Optimize a Go app

In this tutorial, you deploy an intentionally inefficient Go application that is configured to collect profile data. You use the Profiler interface to view the profile data and to identify potential optimizations. You then modify the application, deploy it, and evaluate the effect of the modification.

Before you begin

1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads.

2. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

3. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

4. Enable the required API.

   Enable the API

5. To open the Cloud Shell, in the Google Cloud console toolbar, click Activate Cloud Shell:

   

   After a few moments, a Cloud Shell session opens inside the Google Cloud console:

   

Sample application

The primary objective is to maximize the number of queries per second that the server can process. A secondary objective is reduce memory usage by eliminating unnecessary memory allocations.

The server, using a gRPC framework, receives a word or phrase, and then returns the number of times the word or phrase appears in the works of Shakespeare.

The average number of queries per second that the server can handle is determined by load testing the server. For each round of tests, a client simulator is called and instructed to issue 20 sequential queries. At the completion of a round, the number of queries sent by the client simulator, the elapsed time, and the average number of queries per second are displayed.

The server code is intentionally inefficient.

Running the sample application

Note: The application's execution time is just long enough to collect some profile data. In practice, it's desirable to have at least 10 profiles before analyzing profile data.

Download and run the sample application:

1. In the Cloud Shell, run the following commands:

   git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples.git
   cd golang-samples/profiler/shakesapp
   

2. Run the application with the version set to 1 and the number of rounds set to 15:

   go run . -version 1 -num_rounds 15
   

   After a minute or two, profile data is displayed. The profile data looks similar to the following example:

   

   In the screenshot, notice that the Profile type is set to CPU time. This indicates that CPU usage data is displayed in the flame graph.

   Sample output printed in the Cloud Shell is shown below:

   $ go run . -version 1 -num_rounds 15
   2020/08/27 17:27:34 Simulating client requests, round 1
   2020/08/27 17:27:34 Stackdriver Profiler Go Agent version: 20200618
   2020/08/27 17:27:34 profiler has started
   2020/08/27 17:27:34 creating a new profile via profiler service
   2020/08/27 17:27:51 Simulated 20 requests in 17.3s, rate of 1.156069 reqs / sec
   2020/08/27 17:27:51 Simulating client requests, round 2
   2020/08/27 17:28:10 Simulated 20 requests in 19.02s, rate of 1.051525 reqs / sec
   2020/08/27 17:28:10 Simulating client requests, round 3
   2020/08/27 17:28:29 Simulated 20 requests in 18.71s, rate of 1.068947 reqs / sec
   ...
   2020/08/27 17:44:32 Simulating client requests, round 14
   2020/08/27 17:46:04 Simulated 20 requests in 1m32.23s, rate of 0.216849 reqs / sec
   2020/08/27 17:46:04 Simulating client requests, round 15
   2020/08/27 17:47:52 Simulated 20 requests in 1m48.03s, rate of 0.185134 reqs / sec
   

   The Cloud Shell output displays the elapsed time for each iteration and the average request rate. When the application is started, the entry "Simulated 20 requests in 17.3s, rate of 1.156069 reqs / sec" indicates that the server is executing about 1 request per second. By the last round, the entry "Simulated 20 requests in 1m48.03s, rate of 0.185134 reqs / sec" indicates that the server is executing about 1 request every 5 seconds.

Using CPU time profiles to maximize queries per second

One approach to maximizing the number of queries per second is to identify CPU intensive methods and optimize their implementations. In this section, you use CPU time profiles to identify a CPU intensive method in the server.

Identifying CPU time usage

The root frame of the flame graph lists the total CPU time used by the application over the collection interval of 10 seconds:

In this example, the service used 2.37 s. When the system runs on a single core, a CPU time usage of 2.37 seconds corresponds to 23.7% utilization of that core. For more information, see Types of profiling available.

Modifying the application

Step 1: Which function is CPU time intensive?

One way you can identify code that might need to be optimized is to view the table of functions and identify greedy functions:

1. To view the table, click Focus function list.
2. Sort the table by Total. The column labeled Total shows the CPU time usage of a function and its children.

   In this example, GetMatchCount is the first shakesapp/server.go function that is listed. That function used 1.7s of the total CPU time, or 72% of the applications total CPU time. This function is known to be handling the gRPC requests.

   

   The flame graph shows that the shakesapp/server.go function GetMatchCount calls MatchString, which in turn is spending most of its time calling Compile:
   

   

Step 2: How can you use what you've learned?

1. Rely on your language expertise. MatchString is a regular-expression method. You know that regular-expression processing is very flexible, but not necessarily the most efficient solution for every problem.
2. Rely on your application expertise. The client is generating a word or phrase, and the server is searching for this phrase.
3. Search the implementation of the shakesapp/server.go method GetMatchCount for uses of MatchString, and then determine if a simpler, more efficient function could replace that call.

Step 3: How can you change the application?

In the file shakesapp/server.go, the existing code contains one call to MatchString:

    isMatch, err := regexp.MatchString(query, line)
    if err != nil {
           return resp, err
    }
    if isMatch {
           resp.MatchCount++
    }
    

One option is to replace the MatchString logic with equivalent logic that uses strings.Contains:

    if strings.Contains(line, query) {
            resp.MatchCount++
    }
    

Be sure to remove the import statement for the regexp package.

Evaluating the change

To evaluate the change, do the following:

1. Run the application with the application version set to 2:

   go run . -version 2 -num_rounds 40
   

   A later section shows that with the optimization, the time it takes to execute a single round is much less than that of the unmodified application. To ensure that the application executes long enough to collect and upload profiles, the number of rounds is increased.

2. Wait for the application to complete, and then view the profile data for this version of the application:

   • Click NOW to load the most recent profile data. For more information, see Range of time.
   • In the Version menu, select 2.

For one example, the flame graph is as shown:

In this figure, the root frame shows a value of 7.8 s. As a result of changing the string-match function, the CPU time used by the application increased from 2.37 seconds to 7.8 seconds, or the application went from using 23.7% of a CPU core to using 78% of a CPU core.

The frame width is a proportional measure of the CPU time usage. In this example, the width of the frame for GetMatchCount indicates that function uses about 49% of all CPU time used by the application. In the original flame graph, this same frame was about 72% of the width of the graph. To view the exact CPU time usage, you can use the frame tooltip or you can use the Focus function list:

The output in the Cloud Shell shows that the modified version is completing about 5.8 requests per second:

$ go run . -version 2 -num_rounds 40
2020/08/27 18:21:40 Simulating client requests, round 1
2020/08/27 18:21:40 Stackdriver Profiler Go Agent version: 20200618
2020/08/27 18:21:40 profiler has started
2020/08/27 18:21:40 creating a new profile via profiler service
2020/08/27 18:21:44 Simulated 20 requests in 3.67s, rate of 5.449591 reqs / sec
2020/08/27 18:21:44 Simulating client requests, round 2
2020/08/27 18:21:47 Simulated 20 requests in 3.72s, rate of 5.376344 reqs / sec
2020/08/27 18:21:47 Simulating client requests, round 3
2020/08/27 18:21:51 Simulated 20 requests in 3.58s, rate of 5.586592 reqs / sec
...
2020/08/27 18:23:51 Simulating client requests, round 39
2020/08/27 18:23:54 Simulated 20 requests in 3.46s, rate of 5.780347 reqs / sec
2020/08/27 18:23:54 Simulating client requests, round 40
2020/08/27 18:23:58 Simulated 20 requests in 3.4s, rate of 5.882353 reqs / sec

The small change to the application had two different effects:

• The number of requests per second increased from less than 1 per second to 5.8 per second.

• The CPU time per request, computed by dividing the CPU utilization by the the number of requests per second, decreased to 13.4% from 23.7%.

  Note that the CPU time per request decreased even though the CPU time usage increased from 2.37 seconds, which corresponds to 23.7% utilization of a single CPU core, to 7.8 seconds, or 78% of a CPU core.

Using allocated heap profiles to improve resource usage

This section illustrates how you can use the heap and allocated heap profiles to identify an allocation-intensive method in the application:

• Heap profiles show the amount of memory allocated in the program's heap at the instant the profile is collected.

• Allocated heap profiles show the total amount of memory that was allocated in the program's heap during the interval in which the profile was collected. By dividing these values by 10 seconds, the profile collection interval, you can interpret these as allocation rates.

Enabling heap profile collection

1. Run the application with the application version set to 3 and enable the collection of heap and allocated heap profiles.

   go run . -version 3 -num_rounds 40 -heap -heap_alloc
   

2. Wait for the application to complete, and then view the profile data for this version of the application:

   • Click NOW to load the most recent profile data.
   • In the Version menu, select 3.
   • In the Profiler type menu, select Allocated heap.

   For one example, the flame graph is as shown:

   

Identifying the heap allocation rate

The root frame displays the total amount of heap that was allocated during the 10 seconds when a profile was collected, averaged over all profiles. In this example, the root frame shows that, on average, 1.535 GiB of memory was allocated.

Modifying the application

Step 1: Is it worth minimizing the rate of heap allocation?

The CPU time usage of the Go background garbage collection function, runtime.gcBgMarkWorker.*, can be used to determine if it's worth the effort to optimize an application to reduce garbage collection costs:

• Skip optimization if the CPU time usage is less than 5%.
• Optimize if the CPU time usage is at least 25%.

For this example, the CPU time usage of the background garbage collector is 16.8%. This value is high enough that it's worth attempting to optimize shakesapp/server.go:

Step 2: Which function allocates a lot of memory?

The file shakesapp/server.go contains two functions that might be targets for optimization: GetMatchCount and readFiles. To determine the rate of memory allocation for these functions, set the Profile type to Allocated heap, and then use the Focus function list.

In this example, the total heap allocation for readFiles.func1 during the 10 second profile collection is, on average, 1.045 GiB or 68% of the total allocated memory. The self heap allocation during the 10 second profile collection is 255.4 MiB:

In this example, the Go method makeSlice allocated 798.7 MiB during the 10 second profile collection, on average. The simplest way to reduce these allocations is to reduce calls to makeSlice. The function readFiles calls makeSlice through a library method.

The result of this analysis suggests that it might be possible to reduce the rate of heap allocations by optimizing readFiles.

Step 3: How can you change the application?

One option is to modify the application to read the files one time and then to re-use that content. For example, you could make the following changes:

1. Define a global variable files to store the results of the initial file read:

   var files []string

2. Modify readFilesto return early when files is defined:

          func readFiles(ctx context.Context, bucketName, prefix string) ([]string, error) {
                   
                   // return if defined
                   if files != nil {
                           return files, nil
                   }
                   
   
                   // Existing
                   type resp struct {
                           s   string
                           err error
                   }
                   ...
                   
                   // Save the result in the variable files
                   files = make([]string, len(paths))
                   for i := 0; i < len(paths); i++ {
                           r := <-resps
                           if r.err != nil {
                                   return nil, r.err
                           }
                           files[i] = r.s
                   }
                   return files, nil
                   
           }
           

Evaluating the change

To evaluate the change, do the following:

1. Run the application with the application version set to 4:

   go run . -version 4 -num_rounds 60 -heap -heap_alloc
   

2. Wait for the application to complete, and then view the profile data for this version of the application:

   • Click NOW to load the most recent profile data.
   • In the Version menu, select 4.
   • In the Profiler type menu, select Allocated heap.

3. To quantify the effect of changing readFiles on the heap allocation rate, compare the allocated heap profiles for version 4 to those collected for 3:

   

   The root frame's tooltip shows that with version 4, the average amount of memory allocated during profile collection decreased by 1.301 GiB, as compared to version 3. The tooltip for readFiles.func1 shows a decrease of 1.045 GiB:

   

4. To quantify the effect on garbage collection, configure a comparison of CPU time profiles. In the following screenshot, a filter is applied to show the the stacks for the Go garbage collector runtime.gcBgMarkWorker.*. The screenshot shows that the CPU usage for garbage collection is reduced to 4.97% from 16.8%.

   

5. To determine if there is an impact of the change on the number of requests per second handled by the application, view the output in the Cloud Shell. In this example, version 4 completes up to 15 requests per second, which is substantially higher than the 5.8 requests per second of version 3:

   $ go run . -version 4 -num_rounds 60 -heap -heap_alloc
   2020/08/27 21:51:42 Simulating client requests, round 1
   2020/08/27 21:51:42 Stackdriver Profiler Go Agent version: 20200618
   2020/08/27 21:51:42 profiler has started
   2020/08/27 21:51:42 creating a new profile via profiler service
   2020/08/27 21:51:44 Simulated 20 requests in 1.47s, rate of 13.605442 reqs / sec
   2020/08/27 21:51:44 Simulating client requests, round 2
   2020/08/27 21:51:45 Simulated 20 requests in 1.3s, rate of 15.384615 reqs / sec
   2020/08/27 21:51:45 Simulating client requests, round 3
   2020/08/27 21:51:46 Simulated 20 requests in 1.31s, rate of 15.267176 reqs / sec
   ...
   

   The increase in queries per second served by the application might be due to less time being spent on garbage collection.

• You can get a more complete understanding of the effect of the modification to readFiles by viewing the heap profiles. A comparison of heap profiles for version 4 to that of version 3 shows that the heap usage decreased to 18.47 MiB from 70.95 MiB:

  

Summary

In this quickstart, CPU time and allocated heap profiles were used to identify potential optimizations to an application. The goals were to maximize the number of requests per second and to eliminate unnecessary allocations.

• By using CPU time profiles, a CPU intensive function was identified. After applying a simple change, the server's request rate increased to 5.8 per second, up from about 1 per second.

• By using allocated heap profiles, the shakesapp/server.go function readFiles was identified as having a high allocation rate. After optimizing readFiles, the server's request rate increased to 15 requests per second and the average amount of memory allocated during the 10 second profile collection decreased by 1.301 GiB.

What's next

• For information on how profiles are collected and sent to your Google Cloud project, see Profile collection.

• Read our resources about DevOps and explore our research program.

For information on running the Cloud Profiler agent, see:

• Profiling Go applications
• Profiling Java applications
• Profiling Node.js applications
• Profiling Python applications
• Profiling applications running outside Google Cloud