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Mensaje Formato libre
Generate 5 questions that test reader comprehension of the following text.
Text: The Amazon rainforest, also called Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist
broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon
basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi),
of which 5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This
region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 formally
acknowledged indigenous territories.
The majority of the forest, 60%, is in Brazil, followed by Peru with 13%,
Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Four nations have "Amazonas" as the name of one
of their first-level administrative regions, and France uses the name "Guiana
Amazonian Park" for French Guiana's protected rainforest area. The Amazon
represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the
largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an
estimated 390 billion individual trees in about 16,000 species.
More than 30 million people of 350 different ethnic groups live in the Amazon,
which are subdivided into 9 different national political systems and 3,344
formally acknowledged indigenous territories. Indigenous peoples make up 9% of
the total population, and 60 of the groups remain largely isolated.
The rainforest likely formed during the Eocene era (from 56 million years to
33.9 million years ago). It appeared following a global reduction of tropical
temperatures when the Atlantic Ocean had widened sufficiently to provide a warm,
moist climate to the Amazon basin. The rainforest has been in existence for at
least 55 million years, and most of the region remained free of savanna-type
biomes at least until the current ice age when the climate was drier and savanna
more widespread.
Following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the
dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to
spread out across the continent. From 66 to 34 Mya, the rainforest extended as
far south as 45°. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have
allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for
example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again
during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the
last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during
these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad
diversity of species.
Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that
the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by
the Púrus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to
the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes
Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now
known as the Solimões Basin. Within the last 5–10 million years, this
accumulating water broke through the Púrus Arch, joining the easterly flow
toward the Atlantic.
There is evidence that there have been significant changes in the Amazon
rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial
maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from
Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin
during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly
associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. In present
day, the Amazon receives approximately 9 feet of rainfall annually. There is a
debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue
that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open
forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained
largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen
today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical
limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away
from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well
supported by the available data.
Sahara Desert dust windblown to the Amazon More than 56% of the dust fertilizing
the Amazon rainforest comes from the Bodélé depression in Northern Chad in the
Sahara desert. The dust contains phosphorus, important for plant growth. The
yearly Sahara dust replaces the equivalent amount of phosphorus washed away
yearly in Amazon soil from rains and floods.
NASA's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind
from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average of 182 million tons of dust are
windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across
2,600 km (1,600 mi) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic),
then at 35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7
million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin (22 million tons of it
consisting of phosphorus), 132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43
million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea, past 75
degrees west longitude.
CALIPSO uses a laser range finder to scan the Earth's atmosphere for the
vertical distribution of dust and other aerosols. CALIPSO regularly tracks the
Sahara-Amazon dust plume. CALIPSO has measured variations in the dust amounts
transported – an 86 percent drop between the highest amount of dust transported
in 2007 and the lowest in 2011. A possibility causing the variation is the
Sahel, a strip of semi-arid land on the southern border of the Sahara. When rain
amounts in the Sahel are higher, the volume of dust is lower. The higher
rainfall could make more vegetation grow in the Sahel, leaving less sand exposed
to winds to blow away.[25]
Amazon phosphorus also comes as smoke due to biomass burning in Africa.
Questions:
Respuesta
1. What percentage of the Amazon rainforest is located in Brazil?
2. How many different indigenous territories are formally acknowledged within
the Amazon rainforest?
3. What is the estimated number of individual trees in the Amazon rainforest?
4. What geological event is believed to have contributed to the formation of
the Amazon rainforest?
5. What percentage of the dust fertilizing the Amazon rainforest originates
from the Bodélé depression in the Sahara desert?
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