Knative serving 會使用 Cloud Service Mesh 路由流量。根據預設,Cloud Service Mesh 會在 istio-system 命名空間中安裝元件。
以下列出 Knative Serving 和 Cloud Service Mesh 安裝的元件:
Knative Serving 在 knative-serving 命名空間中安裝的元件:
Activator:當 Pod 縮減為零,或傳送至修訂版本的請求過多時,啟動器會暫時將請求加入佇列,並將指標傳送至自動調整程式,以啟動更多 Pod。自動調度器會根據回報的指標和可用 Pod 數量調度修訂版本,而啟動器會將佇列中的要求轉送至修訂版本。啟動器是資料平面元件;資料平面元件會管理所有函式和程序,轉送使用者流量。
自動配置器:彙整及處理來自啟動器和佇列 Proxy Sidecar 容器的指標,這是資料層中的元件,可強制執行要求並行限制。自動調度器接著會計算修訂版本的觀察並行數,並根據所需的 Pod 數量調整部署大小。如果修訂版本中有可用的 Pod,自動調度器就是控制層元件;否則,如果 Pod 縮減為零,自動調度器就是資料層元件。
[[["容易理解","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["確實解決了我的問題","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["其他","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["難以理解","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["資訊或程式碼範例有誤","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["缺少我需要的資訊/範例","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["翻譯問題","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["其他","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["上次更新時間:2025-07-31 (世界標準時間)。"],[],[],null,["# Architectural overview of Knative serving\n\nThis page provides an architectural overview of Knative serving and covers the changes that occur when you enable Knative serving in your Google Kubernetes Engine cluster.\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\nThis information is useful for the following types of users:\n\n- Users getting started with Knative serving.\n- Operators with experience in running GKE clusters.\n- Application developers who need to know more about how Knative serving integrates with Kubernetes clusters to design better applications or configure their Knative serving application.\n\nComponents in the default installation\n--------------------------------------\n\nInstall [Knative serving](/knative) into\nyour cluster to connect and manage your stateless workloads. Knative\ncomponents are created in the `knative-serving` namespace.\n\nKnative serving uses Cloud Service Mesh to route traffic. By default,\nCloud Service Mesh installs components in the `istio-system` namespace.\n\nHere's a list of the components installed by Knative serving and Cloud Service Mesh:\n\n- Components installed by Knative serving in the `knative-serving` namespace:\n\n - **Activator** : When [pods](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod/) are scaled in to zero or become overloaded with requests sent to the revision, Activator temporarily queues the requests and sends metrics to Autoscaler to spin up more pods. Once Autoscaler scales the revision based on the reported metrics and available pods, Activator forwards queued requests to the revision. Activator is a data plane component; data plane components manage all functions and processes forwarding user traffic.\n - **Autoscaler**: Aggregates and processes metrics from Activator and the queue proxy sidecar container, a component in the data plane that enforces request concurrency limits. Autoscaler then calculates the observed concurrency for the revision and adjusts the size of the deployment based on the desired pod count. When pods are available in the revision, Autoscaler is a control plane component; otherwise, when pods are scaled in to zero, Autoscaler is a data plane component.\n - **Controller** : Creates and updates the child resources of Autoscaler and the [Service objects](#creating_a_service). Controller is a control plane component; control plane components manage all functions and processes establishing the request path of user traffic.\n - **Metrics Collector**: Collects metrics from Knative serving components then forwards them to Cloud Monitoring.\n - **Webhook** : Sets default values, rejects inconsistent and invalid objects, and [validates](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/#validatingadmissionwebhook) and [mutates](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/#mutatingadmissionwebhook) Kubernetes API calls against Knative serving resources. Webhook is a control plane component.\n- Components installed by Cloud Service Mesh running in the `istio-system` namespace:\n\n - **Cluster Local Gateway**: Load balancer in the data plane responsible for handling internal traffic that arrives from one Knative serving service to another. The Cluster Local Gateway can only be accessed from within your GKE cluster and does not register an external domain to prevent accidental exposure of private information or internal processes.\n - **Istio Ingress Gateway**: Load balancer in the data plane that is responsible for receiving and handling incoming traffic from outside the cluster, including traffic from either external or internal networks.\n - **Istiod** : Configures the Cluster Local Gateway and the Istio Ingress Gateway to handle HTTP requests at the correct endpoints. Istiod is a control plane component. For more information, see [Istiod](https://istio.io/latest/docs/ops/deployment/architecture/#istiod).\n\nKnative serving components are updated automatically with any\nGKE control plane cluster updates. For more information,\nsee [Available GKE versions](/kubernetes-engine/enterprise/knative-serving/docs/cluster-versions).\n\n### Cluster resource usage\n\nThe initial installation for Knative serving approximately requires 1.5\nvirtual CPU and 1 GB of memory for your cluster. The number of nodes in your\ncluster do not affect the space and memory requirements for a\nKnative serving installation.\n\nAn Activator can consume requests at a maximum of 1000 milliCPU and 600 MiB RAM.\nWhen an existing Activator can't support the number of incoming requests, an\nadditional Activator spins up, which requires a reservation of 300 milliCPU and\n60 MiB RAM.\n\nEvery pod created by the Knative serving service creates a\nqueue proxy sidecar that enforces request concurrency limits. The queue proxy\nreserves 25 milliCPU and has no memory reservation. The queue proxy's\nconsumption depends on how many requests are getting queued and the size of the\nrequests; there are no limits on the CPU and memory resources it can consume.\n\nCreating a Service\n------------------\n\n[](/static/kubernetes-engine/enterprise/knative-serving/docs/images/CRfAGCP-service-architecture.svg) Knative serving Service architecture (click to enlarge)\n\nKnative serving extends Kubernetes by defining a set of [Custom\nResource Definitions (CRDs)](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources):\nService, Revision, Configuration, and Route. These CRDs define and control how\nyour applications behave on the cluster:\n\n- *Knative serving Service* is the top level custom resource defined by Knative serving. It is a single application that manages the whole lifecycle of your workload. Your service ensures your app has a *route* , a *configuration* , and a new *revision* for each update of the service.\n- *Revision* is a point-in-time, immutable snapshot of the code and configuration.\n- *Configuration* maintains the current settings for your latest revision and records a history of all past revisions. Modifying a configuration creates a new revision.\n- *Route* defines an HTTP endpoint and associates the endpoint with one or more revisions to which requests are forwarded.\n\nWhen a user creates a Knative serving Service, the following\nhappen:\n\n1. The Knative serving Service object defines:\n\n 1. A configuration for how to serve your revisions.\n 2. An immutable revision for this version of your service.\n 3. A route to manage specified traffic allocation to your revision.\n2. The route object creates VirtualService. The VirtualService object configures\n Ingress Gateway and Cluster Local Gateway to route gateway traffic to the\n correct revision.\n\n3. The revision object creates the following control plane components: a\n Kubernetes Service object and a Deployment object.\n\n4. Network configuration connects Activator, Autoscaler, and load balancers\n for your app.\n\nRequest handling\n----------------\n\nThe following diagram shows a high level overview of a possible request path for\nuser traffic through the Knative serving data plane components on a\nsample Google Kubernetes Engine cluster:\n[](/static/kubernetes-engine/enterprise/knative-serving/docs/images/CRfAGCP-cluster-architecture.svg) Knative serving cluster architecture (click to enlarge)\n\nThe next diagram expands from the diagram above to give an in depth view into\nthe user traffic's request path, also described in detail below:\n[](/static/kubernetes-engine/enterprise/knative-serving/docs/images/CRfAGCP-request-handling.svg) Knative serving request path (click to enlarge)\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\nFor a Knative serving request path:\n\n1. Traffic arrives through:\n\n - The Ingress Gateway for traffic from outside of clusters\n - The Cluster Local Gateway for traffic within clusters\n2. The VirtualService component, which specifies traffic routing rules,\n configures the gateways so that user traffic is routed to the correct\n revision.\n\n3. Kubernetes Service, a control plane component, determines the next step in\n the request path dependent on the availability of pods to handle the\n traffic:\n\n - If there are no pods in the revision:\n\n 1. Activator temporarily queues the request received and pushes a metric to Autoscaler to scale more pods.\n 2. Autoscaler scales to desired state of pods in Deployment.\n 3. Deployment creates more pods to receive additional requests.\n 4. Activator retries requests to the queue proxy sidecar.\n - If the service is scaled out (pods are available), the Kubernetes Service\n sends the request to the queue proxy sidecar.\n\n4. The queue proxy sidecar enforces request queue parameters, single or\n multi-threaded requests, that the container can handle at a time.\n\n5. If the queue proxy sidecar has more requests than it can handle, Autoscaler\n creates more pods to handle additional requests.\n\n6. The queue proxy sidecar sends traffic to the user container."]]