encoded message:\n{state}")
    elif encoding == "JSON":
        Parse(message.data, state)
        print(f"Received a JSON-encoded message:\n{state}")
    else:
        print(f"Received a message with no encoding:\n{message}")

    message.ack()

streaming_pull_future = subscriber.subscribe(subscription_path, callback=callback)
print(f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path}..\n")

# Wrap subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
with subscriber:
    try:
        # When `timeout` is not set, result() will block indefinitely,
        # unless an exception occurs first.
        streaming_pull_future.result(timeout=timeout)
    except TimeoutError:
        streaming_pull_future.cancel()  # Trigger the shutdown.
        streaming_pull_future.result()  # Block until the shutdown is complete.

Ruby

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Ruby の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Ruby API リファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

Avro

# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# avsc_file = "path/to/an/avro/schema/file/(.avsc)/formatted/in/json"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_id

subscriber = subscription.listen do |received_message|
  encoding = received_message.attributes["googclient_schemaencoding"]
  case encoding
  when "BINARY"
    require "avro"
    avro_schema = Avro::Schema.parse File.read(avsc_file)
    buffer = StringIO.new received_message.data
    decoder = Avro::IO::BinaryDecoder.new buffer
    reader = Avro::IO::DatumReader.new avro_schema
    message_data = reader.read decoder
    puts "Received a binary-encoded message:\n#{message_data}"
  when "JSON"
    require "json"
    message_data = JSON.parse received_message.data
    puts "Received a JSON-encoded message:\n#{message_data}"
  else
    "Received a message with no encoding:\n#{received_message.message_id}"
  end
  received_message.acknowledge!
end

subscriber.start
# Let the main thread sleep for 60 seconds so the thread for listening
# messages does not quit
sleep 60
subscriber.stop.wait!

プロトコル バッファ

# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

subscription = pubsub.subscription subscription_id

subscriber = subscription.listen do |received_message|
  encoding = received_message.attributes["googclient_schemaencoding"]
  case encoding
  when "BINARY"
    state = Utilities::StateProto.decode received_message.data
    puts "Received a binary-encoded message:\n#{state}"
  when "JSON"
    require "json"
    state = Utilities::StateProto.decode_json received_message.data
    puts "Received a JSON-encoded message:\n#{state}"
  else
    "Received a message with no encoding:\n#{received_message.message_id}"
  end
  received_message.acknowledge!
end

subscriber.start
# Let the main thread sleep for 60 seconds so the thread for listening
# messages does not quit
sleep 60
subscriber.stop.wait!

リビジョンを使用して Avro スキーマに関連付けられたトピックにサブスクライブする

Avro では、メッセージがエンコードされたスキーマを使用してメッセージを解析する必要があります。Avro のスキーマ解決を使用して、メッセージを別のスキーマに変換することもできます。

Pub/Sub では、すべてのスキーマ リビジョンが他のすべてのリビジョンと前方および後方互換性があることが保証されます。この互換性により、任意のリビジョンをリーダー スキーマまたはライター スキーマとして使用できます。

サブスクライバーが使用するスキーマ リビジョンとは異なるスキーマ リビジョンでエンコードされたメッセージを解析する場合は、元のスキーマを取得して、ライター スキーマとして渡す必要があります。

レイテンシを最小限に抑え、GetSchema API の呼び出し回数を最小限に抑えるには、検出された各スキーマ リビジョンのメッセージを解析できる Avro リーダー オブジェクトをキャッシュに保存することをおすすめします。

次のコードは、これらの関数を示しています。

• 前のセクションで説明した属性を確認して、メッセージのエンコードに使用するスキーマ リビジョンを特定します。

• スキーマ リビジョンを取得し、それによって生成されたリーダーをキャッシュに保存します。

• メッセージを解析して、サブスクライバーが使用するスキーマに変換します。

Go

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Go の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Go API のリファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub"
	"github.com/linkedin/goavro/v2"
)

func subscribeWithAvroSchemaRevisions(w io.Writer, projectID, subID, avscFile string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicID := "my-topic"
	// avscFile = "path/to/an/avro/schema/file(.avsc)/formatted/in/json"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %w", err)
	}

	schemaClient, err := pubsub.NewSchemaClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewSchemaClient: %w", err)
	}

	// Create the cache for the codecs for different revision IDs.
	revisionCodecs := make(map[string]*goavro.Codec)

	sub := client.Subscription(subID)
	ctx2, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	var mu sync.Mutex
	sub.Receive(ctx2, func(ctx context.Context, msg *pubsub.Message) {
		mu.Lock()
		defer mu.Unlock()
		name := msg.Attributes["googclient_schemaname"]
		revision := msg.Attributes["googclient_schemarevisionid"]

		codec, ok := revisionCodecs[revision]
		// If the codec doesn't exist in the map, this is the first time we
		// are seeing this revision. We need to fetch the schema and cache the
		// codec. It would be more typical to do this asynchronously, but is
		// shown here in a synchronous way to ease readability.
		if !ok {
			// Extract just the schema resource name
			path := strings.Split(name, "/")
			name = path[len(path)-1]
			schema, err := schemaClient.Schema(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", name, revision), pubsub.SchemaViewFull)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Nacking, cannot read message without schema: %v\n", err)
				msg.Nack()
				return
			}
			codec, err = goavro.NewCodec(schema.Definition)
			if err != nil {
				msg.Nack()
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "goavro.NewCodec err: %v\n", err)
			}
			revisionCodecs[revision] = codec
		}

		encoding := msg.Attributes["googclient_schemaencoding"]

		var state map[string]interface{}
		if encoding == "BINARY" {
			data, _, err := codec.NativeFromBinary(msg.Data)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "codec.NativeFromBinary err: %v\n", err)
				msg.Nack()
				return
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Received a binary-encoded message:\n%#v\n", data)
			state = data.(map[string]interface{})
		} else if encoding == "JSON" {
			data, _, err := codec.NativeFromTextual(msg.Data)
			if err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "codec.NativeFromTextual err: %v\n", err)
				msg.Nack()
				return
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Received a JSON-encoded message:\n%#v\n", data)
			state = data.(map[string]interface{})
		} else {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Unknown message type(%s), nacking\n", encoding)
			msg.Nack()
			return
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s is abbreviated as %s\n", state["name"], state["post_abbr"])
		msg.Ack()
	})
	return nil
}

Java

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Java の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Java API のリファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.AckReplyConsumer;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.MessageReceiver;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.SchemaServiceClient;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Subscriber;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.ProjectSubscriptionName;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.Schema;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import org.apache.avro.io.Decoder;
import org.apache.avro.io.DecoderFactory;
import org.apache.avro.specific.SpecificDatumReader;
import utilities.State;

public class SubscribeWithAvroSchemaRevisionsExample {

  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    // Use an existing subscription.
    String subscriptionId = "your-subscription-id";

    subscribeWithAvroSchemaRevisionsExample(projectId, subscriptionId);
  }

  static SchemaServiceClient getSchemaServiceClient() {
    try {
      return SchemaServiceClient.create();
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.println("Could not get schema client: " + e);
      return null;
    }
  }

  public static void subscribeWithAvroSchemaRevisionsExample(
      String projectId, String subscriptionId) {
    // Used to get the schemas for revsions.
    final SchemaServiceClient schemaServiceClient = getSchemaServiceClient();
    if (schemaServiceClient == null) {
      return;
    }

    // Cache for the readers for different revision IDs.
    Map<String, SpecificDatumReader<State>> revisionReaders =
        new HashMap<String, SpecificDatumReader<State>>();

    ProjectSubscriptionName subscriptionName =
        ProjectSubscriptionName.of(projectId, subscriptionId);

    // Instantiate an asynchronous message receiver.
    MessageReceiver receiver =
        (PubsubMessage message, AckReplyConsumer consumer) -> {
          // Get the schema encoding type.
          String name = message.getAttributesMap().get("googclient_schemaname");
          String revision = message.getAttributesMap().get("googclient_schemarevisionid");

          SpecificDatumReader<State> reader = null;
          synchronized (revisionReaders) {
            reader = revisionReaders.get(revision);
          }
          if (reader == null) {
            // This is the first time we are seeing this revision. We need to
            // fetch the schema and cache its decoder. It would be more typical
            // to do this asynchronously, but is shown here in a synchronous
            // way to ease readability.
            try {
              Schema schema = schemaServiceClient.getSchema(name + "@" + revision);
              org.apache.avro.Schema avroSchema =
                  new org.apache.avro.Schema.Parser().parse(schema.getDefinition());
              reader = new SpecificDatumReader<State>(avroSchema, State.getClassSchema());
              synchronized (revisionReaders) {
                revisionReaders.put(revision, reader);
              }
            } catch (Exception e) {
              System.out.println("Could not get schema: " + e);
              // Without the schema, we cannot read the message, so nack it.
              consumer.nack();
              return;
            }
          }

          ByteString data = message.getData();
          // Send the message data to a byte[] input stream.
          InputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(data.toByteArray());

          String encoding = message.getAttributesMap().get("googclient_schemaencoding");

          Decoder decoder = null;

          // Prepare an appropriate decoder for the message data in the input stream
          // based on the schema encoding type.
          try {
            switch (encoding) {
              case "BINARY":
                decoder = DecoderFactory.get().directBinaryDecoder(inputStream, /*reuse=*/ null);
                System.out.println("Receiving a binary-encoded message:");
                break;
              case "JSON":
                decoder = DecoderFactory.get().jsonDecoder(State.getClassSchema(), inputStream);
                System.out.println("Receiving a JSON-encoded message:");
                break;
              default:
                System.out.println("Unknown message type; nacking.");
                consumer.nack();
                break;
            }

            // Obtain an object of the generated Avro class using the decoder.
            State state = reader.read(null, decoder);
            System.out.println(state.getName() + " is abbreviated as " + state.getPostAbbr());

            // Ack the message.
            consumer.ack();
          } catch (IOException e) {
            System.err.println(e);
            // If we failed to process the message, nack it.
            consumer.nack();
          }
        };

    Subscriber subscriber = null;
    try {
      subscriber = Subscriber.newBuilder(subscriptionName, receiver).build();
      subscriber.startAsync().awaitRunning();
      System.out.printf("Listening for messages on %s:\n", subscriptionName.toString());
      subscriber.awaitTerminated(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    } catch (TimeoutException timeoutException) {
      subscriber.stopAsync();
    }
  }
}

Python

このサンプルを試す前に、クイックスタート: クライアント ライブラリの使用の Python の設定手順を実施してください。詳細については、Pub/Sub Python API のリファレンス ドキュメントをご覧ください。

import avro.schema as schema
from avro.io import BinaryDecoder, DatumReader
from concurrent.futures import TimeoutError
import io
import json
from google.api_core.exceptions import NotFound
from google.cloud.pubsub import SchemaServiceClient, SubscriberClient

schema_client = SchemaServiceClient()

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# subscription_id = "your-subscription-id"
# avsc_file = "path/to/an/avro/schema/file/(.avsc)/formatted/in/json"
# Number of seconds the subscriber listens for messages
# timeout = 5.0

subscriber = SubscriberClient()
subscription_path = subscriber.subscription_path(project_id, subscription_id)

with open(avsc_file, "rb") as file:
    reader_avro_schema = schema.parse(file.read())
# Dict to keep readers for different schema revisions.
revisions_to_readers = {}

def callback(message: pubsub_v1.subscriber.message.Message) -> None:
    # Get the message serialization type.
    schema_name = message.attributes.get("googclient_schemaname")
    schema_revision_id = message.attributes.get("googclient_schemarevisionid")
    encoding = message.attributes.get("googclient_schemaencoding")

    if schema_revision_id not in revisions_to_readers:
        schema_path = schema_name + "@" + schema_revision_id
        try:
            received_avro_schema = schema_client.get_schema(
                request={"name": schema_path}
            )
        except NotFound:
            print(f"{schema_path} not found.")
            message.nack()
            return
        writer_avro_schema = schema.parse(received_avro_schema.definition)
        revisions_to_readers[schema_revision_id] = DatumReader(
            writer_avro_schema, reader_avro_schema
        )
    reader = revisions_to_readers[schema_revision_id]

    # Deserialize the message data accordingly.
    if encoding == "BINARY":
        bout = io.BytesIO(message.data)
        decoder = BinaryDecoder(bout)
        message_data = reader.read(decoder)
        print(f"Received a binary-encoded message:\n{message_data}")
    elif encoding == "JSON":
        message_data = json.loads(message.data)
        print(f"Received a JSON-encoded message:\n{message_data}")
    else:
        print(f"Received a message with no encoding:\n{message}")
        message.nack()

    message.ack()

streaming_pull_future = subscriber.subscribe(subscription_path, callback=callback)
print(f"Listening for messages on {subscription_path}..\n")

# Wrap subscriber in a 'with' block to automatically call close() when done.
with subscriber:
    try:
        # When `timeout` is not set, result() will block indefinitely,
        # unless an exception occurs first.
        streaming_pull_future.result(timeout=timeout)
    except TimeoutError:
        streaming_pull_future.cancel()  # Trigger the shutdown.
        streaming_pull_future.result()  # Block until the shutdown is complete.

必要なロール

メッセージをスキーマに照らして検証するために必要な権限を取得するには、次のいずれかの手順を実施します。

• サービス アカウントに、事前定義されたロール roles/pubsub.admin、roles/pubsub.editor、roles/pubsub.viewer のいずれかを付与する。

• サービス アカウントのカスタムロールを作成し、権限 pubsub.schemas.validate と pubsub.schemas.get を追加する。

  カスタムロールの詳細については、カスタム IAM ロールの作成と管理をご覧ください。