公開 IP 環境中的 Airflow 元件會建立傳出連線,包括從自動分配的公開 IP 位址和通訊埠傳送電子郵件。如要讓公開 IP 環境透過預先決定的 IP 位址和連接埠傳送電子郵件,可以將虛擬私有雲網路連線至環境,然後切換至私人 IP。如要進一步瞭解 Cloud Composer 3 中的網路,請參閱「變更環境網路類型」。
Airflow 工作站和 DAG 處理器支援其他自訂後端,因此您可以從這些元件傳送電子郵件。如果排程器直接傳送電子郵件,通常是 DAG 失敗的電子郵件快訊。如要解決這個問題,可以改為透過已註冊的回呼函式傳送 DAG 失敗警報。這些訊息會從 DAG 處理器傳送。您也可以搭配使用其他自訂後端與 Airflow 運算子,傳送電子郵件。在這種情況下,電子郵件會由處理工作的 Airflow 工作站傳送。
設定 SendGrid 電子郵件服務
如要接收通知,請設定環境變數,透過 SendGrid 電子郵件服務傳送電子郵件。
註冊 SendGrid
如果您尚未註冊 SendGrid,請在 Google Cloud 主控台中註冊,按一下「Manage On Provider」前往 SendGrid 網域,然後按一下「Settings」擷取使用者名稱並建立 API 金鑰。 Google Cloud 開發人員一開始可享有每月 12,000 封免費電子郵件的配額。
importdatetimeimportairflowfromairflow.operators.emailimportEmailOperatorwithairflow.DAG("composer_sample_sendgrid",start_date=datetime.datetime(2022,1,1),)asdag:task_email=EmailOperator(task_id="send-email",conn_id="sendgrid_default",# You can specify more than one recipient with a list.to="user@example.com",subject="EmailOperator test for SendGrid",html_content="This is a test message sent through SendGrid.",dag=dag,)
[[["容易理解","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["確實解決了我的問題","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["其他","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["難以理解","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["資訊或程式碼範例有誤","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["缺少我需要的資訊/範例","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["翻譯問題","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["其他","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["上次更新時間:2025-09-01 (世界標準時間)。"],[[["\u003cp\u003eThis guide provides instructions on configuring SMTP services for Cloud Composer 3 environments, including using SendGrid and third-party SMTP services.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eFor SendGrid, users can configure email sending by storing the API key and connection details either in Secret Manager, which is recommended, or directly within Airflow, though the latter is less secure.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003ePublic IP environments can send emails from predetermined IP addresses by connecting a VPC network and switching to Private IP.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eThird-party SMTP services require overriding specific Airflow configuration options, and Cloud Composer supports retrieving the SMTP password securely through either a command or from Secret Manager.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eTesting the configuration can be done by creating a DAG that utilizes the EmailOperator, and checking if it was successful, along with checking the activity page on the specified email server.\u003c/p\u003e\n"]]],[],null,["# Configure email notifications\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\n**Cloud Composer 3** \\| [Cloud Composer 2](/composer/docs/composer-2/configure-email \"View this page for Cloud Composer 2\") \\| [Cloud Composer 1](/composer/docs/composer-1/configure-email \"View this page for Cloud Composer 1\")\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\nThis page explains how to configure SMTP services for your\nCloud Composer environment.\n\nBefore you begin\n----------------\n\n- If your Cloud Composer environment is\n [configured for Private IP](/composer/docs/composer-3/configure-private-ip), make sure that it has\n connectivity to the API endpoint for your external email service (such as\n `https://api.sendgrid.com`, or your preferred SMTP server).\n\n- Airflow components in Public IP environments establish outbound connections,\n including sending email messages, from automatically allocated public IP\n addresses and ports. If you want your Public IP environments to send email\n from predetermined IP addresses and ports, you can do so through\n [connecting a VPC network](/composer/docs/composer-3/connect-vpc-network) to your environment and\n [switching it to Private IP](/composer/docs/composer-3/change-networking-type#about-networking-type). For more\n information about networking in Cloud Composer 3, see\n [Change environment networking type](/composer/docs/composer-3/change-networking-type#about-networking-type).\n\n- The Airflow scheduler in Cloud Composer 3 supports only the following\n [custom email backends](#third-party):\n\n - airflow.providers.sendgrid.utils.emailer.send_email\n - airflow.utils.email.send_email_smtp\n\n If you configure a different custom email backend, this configuration won't\n be propagated to the scheduler. As a result, sending email directly from the\n scheduler would lead to the scheduler becoming unresponsive and repeatedly\n failing.\n\n Airflow workers and DAG processors support other custom backends, so you\n can send email from these components. One common case when email is sent\n directly from the scheduler is email alerts about DAG failures. As a\n workaround, you can send DAG failure alerts\n [through a registered callback](https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/administration-and-deployment/logging-monitoring/callbacks.html) instead. They will be\n sent from the DAG processor. You can also use other custom backends with\n Airflow operators that send email. In this case, email will be sent from\n an Airflow worker that processes the task.\n\nConfigure SendGrid email services\n---------------------------------\n\nTo receive notifications, configure your environment variables\nto send email through the SendGrid email service.\n\n### Sign up with SendGrid\n\nIf you haven't already, sign up with SendGrid in Google Cloud console, click\nManage On Provider to go to the SendGrid domain, and click Settings to retrieve\nyour username and to create an API key. As a Google Cloud developer, you can\nstart with 12,000 free emails per month.\n\n[Go to SendGrid Email API](https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace/details/sendgrid-app/sendgrid-email)\n\n### Configure variables\n\nSendGrid uses the API key and a From email address for sending mail. You\ncan provide this information with one of the following options:\n\n- (Recommended)\n [Store values in Secret Manager](#store-secret-manager)\n\n- [Store values in Airflow](#store-airflow)\n\n | **Caution:** If you use this option, the value for the SendGrid API key is stored in an Airflow connection.\n\n#### Store values in Secret Manager\n\nTo store values in Secret Manager:\n\n1. [Configure Secret Manager](/composer/docs/composer-3/configure-secret-manager) for your\n environment. Make sure to set up permissions and Airflow configuration\n options for the secrets backend.\n\n2. [Override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations) the following Airflow configuration options:\n\n3. Create a secret for the SendGrid connection named\n `airflow-connections-sendgrid_default`. Set the secret's value to the\n connection URI. For example:\n\n sendgrid://\u003cusername\u003e:\u003csendgrid_api_key\u003e@smtp.sendgrid.net:587\n\n For more information about storing connections in\n Secret Manager, see\n [Manage Airflow connections](/composer/docs/composer-3/manage-airflow-connections).\n4. Configure the email address for SendGrid. It's not possible to set up the\n email address through a secret. Instead, [override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations) the\n following Airflow configuration option:\n\n#### Store values in Airflow\n\n1. [Override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations) the following Airflow configuration options:\n\n2. In Airflow, [configure the connection](/composer/docs/composer-3/manage-airflow-connections)\n named `sendgrid_default`. Specify the Sendgrid API key in the connection\n URI. For example:\n\n gcloud composer environments run \u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eENVIRONMENT_NAME\u003c/var\u003e \\\n --location \u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eLOCATION\u003c/var\u003e \\\n connections add -- \\\n --conn-uri \"sendgrid://\u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eUSERNAME\u003c/var\u003e:\u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eSENDGRID_API_KEY\u003c/var\u003e@smtp.sendgrid.net:587\" \\\n sendgrid_default\n\n Replace the following:\n - `ENVIRONMENT_NAME`: the name of your environment.\n - `LOCATION`: the region where the environment is located.\n - `USERNAME`: the SendGrid username.\n - `SENDGRID_API_KEY`: the SendGrid API key.\n3. Configure the email address for SendGrid. It's not possible to set up the\n email address through a secret. Instead, [override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations) the\n following Airflow configuration option:\n\n### Test your SendGrid configuration\n\nTo test SendGrid configuration:\n\n1. Create a test DAG that uses the `EmailOperator`. For example:\n\n\n import datetime\n\n import airflow\n from airflow.operators.email import EmailOperator\n\n\n with airflow.DAG(\n \"composer_sample_sendgrid\",\n start_date=datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 1),\n ) as dag:\n task_email = EmailOperator(\n task_id=\"send-email\",\n conn_id=\"sendgrid_default\",\n # You can specify more than one recipient with a list.\n to=\"user@example.com\",\n subject=\"EmailOperator test for SendGrid\",\n html_content=\"This is a test message sent through SendGrid.\",\n dag=dag,\n )\n\n1. [Upload the DAG](/composer/docs/composer-3/manage-dags#add) to your environment and check that the task succeeds.\n2. Sign in to SendGrid in with your SendGrid credentials.\n3. In the SendGrid UI, go to Activity page.\n4. Search the list for the email. You should see that SendGrid processed and delivered the email.\n5. If the email is not processed and delivered:\n\n - Check your SendGrid configuration.\n - Verify that you enabled the Secret Manager backend. Make sure that you granted extra permissions and set overrides for Airflow configuration options.\n - Check the spam filter in your email client.\n\nConfigure third-party SMTP services\n-----------------------------------\n\nTo send email through a third-party SMTP service,\n[override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations) the `email_backend` Airflow configuration option\nand configure other SMTP-related parameters.\n| **Note:** Using a third-party SMTP service requires setting an SMTP password. Cloud Composer does not support configuring the `smtp_password` because the value is stored in plain text in `airflow.cfg` and considered non-secure. See [Configuring an SMTP password](#smtp_password) to learn about setting an SMTP password in a more secure way.\n\nTo configure a third-party SMTP service, [override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations) the following Airflow configuration options:\n\n### Configure an SMTP password for a third-party SMTP service\n\nKeeping an SMTP password in plain text in Airflow configuration file is a bad\nsecurity practice. That's why Cloud Composer does not support\nthis method. Instead, you can use two other methods for configuring an SMTP\npassword.\n\n#### Using a command to retrieve the SMTP password\n\nYou can use a configuration override to specify a command that obtains the\nSMTP password. When communicating with your SMTP service, Airflow uses this\ncommand to get the value of the password. Specify a single command, without\nbash operators such as pipes and redirects.\n\nTo use this method, [override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations) the following Airflow\nconfiguration option:\n\n\n#### Using a secret stored in Secret Manager to retrieve an SMTP password\n\nYou can [configure Secret Manager](/composer/docs/composer-3/configure-secret-manager) as your\nAirflow secrets backend.\n| **Note:** If the `smtp_ssl` Airflow configuration option is set to `True` for your environment, then disable this override if you get the `SSL_WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER` error.\n\nOnce you configure Secret Manager for your Composer\nenvironment, you can store an SMTP password in Secret Manager:\n\n1. Create a new secret:\n\n echo -n \"\u003cvar translate=\"no\"\u003eSMTP_PASSWORD\u003c/var\u003e\" | gcloud beta secrets create \\\n airflow-config-smtp-password \\\n --data-file=- \\\n --replication-policy=automatic\n\n Replace `SMTP_PASSWORD` with your SMTP password.\n2. Configure Airflow to obtain the SMTP password from\n Secret Manager. To do so, [override](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations)\n the following Airflow configuration option:\n\nWhat's next\n-----------\n\n- [Override Airflow configuration options](/composer/docs/composer-3/override-airflow-configurations)\n- [Set environment variables](/composer/docs/composer-3/set-environment-variables)"]]