并行运行多个 BigQuery 作业

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BigQuery 托管着许多可供公众查询的公共数据集。在本教程中，您将创建一个并行运行多个 BigQuery 查询作业的工作流，证明与依次运行作业相比，性能有所提升。

目标

在此教程中，您将学习以下操作：

1. 对维基百科公共数据集运行查询，以确定特定月份内查看次数最多的图书。
2. 部署和执行一个接连运行多个 BigQuery 查询作业的工作流。
3. 部署和执行工作流，该工作流使用并行迭代运行 BigQuery 作业，并在并行执行普通 for 循环。

您可以在 Google Cloud 控制台中运行以下命令，也可以在终端或 Cloud Shell 中使用 Google Cloud CLI 运行以下命令。

费用

在本文档中，您将使用 Google Cloud 的以下收费组件：

• BigQuery
• Workflows

您可使用价格计算器根据您的预计使用情况来估算费用。 Google Cloud 新用户可能有资格申请免费试用。

准备工作

您的组织定义的安全限制条件可能会导致您无法完成以下步骤。如需了解相关问题排查信息，请参阅在受限的 Google Cloud 环境中开发应用。

控制台

1. 登录您的 Google Cloud 账号。如果您是 Google Cloud 新手，请创建一个账号来评估我们的产品在实际场景中的表现。新客户还可获享 $300 赠金，用于运行、测试和部署工作负载。

2. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

3. 确保您的 Google Cloud 项目已启用结算功能。

4. 启用 Workflows API。

   启用 API

5. Create a service account:

   1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Create service account page.

      Go to Create service account
   2. Select your project.

   3. In the Service account name field, enter a name. The Google Cloud console fills in the Service account ID field based on this name.

      In the Service account description field, enter a description. For example, Service account for quickstart.

   4. Click Create and continue.

   5. Grant the following roles to the service account: BigQuery > BigQuery Job User, Logging > Logs Writer.

      To grant a role, find the Select a role list, then select the role.

      To grant additional roles, click Add another role and add each additional role.

      Note: The Role field affects which resources the service account can access in your project. You can revoke these roles or grant additional roles later. In production environments, do not grant the Owner, Editor, or Viewer roles. Instead, grant a predefined role or custom role that meets your needs.
   6. Click Continue.

   7. Click Done to finish creating the service account.

6. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

7. 确保您的 Google Cloud 项目已启用结算功能。

8. 启用 Workflows API。

   启用 API

9. Create a service account:

   1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Create service account page.

      Go to Create service account
   2. Select your project.

   3. In the Service account name field, enter a name. The Google Cloud console fills in the Service account ID field based on this name.

      In the Service account description field, enter a description. For example, Service account for quickstart.

   4. Click Create and continue.

   5. Grant the following roles to the service account: BigQuery > BigQuery Job User, Logging > Logs Writer.

      To grant a role, find the Select a role list, then select the role.

      To grant additional roles, click Add another role and add each additional role.

      Note: The Role field affects which resources the service account can access in your project. You can revoke these roles or grant additional roles later. In production environments, do not grant the Owner, Editor, or Viewer roles. Instead, grant a predefined role or custom role that meets your needs.
   6. Click Continue.

   7. Click Done to finish creating the service account.

gcloud

1. 登录您的 Google 账号。

   如果您还没有 Google 账号，请注册新账号。

2. 安装 Google Cloud CLI。

3. 如需初始化 gcloud CLI，请运行以下命令：

   gcloud init

4. Create or select a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   • Create a Google Cloud project:

     gcloud projects create PROJECT_ID

     Replace PROJECT_ID with a name for the Google Cloud project you are creating.

   • Select the Google Cloud project that you created:

     gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID

     Replace PROJECT_ID with your Google Cloud project name.

5. 确保您的 Google Cloud 项目已启用结算功能。

6. Enable the Workflows API:

   gcloud services enable workflows.googleapis.com

7. Set up authentication:

   1. Create the service account:

      gcloud iam service-accounts create SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME

      Replace SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME with a name for the service account.

   2. Grant roles to the service account. Run the following command once for each of the following IAM roles: roles/bigquery.jobUser, roles/logging.logWriter:

      gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT_ID --member="serviceAccount:SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com" --role=ROLE

      Replace the following:

      • SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME: the name of the service account
      • PROJECT_ID: the project ID where you created the service account
      • ROLE: the role to grant
      Note: The --role flag affects which resources the service account can access in your project. You can revoke these roles or grant additional roles later. In production environments, do not grant the Owner, Editor, or Viewer roles. Instead, grant a predefined role or custom role that meets your needs.
8. 安装 Google Cloud CLI。

9. 如需初始化 gcloud CLI，请运行以下命令：

   gcloud init

10. Create or select a Google Cloud project.

    Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

    • Create a Google Cloud project:

      gcloud projects create PROJECT_ID

      Replace PROJECT_ID with a name for the Google Cloud project you are creating.

    • Select the Google Cloud project that you created:

      gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID

      Replace PROJECT_ID with your Google Cloud project name.

11. 确保您的 Google Cloud 项目已启用结算功能。

12. Enable the Workflows API:

    gcloud services enable workflows.googleapis.com

13. Set up authentication:

    1. Create the service account:

       gcloud iam service-accounts create SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME

       Replace SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME with a name for the service account.

    2. Grant roles to the service account. Run the following command once for each of the following IAM roles: roles/bigquery.jobUser, roles/logging.logWriter:

       gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT_ID --member="serviceAccount:SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com" --role=ROLE

       Replace the following:

       • SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME: the name of the service account
       • PROJECT_ID: the project ID where you created the service account
       • ROLE: the role to grant
       Note: The --role flag affects which resources the service account can access in your project. You can revoke these roles or grant additional roles later. In production environments, do not grant the Owner, Editor, or Viewer roles. Instead, grant a predefined role or custom role that meets your needs.

运行 BigQuery 查询作业

在 BigQuery 中，您可以运行交互式（按需）查询作业。 如需了解详情，请参阅运行交互式查询作业和批量查询作业。

控制台

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到 BigQuery 页面。

   转到 BigQuery

2. 在查询编辑器文本区域中输入以下 BigQuery SQL 查询：

   SELECT TITLE, SUM(views)
   FROM `bigquery-samples.wikipedia_pageviews.201207h`
   GROUP BY TITLE
   ORDER BY SUM(views) DESC
   LIMIT 100
   

3. 点击运行。

bq

在终端中，输入以下 bq query 命令，以使用标准 SQL 语法运行交互式查询：

bq query \
--use_legacy_sql=false \
'SELECT
  TITLE, SUM(views)
FROM
  `bigquery-samples.wikipedia_pageviews.201207h`
GROUP BY
  TITLE
ORDER BY
  SUM(views) DESC
LIMIT 100'

这将运行一个查询，返回特定月份内查看次数最多的前 100 个维基百科标题，并将输出写入一个临时表中。

记下查询的运行时长。

部署连续运行多个查询的工作流

工作流定义由使用 Workflows 语法描述的一系列步骤组成。创建工作流后，您可以对其进行部署，使其可供执行。部署步骤还会验证源文件是否可以执行。

以下工作流定义了使用 Workflows BigQuery 连接器运行查询的五个表的列表。这些查询会依次运行，并且每个表中查看次数最多的标题会保存到结果映射中。

控制台

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到 Workflows 页面：

   进入 Workflows

2. 点击创建。

3. 输入新工作流的名称，例如 workflow-serial-bqjobs。

4. 选择适当的区域；例如 us-central1。

5. 选择您之前创建的服务帐号。

   您应该已向服务帐号同时授予 BigQuery > BigQuery Job User 和 Logging > Logs Writer IAM 角色。

6. 点击下一步。

7. 在工作流编辑器中，为工作流输入以下定义：

   main:
       steps:
       - init:
           assign:
               - results : {} # result from each iteration keyed by table name
               - tables:
                   - 201201h
                   - 201202h
                   - 201203h
                   - 201204h
                   - 201205h
       - runQueries:
           for:
               value: table
               in: ${tables}
               steps:
               - logTable:
                   call: sys.log
                   args:
                       text: ${"Running query for table " + table}
               - runQuery:
                   call: googleapis.bigquery.v2.jobs.query
                   args:
                       projectId: ${sys.get_env("GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID")}
                       body:
                           useLegacySql: false
                           useQueryCache: false
                           timeoutMs: 30000
                           # Find top 100 titles with most views on Wikipedia
                           query: ${
                               "SELECT TITLE, SUM(views)
                               FROM `bigquery-samples.wikipedia_pageviews." + table + "`
                               WHERE LENGTH(TITLE) > 10
                               GROUP BY TITLE
                               ORDER BY SUM(VIEWS) DESC
                               LIMIT 100"
                               }
                   result: queryResult
               - returnResult:
                   assign:
                       # Return the top title from each table
                       - results[table]: {}
                       - results[table].title: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[0].v}
                       - results[table].views: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[1].v}
       - returnResults:
           return: ${results}

8. 点击部署。

gcloud

1. 打开终端并为工作流创建源代码文件：

   touch workflow-serial-bqjobs.yaml
   

2. 将以下工作流复制到源代码文件中：

   main:
       steps:
       - init:
           assign:
               - results : {} # result from each iteration keyed by table name
               - tables:
                   - 201201h
                   - 201202h
                   - 201203h
                   - 201204h
                   - 201205h
       - runQueries:
           for:
               value: table
               in: ${tables}
               steps:
               - logTable:
                   call: sys.log
                   args:
                       text: ${"Running query for table " + table}
               - runQuery:
                   call: googleapis.bigquery.v2.jobs.query
                   args:
                       projectId: ${sys.get_env("GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID")}
                       body:
                           useLegacySql: false
                           useQueryCache: false
                           timeoutMs: 30000
                           # Find top 100 titles with most views on Wikipedia
                           query: ${
                               "SELECT TITLE, SUM(views)
                               FROM `bigquery-samples.wikipedia_pageviews." + table + "`
                               WHERE LENGTH(TITLE) > 10
                               GROUP BY TITLE
                               ORDER BY SUM(VIEWS) DESC
                               LIMIT 100"
                               }
                   result: queryResult
               - returnResult:
                   assign:
                       # Return the top title from each table
                       - results[table]: {}
                       - results[table].title: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[0].v}
                       - results[table].views: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[1].v}
       - returnResults:
           return: ${results}

3. 输入以下命令以部署工作流：

   gcloud workflows deploy workflow-serial-bqjobs \
      --source=workflow-serial-bqjobs.yaml \
      --service-account=MY_SERVICE_ACCOUNT@MY_PROJECT.IAM.GSERVICEACCOUNT.COM
   

   将 MY_SERVICE_ACCOUNT@MY_PROJECT.IAM.GSERVICEACCOUNT.COM 替换为您之前创建的服务帐号的电子邮件地址。

   您应该已向该服务帐号授予 roles/bigquery.jobUser 和 roles/logging.logWriter IAM 角色。

执行工作流并连续运行多个查询

执行某个工作流会运行与该工作流关联的当前工作流定义。

控制台

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到 Workflows 页面：

   进入 Workflows

2. 在工作流页面上，选择 workflow-serial-bqjobs 工作流以转到其详情页面。

3. 在工作流详细信息页面上，选择 执行。

4. 再次点击执行。

5. 在输出窗格中查看工作流的结果。

gcloud

1. 打开终端。

2. 执行工作流：

    gcloud workflows run workflow-serial-bqjob

工作流执行所需的时间大约为前一运行时间的 1 分钟或 5 倍。结果将包含每个表，并且类似于以下内容：

{
  "201201h": {
    "title": "Special:Search",
    "views": "14591339"
  },
  "201202h": {
    "title": "Special:Search",
    "views": "132765420"
  },
  "201203h": {
    "title": "Special:Search",
    "views": "123316818"
  },
  "201204h": {
    "title": "Special:Search",
    "views": "116830614"
  },
  "201205h": {
    "title": "Special:Search",
    "views": "131357063"
  }
}

部署和执行并行运行多个查询的工作流

若想避免连续运行五个查询，您可以通过进行一些更改来并行运行查询：

 - runQueries:
    parallel:
        shared: [results]
        for:
            value: table
            in: ${tables}

• parallel 步骤允许 for 循环的每次迭代并行运行。

• 将 results 变量声明为 shared，以便分支能够写入该变量，并且可以将每个分支的结果附加到其中。

控制台

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，转到 Workflows 页面：

   进入 Workflows

2. 点击创建。

3. 输入新工作流的名称，例如 workflow-parallel-bqjobs。

4. 选择适当的区域；例如 us-central1。

5. 选择您之前创建的服务帐号。

6. 点击下一步。

7. 在工作流编辑器中，为工作流输入以下定义：

   main:
       steps:
       - init:
           assign:
               - results : {} # result from each iteration keyed by table name
               - tables:
                   - 201201h
                   - 201202h
                   - 201203h
                   - 201204h
                   - 201205h
       - runQueries:
           parallel:
               shared: [results]
               for:
                   value: table
                   in: ${tables}
                   steps:
                   - logTable:
                       call: sys.log
                       args:
                           text: ${"Running query for table " + table}
                   - runQuery:
                       call: googleapis.bigquery.v2.jobs.query
                       args:
                           projectId: ${sys.get_env("GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID")}
                           body:
                               useLegacySql: false
                               useQueryCache: false
                               timeoutMs: 30000
                               # Find top 100 titles with most views on Wikipedia
                               query: ${
                                   "SELECT TITLE, SUM(views)
                                   FROM `bigquery-samples.wikipedia_pageviews." + table + "`
                                   WHERE LENGTH(TITLE) > 10
                                   GROUP BY TITLE
                                   ORDER BY SUM(VIEWS) DESC
                                   LIMIT 100"
                                   }
                       result: queryResult
                   - returnResult:
                       assign:
                           # Return the top title from each table
                           - results[table]: {}
                           - results[table].title: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[0].v}
                           - results[table].views: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[1].v}
       - returnResults:
           return: ${results}

8. 点击部署。

9. 在工作流详细信息页面上，选择 执行。

10. 再次点击执行。

11. 在输出窗格中查看工作流的结果。

gcloud

1. 打开终端并为工作流创建源代码文件：

   touch workflow-parallel-bqjobs.yaml
   

2. 将以下工作流复制到源代码文件中：

   main:
       steps:
       - init:
           assign:
               - results : {} # result from each iteration keyed by table name
               - tables:
                   - 201201h
                   - 201202h
                   - 201203h
                   - 201204h
                   - 201205h
       - runQueries:
           parallel:
               shared: [results]
               for:
                   value: table
                   in: ${tables}
                   steps:
                   - logTable:
                       call: sys.log
                       args:
                           text: ${"Running query for table " + table}
                   - runQuery:
                       call: googleapis.bigquery.v2.jobs.query
                       args:
                           projectId: ${sys.get_env("GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID")}
                           body:
                               useLegacySql: false
                               useQueryCache: false
                               timeoutMs: 30000
                               # Find top 100 titles with most views on Wikipedia
                               query: ${
                                   "SELECT TITLE, SUM(views)
                                   FROM `bigquery-samples.wikipedia_pageviews." + table + "`
                                   WHERE LENGTH(TITLE) > 10
                                   GROUP BY TITLE
                                   ORDER BY SUM(VIEWS) DESC
                                   LIMIT 100"
                                   }
                       result: queryResult
                   - returnResult:
                       assign:
                           # Return the top title from each table
                           - results[table]: {}
                           - results[table].title: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[0].v}
                           - results[table].views: ${queryResult.rows[0].f[1].v}
       - returnResults:
           return: ${results}

3. 输入以下命令以部署工作流：

   gcloud workflows deploy workflow-parallell-bqjobs \
      --source=workflow-parallel-bqjobs.yaml \
      --service-account=MY_SERVICE_ACCOUNT@MY_PROJECT.IAM.GSERVICEACCOUNT.COM
   

   将 MY_SERVICE_ACCOUNT@MY_PROJECT.IAM.GSERVICEACCOUNT.COM 替换为您之前创建的服务帐号的电子邮件地址。

4. 执行工作流：

    gcloud workflows run workflow-parallel-bqjobs

结果与之前的输出类似，但工作流的执行应该大约需要 20 秒或更短的时间！

清理

如果您为本教程创建了一个新项目，请删除项目。 如果您使用的是现有项目，希望保留此项目且不保留本教程中添加的任何更改，请删除为教程创建的资源。

删除项目

若要避免产生费用，最简单的方法是删除您为本教程创建的项目。

要删除项目，请执行以下操作：

警告：删除项目会产生以下影响

• 项目中的所有内容都会被删除。如果您将现有项目用于本文档中的任务，则删除该项目后，还将删除您已在该项目中完成的任何其他工作。
• 自定义项目 ID 丢失。创建此项目时，您可能创建了要在将来使用的自定义项目 ID。要保留使用该项目 ID 的网址（例如 appspot.com 网址），请删除项目内的所选资源，而不是删除整个项目。

如果您打算探索多个架构、教程或快速入门，则重复使用项目可以帮助您避免超出项目配额限制。

1. 在 Google Cloud 控制台中，进入管理资源页面。

   转到“管理资源”

2. 在项目列表中，选择要删除的项目，然后点击删除。
3. 在对话框中输入项目 ID，然后点击关闭以删除项目。

删除教程资源

删除在本教程中创建的工作流：

gcloud workflows delete WORKFLOW_NAME

后续步骤

• 如需详细了解并行步骤，请参阅执行并行步骤。
• 如需详细了解 Workflows 连接器，请参阅了解连接器。
• 如需详细了解 Workflows，请参阅 Workflows 概览。