Cloud Pub/Sub 教程(第 1 代)


本简易教程演示了如何使用 Pub/Sub 触发器编写、部署和触发事件驱动的 Cloud Run functions 函数

如果您刚接触 Pub/Sub,并且希望了解详情,请参阅 Pub/Sub 文档,特别是管理主题和订阅。如需简要了解如何在 Cloud Run functions 中处理 Pub/Sub 主题和订阅,请参阅 Pub/Sub 触发器

如果您要查找使用 Pub/Sub 本身的代码示例,请访问示例浏览器

目标

费用

在本文档中,您将使用 Google Cloud 的以下收费组件:

  • Cloud Run functions
  • Pub/Sub

您可使用价格计算器根据您的预计使用情况来估算费用。 Google Cloud 新用户可能有资格申请免费试用

准备工作

  1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads.
  2. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

    Go to project selector

  3. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

  4. Enable the Cloud Functions and Cloud Pub/Sub APIs.

    Enable the APIs

  5. Install the Google Cloud CLI.
  6. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

    gcloud init
  7. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

    Go to project selector

  8. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

  9. Enable the Cloud Functions and Cloud Pub/Sub APIs.

    Enable the APIs

  10. Install the Google Cloud CLI.
  11. To initialize the gcloud CLI, run the following command:

    gcloud init
  12. 如果您已经安装 gcloud CLI,请运行以下命令进行更新:

    gcloud components update
  13. 准备开发环境。

准备应用

  1. 将示例应用代码库克隆到本地机器:

    Node.js

    git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git

    或者,您也可以下载该示例的 zip 文件并将其解压缩。

    Python

    git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/python-docs-samples.git

    或者,您也可以下载该示例的 zip 文件并将其解压缩。

    Go

    git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples.git

    或者,您也可以下载该示例的 zip 文件并将其解压缩。

    Java

    git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/java-docs-samples.git

    或者,您也可以下载该示例的 zip 文件并将其解压缩。

    C#

    git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/dotnet-docs-samples.git

    或者,您也可以下载该示例的 zip 文件并将其解压缩。

    Ruby

    git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/ruby-docs-samples.git

    或者,您也可以下载该示例的 zip 文件并将其解压缩。

    PHP

    git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/php-docs-samples.git

    或者,您也可以下载该示例的 zip 文件并将其解压缩。

  2. 切换到包含用于访问 Pub/Sub 的 Cloud Run functions 示例代码的目录:

    Node.js

    cd nodejs-docs-samples/functions/helloworld/

    Python

    cd python-docs-samples/functions/helloworld/

    Go

    cd golang-samples/functions/helloworld/

    Java

    cd java-docs-samples/functions/helloworld/hello-pubsub/

    C#

    cd dotnet-docs-samples/functions/helloworld/HelloPubSub/

    Ruby

    cd ruby-docs-samples/functions/helloworld/pubsub/

    PHP

    cd php-docs-samples/functions/helloworld_pubsub/

  3. 查看示例代码:

    Node.js

    /**
     * Background Cloud Function to be triggered by Pub/Sub.
     * This function is exported by index.js, and executed when
     * the trigger topic receives a message.
     *
     * @param {object} message The Pub/Sub message.
     * @param {object} context The event metadata.
     */
    exports.helloPubSub = (message, context) => {
      const name = message.data
        ? Buffer.from(message.data, 'base64').toString()
        : 'World';
    
      console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);
    };

    Python

    def hello_pubsub(event, context):
        """Background Cloud Function to be triggered by Pub/Sub.
        Args:
             event (dict):  The dictionary with data specific to this type of
                            event. The `@type` field maps to
                             `type.googleapis.com/google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage`.
                            The `data` field maps to the PubsubMessage data
                            in a base64-encoded string. The `attributes` field maps
                            to the PubsubMessage attributes if any is present.
             context (google.cloud.functions.Context): Metadata of triggering event
                            including `event_id` which maps to the PubsubMessage
                            messageId, `timestamp` which maps to the PubsubMessage
                            publishTime, `event_type` which maps to
                            `google.pubsub.topic.publish`, and `resource` which is
                            a dictionary that describes the service API endpoint
                            pubsub.googleapis.com, the triggering topic's name, and
                            the triggering event type
                            `type.googleapis.com/google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage`.
        Returns:
            None. The output is written to Cloud Logging.
        """
        import base64
    
        print(
            """This Function was triggered by messageId {} published at {} to {}
        """.format(
                context.event_id, context.timestamp, context.resource["name"]
            )
        )
    
        if "data" in event:
            name = base64.b64decode(event["data"]).decode("utf-8")
        else:
            name = "World"
        print(f"Hello {name}!")
    
    

    Go

    
    // Package helloworld provides a set of Cloud Functions samples.
    package helloworld
    
    import (
    	"context"
    	"log"
    )
    
    // PubSubMessage is the payload of a Pub/Sub event.
    // See the documentation for more details:
    // https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/reference/rest/v1/PubsubMessage
    type PubSubMessage struct {
    	Data []byte `json:"data"`
    }
    
    // HelloPubSub consumes a Pub/Sub message.
    func HelloPubSub(ctx context.Context, m PubSubMessage) error {
    	name := string(m.Data) // Automatically decoded from base64.
    	if name == "" {
    		name = "World"
    	}
    	log.Printf("Hello, %s!", name)
    	return nil
    }
    

    Java

    
    import com.google.cloud.functions.BackgroundFunction;
    import com.google.cloud.functions.Context;
    import functions.eventpojos.PubsubMessage;
    import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
    import java.util.Base64;
    import java.util.logging.Level;
    import java.util.logging.Logger;
    
    public class HelloPubSub implements BackgroundFunction<PubsubMessage> {
      private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(HelloPubSub.class.getName());
    
      @Override
      public void accept(PubsubMessage message, Context context) {
        String name = "world";
        if (message != null && message.getData() != null) {
          name = new String(
              Base64.getDecoder().decode(message.getData().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)),
              StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        }
        logger.info(String.format("Hello %s!", name));
        return;
      }
    }

    C#

    using CloudNative.CloudEvents;
    using Google.Cloud.Functions.Framework;
    using Google.Events.Protobuf.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
    using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
    using System.Threading;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    
    namespace HelloPubSub;
    
    public class Function : ICloudEventFunction<MessagePublishedData>
    {
        private readonly ILogger _logger;
    
        public Function(ILogger<Function> logger) =>
            _logger = logger;
    
        public Task HandleAsync(CloudEvent cloudEvent, MessagePublishedData data, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            string nameFromMessage = data.Message?.TextData;
            string name = string.IsNullOrEmpty(nameFromMessage) ? "world" : nameFromMessage;
            _logger.LogInformation("Hello {name}", name);
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }
    }

    Ruby

    require "functions_framework"
    require "base64"
    
    FunctionsFramework.cloud_event "hello_pubsub" do |event|
      # The event parameter is a CloudEvents::Event::V1 object.
      # See https://cloudevents.github.io/sdk-ruby/latest/CloudEvents/Event/V1.html
      name = Base64.decode64 event.data["message"]["data"] rescue "World"
    
      # A cloud_event function does not return a response, but you can log messages
      # or cause side effects such as sending additional events.
      logger.info "Hello, #{name}!"
    end

    PHP

    
    use CloudEvents\V1\CloudEventInterface;
    use Google\CloudFunctions\FunctionsFramework;
    
    // Register the function with Functions Framework.
    // This enables omitting the `FUNCTIONS_SIGNATURE_TYPE=cloudevent` environment
    // variable when deploying. The `FUNCTION_TARGET` environment variable should
    // match the first parameter.
    FunctionsFramework::cloudEvent('helloworldPubsub', 'helloworldPubsub');
    
    function helloworldPubsub(CloudEventInterface $event): void
    {
        $log = fopen(getenv('LOGGER_OUTPUT') ?: 'php://stderr', 'wb');
    
        $cloudEventData = $event->getData();
        $pubSubData = base64_decode($cloudEventData['message']['data']);
    
        $name = $pubSubData ? htmlspecialchars($pubSubData) : 'World';
        fwrite($log, "Hello, $name!" . PHP_EOL);
    }

部署函数

如需部署带有 Pub/Sub 触发器的函数,请在包含示例代码(如果是 Java,则为 pom.xml 文件)的目录中运行以下命令:

Node.js

gcloud functions deploy helloPubSub \
--runtime nodejs22 \
--trigger-topic YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

使用 --runtime 标志可以指定支持的 Node.js 版本的运行时 ID 来运行您的函数。

Python

gcloud functions deploy hello_pubsub \
--runtime python312 \
--trigger-topic YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

使用 --runtime 标志可以指定支持的 Python 版本的运行时 ID 来运行您的函数。

Go

gcloud functions deploy HelloPubSub \
--runtime go122 \
--trigger-topic YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

使用 --runtime 标志可以指定支持的 Go 版本的运行时 ID 来运行您的函数。

Java

gcloud functions deploy java-pubsub-function \
--entry-point functions.HelloPubSub \
--runtime java21 \
--memory 512MB \
--trigger-topic YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

使用 --runtime 标志可以指定支持的 Java 版本的运行时 ID 来运行您的函数。

C#

gcloud functions deploy csharp-pubsub-function \
--entry-point HelloPubSub.Function \
--runtime dotnet8 \
--trigger-topic YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

使用 --runtime 标志可以指定支持的 .NET 版本的运行时 ID 来运行您的函数。

Ruby

gcloud functions deploy hello_pubsub --runtime ruby33 \
-
-trigger-topic YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

使用 --runtime 标志可以指定支持的 Ruby 版本的运行时 ID 来运行您的函数。

PHP

 gcloud functions deploy helloworldPubsub --runtime php83 \
-
-trigger-topic YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

使用 --runtime 标志可以指定支持的 PHP 版本的运行时 ID 来运行您的函数。

其中,YOUR_TOPIC_NAME 是函数将订阅的 Pub/Sub 主题的名称。

如果 YOUR_TOPIC_NAME 不存在,则此命令会为您创建。您还可以在运行 deploy 命令之前,使用 Google Cloud 控制台或以下 gcloud 命令创建主题:

gcloud pubsub topics create YOUR_TOPIC_NAME

触发函数

  1. 向您的 Pub/Sub 主题发布消息。在此示例中,消息是函数将在问候语中使用的名称:

    gcloud pubsub topics publish YOUR_TOPIC_NAME --message YOUR_NAME

    请将 YOUR_TOPIC_NAME 替换为您的 Pub/Sub 主题的名称,并将 YOUR_NAME 替换为任意字符串。

  2. 检查日志以确保执行已完成:

    gcloud functions logs read --limit 50

您还可以从函数内部向 Pub/Sub 主题发布消息。

清理

为避免因本教程中使用的资源导致您的 Google Cloud 账号产生费用,请删除包含这些资源的项目,或者保留项目但删除各个资源。

删除项目

为了避免产生费用,最简单的方法是删除您为本教程创建的项目。

要删除项目,请执行以下操作:

  1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Manage resources page.

    Go to Manage resources

  2. In the project list, select the project that you want to delete, and then click Delete.
  3. In the dialog, type the project ID, and then click Shut down to delete the project.

删除函数

删除 Cloud Run functions 不会移除存储在 Cloud Storage 中的任何资源。

如需删除您在本教程中创建的函数,请运行以下命令:

Node.js

gcloud functions delete helloPubSub 

Python

gcloud functions delete hello_pubsub 

Go

gcloud functions delete HelloPubSub 

Java

gcloud functions delete java-pubsub-function 

C#

gcloud functions delete csharp-pubsub-function 

Ruby

gcloud functions delete hello_pubsub 

PHP

gcloud functions delete helloworldPubsub 

您也可以通过 Google Cloud 控制台删除 Cloud Run functions。