Configure encryption with customer-managed encryption keys

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This page describes how to use Customer Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK) to protect Cloud Composer environments. Customer-managed encryption keys are used to encrypt/decrypt user data in the environment.

Before you begin

• You can configure CMEK only when you create an environment. It is not possible to enable CMEK for an existing environment.

• Cloud Composer supports CMEK encryption using keys stored in External Key Managers.

• You must create a CMEK key in the same region where your environments are located. You cannot use multi-regional or global keys.

• If you want your environment to run inside a VPC Service Controls perimeter, you must add the Cloud Key Management Service API and the Artifact Registry API to the perimeter.

• Enable the Artifact Registry API.

  Console

  Enable the Artifact Registry API.

  Enable the API

  gcloud

  Enable the Artifact Registry API:

  gcloud services enable artifactregistry.googleapis.com

User information not protected with CMEK encryption

Cloud Monitoring does not support CMEK encryption. The name of your environment and names of DAGs are stored in the Monitoring database in the encrypted form using Google-owned and Google-managed keys.

Cloud Composer stores the following information protected with Google-owned and Google-managed keys, not customer-managed keys:

• Environment name
• Airflow configuration overrides
• Environment variables
• Descriptions of allowed IP ranges
• IP ranges
• Labels
• The names of some parameters stored by Cloud Composer can include a sub-string of environment's name.

Warning: If you use a custom environment's bucket, Cloud Composer does not alter the encryption settings of the bucket that you specify and thus does not encrypt it with a CMEK key (even if the project's policies require encryption). Specifically, the custom bucket's encryption is not changed if your environment uses CMEK encryption. Your custom bucket follows policies of the project that it belongs to. You can manually encrypt the environment's bucket with CMEK keys before you create an environment.

Use a customer-managed encryption key for your environment

Warning: If you create an environment with a customer-managed encryption key and later disable or delete the key, the environment becomes unusable. It is not possible to recover an environment if its encryption key is deleted or disabled.

Step 1. Create a customer-managed encryption key

Follow the steps outlined in Creating symmetric encryption keys to create a key in the region where your environment is located.

Step 2. Grant roles to service agents

Important: If your project has a Domain restricted sharing policy that excludes addresses from the google.com domain. You must turn off (or expand) this policy to grant the required roles to service agents. After you grant the roles, you can revert the policy changes. This policy does not affect the creation of environments.

Console

Skip this step. You grant permissions to service agents when you specify a key for your environment.

gcloud

The following service agents must have the Cloud KMS CryptoKey Encrypter/Decrypter role on the key that you use for your environment.

Replace PROJECT_NUMBER with your project's number.

Service agent name	Service account email	API service name
Cloud Composer Service Agent	[e-mail]	composer.googleapis.com
Artifact Registry Service Agent	[e-mail]	artifactregistry.googleapis.com
Kubernetes Engine Service Agent	[e-mail]	container.googleapis.com
Pub/Sub Service Agent	[e-mail]	pubsub.googleapis.com
Compute Engine Service Agent	[e-mail]	compute.googleapis.com
Cloud Storage Service Agent	[e-mail]	Grant encrypt/decrypt permissions with gcloud storage service-agent --authorize-cmek

1. (If required) If some of these service accounts are not present in your project, it means that an identity for this service is not yet created. This can happen, for example, if you did not yet create any Cloud Composer environments in your project.

   To add these service accounts, create identities for the listed services with the following command:

   gcloud beta services identity create \
     --service=API_SERVICE_NAME
   

   Replace API_SERVICE_NAME with the API service name of a service that does not have a service account in your project.

   Example:

   gcloud beta services identity create \
     --service=composer.googleapis.com
   

2. Grant permissions to service agents:

   1. Grant the role to Cloud Composer Service Agent:

      gcloud kms keys add-iam-policy-binding KEY_NAME \
        --location KEY_LOCATION \
        --keyring KEY_RING_NAME \
        --member=serviceAccount:[e-mail] \
        --role=roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter \
        --project KEY_PROJECT_ID
      

   2. Grant the role to Artifact Registry Service Agent:

      gcloud kms keys add-iam-policy-binding KEY_NAME \
        --location KEY_LOCATION \
        --keyring KEY_RING_NAME \
        --member=serviceAccount:[e-mail] \
        --role=roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter \
        --project KEY_PROJECT_ID
      

   3. Grant the role to GKE Service Agent:

      gcloud kms keys add-iam-policy-binding KEY_NAME \
        --location KEY_LOCATION \
        --keyring KEY_RING_NAME \
        --member=serviceAccount:[e-mail] \
        --role=roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter \
        --project KEY_PROJECT_ID
      

   4. Grant the role to Pub/Sub Service Agent:

      gcloud kms keys add-iam-policy-binding KEY_NAME \
        --location KEY_LOCATION \
        --keyring KEY_RING_NAME \
        --member=serviceAccount:[e-mail] \
        --role=roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter \
        --project KEY_PROJECT_ID
      

   5. Grant the role to Compute Engine Service Agent:

      gcloud kms keys add-iam-policy-binding KEY_NAME \
        --location KEY_LOCATION \
        --keyring KEY_RING_NAME \
        --member=serviceAccount:[e-mail] \
        --role=roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter \
        --project KEY_PROJECT_ID
      

   6. Grant encrypt/decrypt permissions to Cloud Storage Service Agent. You can skip this step if you use a custom environment's bucket.

      gcloud storage service-agent \
        --authorize-cmek=projects/KEY_PROJECT_ID/locations/KEY_LOCATION/keyRings/KEY_RING_NAME/cryptoKeys/KEY_NAME
      

   Replace:

   • PROJECT_ID with your project's ID.
   • KEY_PROJECT_ID with the ID of the project that stores your customer-managed key. If you use a key from another project, this value is different from your project's ID. If you use a key from the same project, this value is your project's ID.
   • PROJECT_NUMBER with your project's number.
   • KEY_LOCATION with your customer-managed key location. This location must be the same as your environment's location.
   • KEY_NAME with your customer-managed key name.
   • KEY_RING_NAME with the keyring that stores your customer-managed key.

   To get these values, you can run gcloud projects describe, gcloud kms keyrings list, and gcloud kms keys describe commands.

Step 3. Create an environment with CMEK

After you create a customer-managed encryption key, you can use it to create Cloud Composer environments.

Console

When you create an environment:

1. In the Data encryption section, select Customer-managed encryption key (CMEK).

2. In the Select a customer-managed key drop-down list, select your key.

3. If additional setup is required, a message appears to inform you. In this case:

   1. Click Open wizard.

   2. In the Prepare CMEK key for usage in Cloud Composer dialog, view the list of service agents that must have the Cloud KMS CryptoKey Encrypter/Decrypter role on the key.

   3. To grant the required roles and permissions, click Grant.

   Important: If your project has a Domain restricted sharing policy that excludes addresses from the google.com domain. You must turn off (or expand) this policy to grant the required roles to service agents. After you grant the roles, you can revert the policy changes. This policy does not affect the creation of environments.

gcloud

The --kms-key argument specifies a customer-managed enryption key for your environment.

For more information about creating environments, see Create environments. For example, you might want to specify other parameters for your environment.

gcloud composer environments create ENVIRONMENT_NAME \
  --location LOCATION \
  --image-version IMAGE_VERSION \
  --kms-key projects/KEY_PROJECT_ID/locations/KEY_LOCATION/keyRings/KEY_RING_NAME/cryptoKeys/KEY_NAME

Replace:

• ENVIRONMENT_NAME with the name of the environment.
• IMAGE_VERSION with the name of the Cloud Composer image.
• KEY_PROJECT_ID with the ID of the project where the key is located. If you use a key from another project, this value is different from your project's ID. If you use a key from the same project, this value is your project's ID.
• LOCATION with the region where the environment is located.
• KEY_LOCATION with the location of your customer-managed key. This location must be the same as your environment's location.
• KEY_NAME with your customer-managed key name.
• KEY_RING_NAME with the keyring that stores your customer-managed key.

Example:

gcloud composer environments create example-environment \
  --location us-central1 \
  --image-version composer-2.9.8-airflow-2.9.3 \
  --kms-key projects/example-project/locations/us-central1/keyRings/example-key-ring/cryptoKeys/example-key

View the environment's encryption configuration

You can view encryption configuration for an existing environment:

Console

1. In Google Cloud console, go to the Environments page.

   Go to Environments

2. In the list of environments, click the name of your environment. The Environment details page opens.

3. Go to the Environment configuration tab.

4. Details about encryption are listed in the Data encryption key item.

gcloud

Run the following gcloud command to view the encryption configuration

gcloud composer environments describe \
  ENVIRONMENT_NAME \
  --location LOCATION \
  --format="value(config.encryptionConfig)"

Replace:

• ENVIRONMENT_NAME with the name of the environment.
• LOCATION with the region where the environment is located.

Example:

gcloud composer environments describe \
  example-environment \
  --location us-central1 \
  --format="value(config.encryptionConfig)"

Use CMEK for Cloud Composer logs

Cloud Logging supports encrypting Log storage with CMEK keys. We recommend to use the standard CMEK procedure for encrypting logs with CMEK keys.

To encrypt logs with CMEK keys, follow the instructions outlined in Manage the keys that protect Logging storage data.

Deprecated: The following instructions about redirecting Cloud Composer logs to a CMEK-encrypted Cloud Storage bucket are deprecated. If you use this approach in your project, consider switching to encrypting Log storage with CMEK keys instead.

Redirect Cloud Composer logs to a CMEK-encrypted Cloud Storage bucket

If you expect your logs to contain sensitive data, you might want to redirect Cloud Composer logs to a CMEK-encrypted Cloud Storage bucket by using Log Router. Doing so prevents your logs from being sent to Monitoring.

If you require support from Cloud Customer Care, you might need to grant Google support engineers access to the Cloud Composer logs stored in Cloud Storage.

Note: Audit logs cannot be excluded. They are always sent to the default storage.

gcloud

1. Create a new Cloud Storage bucket to store the logs.

   gcloud storage buckets create gs://BUCKET_NAME --location=LOCATION
   

   Replace:

   • LOCATION with the region where the environment is located.
   • BUCKET_NAME with the name for the bucket.

   Example:

   gcloud storage buckets create gs://composer-logs-us-central1-example-environment --location=us-central1
   

2. Encrypt the bucket with your CMEK key.

   gcloud storage buckets update gs://BUCKET_NAME \
     --default-encryption-key=projects/KEY_PROJECT_ID/locations/KEY_LOCATION/keyRings/KEY_RING_NAME/cryptoKeys/KEY_NAME
   

   Replace:

   • KEY_PROJECT_ID with the ID of the project where the key is located. If you use a key from another project, this value is different from your project's ID. If you use a key from the same project, this value is your project's ID.
   • KEY_LOCATION with the location of your customer-managed key. This location must be the same as your environment's location.
   • KEY_RING_NAME with the keyring that stores your customer-managed key.
   • KEY_NAME with your customer-managed key name.
   • BUCKET_NAME with the name of the bucket.

   Example:

   gcloud storage buckets update gs://composer-logs-us-central1-example-environment \
     --default-encryption-key=projects/example-project/locations/us-central1/keyRings/example-key-ring/cryptoKeys/example-key
   

3. Create a new log sink.

   gcloud logging sinks create \
   composer-log-sink-ENVIRONMENT_NAME \
   storage.googleapis.com/BUCKET_NAME \
   --log-filter "resource.type=cloud_composer_environment AND resource.labels.environment_name=ENVIRONMENT_NAME AND resource.labels.location=LOCATION"
   

   Replace:

   • ENVIRONMENT_NAME with the name of the environment.
   • LOCATION with the region where the environment is located.
   • BUCKET_NAME with the name of the bucket.

   Example:

   gcloud logging sinks create \
   composer-log-sink-example-environment \
   storage.googleapis.com/composer-logs-us-central1-example-environment \
   --log-filter "resource.type=cloud_composer_environment AND resource.labels.environment_name=example-environment AND resource.labels.location=us-central1"
   

4. Grant the Storage Object Creator role to the service account for this bucket. The service account is shown in the result of the previous command).

   gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding \
     PROJECT_ID \
     --member="serviceAccount:LOGGING_SERVICE_AGENT" \
     --role="roles/storage.objectCreator" \
     --condition=None
   

   Replace:

   • PROJECT_ID with the Project ID.
   • LOGGING_SERVICE_AGENT with the Logging service agent account for this bucket. The name of this account is obtained on the previous step.

   Example:

   gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding \
     example-project \
     --member="serviceAccount:[e-mail]" \
     --role="roles/storage.objectCreator" \
     --condition=None
   

5. Exclude the logs for your new environment from Monitoring.

   gcloud beta logging sinks update _Default \
     --add-exclusion name=ENVIRONMENT_NAME-exclusion,filter="resource.type=cloud_composer_environment AND resource.labels.environment_name=ENVIRONMENT_NAME AND resource.labels.location=LOCATION"
   

   Replace:

   • ENVIRONMENT_NAME with the name of the environment.
   • LOCATION with the region where the environment is located.

   Example:

   gcloud beta logging sinks update _Default \
     --add-exclusion name=example-environment-exclusion,filter="resource.type=cloud_composer_environment AND resource.labels.environment_name=example-environment AND resource.labels.location=us-central1"
   

6. Add organization-level CMEK encryption to the Log Router.

   gcloud logging cmek-settings describe \
     --organization=ORGANIZATION_ID
   

   gcloud kms keys add-iam-policy-binding \
         --project=KEY_PROJECT_ID \
         --member LOGGING_SERVICE_AGENT \
         --role roles/cloudkms.cryptoKeyEncrypterDecrypter \
         --location=KEY_LOCATION \
         --keyring=KEY_RING_NAME \
         KEY_NAME
   

   gcloud logging cmek-settings update \
     --organization=ORGANIZATION_ID \
     --kms-project=KEY_PROJECT_ID \
     --kms-keyring=KEY_RING_NAME \
     --kms-location=KEY_LOCATION \
     --kms-key-name=KEY_NAME
   

   Replace:

   • ORGANIZATION_ID with your organization ID.
   • KEY_PROJECT_ID with the ID of the project where the key is located. If you use a key from another project, this value is different from your project's ID. If you use a key from the same project, this value is your project's ID.
   • KEY_RING_NAME with the keyring that stores your customer-managed key.
   • KEY_LOCATION with the location of your customer-managed key. This location must be the same as your environment's location.
   • KEY_NAME with your customer-managed key name.

Rotation of CMEK keys for Cloud Composer

After you configure encryption in your environment using CMEK keys, you might also want to consider rotating these keys on a regular basis as described in KMS documentation.

When you rotate a CMEK key, data encrypted with previous key versions is not automatically re-encrypted with the new key version. For more information, see Re-encrypting data.

Specifically, this applies to:

• Objects stored in the environment's bucket.
• Cata stored in the Airflow database.
• Container images stored in Artifact Registry repositories.
• All other data objects encrypted with CMEK in the Cloud Composer environment.

What's next

• Security overview
• Create environments