启用事件驱动型函数重试（第 1 代）

注意：此内容仅适用于 Cloud Run functions（第 1 代），即原 Cloud Functions（第 1 代）。

如需了解本文档的 Cloud Run functions 版本，请参阅启用事件驱动型函数重试。

本文档介绍了如何为事件驱动型函数启用重试。HTTP 函数无法自动重试。

注意：您使用的事件驱动型函数的类型（CloudEvent 函数或后台函数）取决于您的函数将在其中运行的运行时。

重试的语义

对于事件来源发出的每个事件，Cloud Run functions 保证至少执行一次事件驱动型函数。默认情况下，如果函数调用因错误而终止，则该函数不会被再次调用，且相应事件会被丢弃。当您针对事件驱动型函数启用重试时，Cloud Run functions 会重试失败的函数调用，直到该函数调用成功或重试期限到期。

此重试时段将在 7 天后过期。Cloud Run functions 使用指数退避策略重试新创建的事件驱动型函数，增加的退避时间在 10 到 600 秒之间。此政策会在您首次部署新函数时应用于该函数。它不会追溯应用于此版本说明中描述的更改生效之前首次部署的现有函数，即使您重新部署这些函数也是如此。

如果没有为函数启用重试（默认设置），则函数始终报告其成功执行，并且 200 OK 响应代码可能出现在其日志中。即使函数出现错误，也会发生这种情况。为了清楚说明函数何时出现错误，请务必适当地报告错误。

为什么事件驱动型函数会执行失败

在极少数情况下，函数可能会由于内部错误而提早退出，并且默认情况下函数可能会自动重试，也可能不会自动重试。

更常见的情况是，事件驱动型函数可能由于函数代码本身抛出错误而无法成功完成。可能导致这种情况的原因包括：

• 函数包含 bug，且运行时抛出异常。
• 函数无法访问服务端点，或者在尝试访问端点时超时。
• 函数本身有意抛出异常（例如，某个参数验证失败）。
• Node.js 函数返回遭拒的 promise，或将非 null 值传递给回调。

在上述任何情况下，函数默认都会停止执行，而事件会遭舍弃。如需在出错时重试函数，可通过设置“失败时重试”属性来更改默认的重试政策。这会导致事件反复重试，直到函数成功完成或重试超时到期。

警告：设置“失败时重试”属性会导致您的函数不断重试，直到执行成功或最长重试期结束（可能持续数天）。如果失败是由于 Bug 或任何其他类型的永久性错误引起的，函数可能会陷入重试循环。 此设置只应当用于暂时性故障（例如不可靠的端点或间歇性超时），且只能在对未设置此属性的代码进行压力测试后才能使用。如果函数陷入重试循环，您必须对其进行重新部署或者将其删除才能结束执行。

启用或停用重试

要启用或停用重试功能，您可以使用 gcloud 命令行工具或 Google Cloud 控制台。默认情况下，不允许重试。

通过 gcloud 命令行工具配置重试

要通过 gcloud 命令行工具启用重试功能，请在部署您的函数时添加 --retry 标志：

gcloud functions deploy FUNCTION_NAME --retry FLAGS...

要停用重试功能，请重新部署不使用 --retry 标志的函数：

gcloud functions deploy FUNCTION_NAME FLAGS...

通过控制台配置重试

如需创建新函数，请执行以下操作：

1. 在创建函数屏幕中，在触发器下选择作为函数触发器的事件类型。
2. 选中失败时重试复选框以启用重试。

如果要更新现有函数，请执行以下操作：

1. 在 Cloud Run functions 概览页面中，点击要更新的函数的名称以打开其函数详情屏幕，然后从菜单栏中选择修改以显示触发器窗格。
2. 选中或清除失败时重试复选框，以启用或停用重试。

最佳做法

本部分介绍有关如何利用重试的最佳做法。

利用重试来应对暂时性错误

由于函数会一直重试，直到成功执行为止，因此在启用重试之前应进行彻底的测试，以从代码中清除 bug 之类的永久性错误。重试最适合用于应对通过重试可以解决的间歇性或暂时性故障，比如不稳定的服务端点或超时。

设置结束条件以避免无限重试循环

在启用重试时，您应防止函数陷入连续循环。您可以在函数开始处理之前添加明确定义的结束条件。请注意，此方法仅在您的函数成功启动并且能够评估结束条件时才有效。

一种简单而有效的方法是舍弃时间戳早于特定时间的事件。在发生永久性故障或持续时间长于预期的故障时，这样可以保证函数执行次数不会太多。

例如，以下代码段会舍弃超过 10 秒前发生的所有事件：

Node.js

/**
 * Background Cloud Function that only executes within
 * a certain time period after the triggering event
 *
 * @param {object} event The Cloud Functions event.
 * @param {function} callback The callback function.
 */
exports.avoidInfiniteRetries = (event, callback) => {
  const eventAge = Date.now() - Date.parse(event.timestamp);
  const eventMaxAge = 10000;

  // Ignore events that are too old
  if (eventAge > eventMaxAge) {
    console.log(`Dropping event ${event} with age ${eventAge} ms.`);
    callback();
    return;
  }

  // Do what the function is supposed to do
  console.log(`Processing event ${event} with age ${eventAge} ms.`);

  // Retry failed function executions
  const failed = false;
  if (failed) {
    callback('some error');
  } else {
    callback();
  }
};

Python

from datetime import datetime, timezone

# The 'python-dateutil' package must be included in requirements.txt.
from dateutil import parser


def avoid_infinite_retries(data, context):
    """Background Cloud Function that only executes within a certain
    time period after the triggering event.

    Args:
        data (dict): The event payload.
        context (google.cloud.functions.Context): The event metadata.
    Returns:
        None; output is written to Stackdriver Logging
    """

    timestamp = context.timestamp

    event_time = parser.parse(timestamp)
    event_age = (datetime.now(timezone.utc) - event_time).total_seconds()
    event_age_ms = event_age * 1000

    # Ignore events that are too old
    max_age_ms = 10000
    if event_age_ms > max_age_ms:
        print(f"Dropped {context.event_id} (age {event_age_ms}ms)")
        return "Timeout"

    # Do what the function is supposed to do
    print(f"Processed {context.event_id} (age {event_age_ms}ms)")
    return  # To retry the execution, raise an exception here

Go

// Package tips contains tips for writing Cloud Functions in Go.
package tips

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/functions/metadata"
)

// PubSubMessage is the payload of a Pub/Sub event.
// See the documentation for more details:
// https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/reference/rest/v1/PubsubMessage
type PubSubMessage struct {
	Data []byte `json:"data"`
}

// FiniteRetryPubSub demonstrates how to avoid inifinite retries.
func FiniteRetryPubSub(ctx context.Context, m PubSubMessage) error {
	meta, err := metadata.FromContext(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		// Assume an error on the function invoker and try again.
		return fmt.Errorf("metadata.FromContext: %w", err)
	}

	// Ignore events that are too old.
	expiration := meta.Timestamp.Add(10 * time.Second)
	if time.Now().After(expiration) {
		log.Printf("event timeout: halting retries for expired event '%q'", meta.EventID)
		return nil
	}

	// Add your message processing logic.
	return processTheMessage(m)
}

Java

import com.google.cloud.functions.BackgroundFunction;
import com.google.cloud.functions.Context;
import com.google.gson.Gson;
import functions.eventpojos.PubsubMessage;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

public class RetryTimeout implements BackgroundFunction<PubsubMessage> {
  private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(RetryTimeout.class.getName());
  private static final long MAX_EVENT_AGE = 10_000;

  // Use Gson (https://github.com/google/gson) to parse JSON content.
  private static final Gson gson = new Gson();

  /**
   * Background Cloud Function that only executes within
   * a certain time period after the triggering event
   */
  @Override
  public void accept(PubsubMessage message, Context context) {
    ZonedDateTime utcNow = ZonedDateTime.now(ZoneOffset.UTC);
    ZonedDateTime timestamp = ZonedDateTime.parse(context.timestamp());

    long eventAge = Duration.between(timestamp, utcNow).toMillis();

    // Ignore events that are too old
    if (eventAge > MAX_EVENT_AGE) {
      logger.info(String.format("Dropping event with timestamp %s.", timestamp));
      return;
    }

    // Process events that are recent enough
    // To retry this invocation, throw an exception here
    logger.info(String.format("Processing event with timestamp %s.", timestamp));
  }
}

C#

using CloudNative.CloudEvents;
using Google.Cloud.Functions.Framework;
using Google.Events.Protobuf.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace TimeBoundedRetries;

public class Function : ICloudEventFunction<MessagePublishedData>
{
    private static readonly TimeSpan MaxEventAge = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
    private readonly ILogger _logger;

    // Note: for additional testability, use an injectable clock abstraction.
    public Function(ILogger<Function> logger) =>
        _logger = logger;

    public Task HandleAsync(CloudEvent cloudEvent, MessagePublishedData data, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        string textData = data.Message.TextData;

        DateTimeOffset utcNow = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;

        // Every PubSub CloudEvent will contain a timestamp.
        DateTimeOffset timestamp = cloudEvent.Time.Value;
        DateTimeOffset expiry = timestamp + MaxEventAge;

        // Ignore events that are too old.
        if (utcNow > expiry)
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("Dropping PubSub message '{text}'", textData);
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }

        // Process events that are recent enough.
        // If this processing throws an exception, the message will be retried until either
        // processing succeeds or the event becomes too old and is dropped by the code above.
        _logger.LogInformation("Processing PubSub message '{text}'", textData);
        return Task.CompletedTask;
    }
}

Ruby

require "functions_framework"

FunctionsFramework.cloud_event "avoid_infinite_retries" do |event|
  # Use the event timestamp to determine the event age.
  event_age_secs = Time.now - event.time.to_time
  event_age_ms = (event_age_secs * 1000).to_i

  max_age_ms = 10_000
  if event_age_ms > max_age_ms
    # Ignore events that are too old.
    logger.info "Dropped #{event.id} (age #{event_age_ms}ms)"

  else
    # Do what the function is supposed to do.
    logger.info "Handling #{event.id} (age #{event_age_ms}ms)..."
    failed = true

    # Raise an exception to signal failure and trigger a retry.
    raise "I failed!" if failed
  end
end

PHP

/**
 * This function shows an example method for avoiding infinite retries in
 * Google Cloud Functions. By default, functions configured to automatically
 * retry execution on failure will be retried indefinitely - causing an
 * infinite loop. To avoid this, we stop retrying executions (by not throwing
 * exceptions) for any events that are older than a predefined threshold.
 */

use Google\CloudFunctions\CloudEvent;

function avoidInfiniteRetries(CloudEvent $event): void
{
    $log = fopen(getenv('LOGGER_OUTPUT') ?: 'php://stderr', 'wb');

    $eventId = $event->getId();

    // The maximum age of events to process.
    $maxAge = 10; // 10 seconds

    // The age of the event being processed.
    $eventAge = time() - strtotime($event->getTime());

    // Ignore events that are too old
    if ($eventAge > $maxAge) {
        fwrite($log, 'Dropping event ' . $eventId . ' with age ' . $eventAge . ' seconds' . PHP_EOL);
        return;
    }

    // Do what the function is supposed to do
    fwrite($log, 'Processing event: ' . $eventId . ' with age ' . $eventAge . ' seconds' . PHP_EOL);

    // infinite_retries failed function executions
    $failed = true;
    if ($failed) {
        throw new Exception('Event ' . $eventId . ' failed; retrying...');
    }
}

区分可重试的函数和致命错误

如果您的函数已启用重试功能，任何未处理的错误都将触发重试。 请确保您的代码能够捕获所有不应导致重试的错误。

Node.js

/**
 * Background Cloud Function that demonstrates
 * how to toggle retries using a promise
 *
 * @param {object} event The Cloud Functions event.
 * @param {object} event.data Data included with the event.
 * @param {object} event.data.retry User-supplied parameter that tells the function whether to retry.
 */
exports.retryPromise = event => {
  const tryAgain = !!event.data.retry;

  if (tryAgain) {
    throw new Error('Retrying...');
  } else {
    console.error('Not retrying...');
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
};

/**
 * Background Cloud Function that demonstrates
 * how to toggle retries using a callback
 *
 * @param {object} event The Cloud Functions event.
 * @param {object} event.data Data included with the event.
 * @param {object} event.data.retry User-supplied parameter that tells the function whether to retry.
 * @param {function} callback The callback function.
 */
exports.retryCallback = (event, callback) => {
  const tryAgain = !!event.data.retry;
  const err = new Error('Error!');

  if (tryAgain) {
    console.error('Retrying:', err);
    callback(err);
  } else {
    console.error('Not retrying:', err);
    callback();
  }
};

Python

from google.cloud import error_reporting


error_client = error_reporting.Client()


def retry_or_not(data, context):
    """Background Cloud Function that demonstrates how to toggle retries.

    Args:
        data (dict): The event payload.
        context (google.cloud.functions.Context): The event metadata.
    Returns:
        None; output is written to Stackdriver Logging
    """

    # Retry based on a user-defined parameter
    try_again = data.data.get("retry") is not None

    try:
        raise RuntimeError("I failed you")
    except RuntimeError:
        error_client.report_exception()
        if try_again:
            raise  # Raise the exception and try again
        else:
            pass  # Swallow the exception and don't retry

Go

// Package tips contains tips for writing Cloud Functions in Go.
package tips

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"log"
)

// PubSubMessage is the payload of a Pub/Sub event.
// See the documentation for more details:
// https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/reference/rest/v1/PubsubMessage
type PubSubMessage struct {
	Data []byte `json:"data"`
}

// RetryPubSub demonstrates how to toggle using retries.
func RetryPubSub(ctx context.Context, m PubSubMessage) error {
	name := string(m.Data)
	if name == "" {
		name = "World"
	}

	// A misconfigured client will stay broken until the function is redeployed.
	client, err := MisconfiguredDataClient()
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("MisconfiguredDataClient (retry denied):  %v", err)
		// A nil return indicates that the function does not need a retry.
		return nil
	}

	// Runtime error might be resolved with a new attempt.
	if err = FailedWriteOperation(client, name); err != nil {
		log.Printf("FailedWriteOperation (retry expected): %v", err)
		// A non-nil return indicates that a retry is needed.
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

Java

import com.google.cloud.functions.BackgroundFunction;
import com.google.cloud.functions.Context;
import com.google.gson.Gson;
import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
import functions.eventpojos.PubsubMessage;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

public class RetryPubSub implements BackgroundFunction<PubsubMessage> {
  private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(RetryPubSub.class.getName());

  // Use Gson (https://github.com/google/gson) to parse JSON content.
  private static final Gson gson = new Gson();

  @Override
  public void accept(PubsubMessage message, Context context) {
    String bodyJson = new String(
        Base64.getDecoder().decode(message.getData()), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
    JsonElement bodyElement = gson.fromJson(bodyJson, JsonElement.class);

    // Get the value of the "retry" JSON parameter, if one exists
    boolean retry = false;
    if (bodyElement != null && bodyElement.isJsonObject()) {
      JsonObject body = bodyElement.getAsJsonObject();

      if (body.has("retry") && body.get("retry").getAsBoolean()) {
        retry = true;
      }
    }

    // Retry if appropriate
    if (retry) {
      // Throwing an exception causes the execution to be retried
      throw new RuntimeException("Retrying...");
    } else {
      logger.info("Not retrying...");
    }
  }
}

C#

using CloudNative.CloudEvents;
using Google.Cloud.Functions.Framework;
using Google.Events.Protobuf.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using System;
using System.Text.Json;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Retry;

public class Function : ICloudEventFunction<MessagePublishedData>
{
    private readonly ILogger _logger;

    public Function(ILogger<Function> logger) =>
        _logger = logger;

    public Task HandleAsync(CloudEvent cloudEvent, MessagePublishedData data, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        bool retry = false;
        string text = data.Message?.TextData;

        // Get the value of the "retry" JSON parameter, if one exists.
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(text))
        {
            JsonElement element = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<JsonElement>(data.Message.TextData);

            retry = element.TryGetProperty("retry", out var property) &&
                property.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.True;
        }

        // Throwing an exception causes the execution to be retried.
        if (retry)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Retrying...");
        }
        else
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("Not retrying...");
        }
        return Task.CompletedTask;
    }
}

Ruby

require "functions_framework"

FunctionsFramework.cloud_event "retry_or_not" do |event|
  try_again = event.data["retry"]

  begin
    # Simulate a failure
    raise "I failed!"
  rescue RuntimeError => e
    logger.warn "Caught an error: #{e}"
    if try_again
      # Raise an exception to return a 500 and trigger a retry.
      logger.info "Trying again..."
      raise ex
    else
      # Return normally to end processing of this event.
      logger.info "Giving up."
    end
  end
end

PHP

use Google\CloudFunctions\CloudEvent;

function tipsRetry(CloudEvent $event): void
{
    $cloudEventData = $event->getData();
    $pubSubData = $cloudEventData['message']['data'];

    $json = json_decode(base64_decode($pubSubData), true);

    // Determine whether to retry the invocation based on a parameter
    $tryAgain = $json['some_parameter'];

    if ($tryAgain) {
        /**
         * Functions with automatic retries enabled should throw exceptions to
         * indicate intermittent failures that a retry might fix. In this
         * case, a thrown exception will cause the original function
         * invocation to be re-sent.
         */
        throw new Exception('Intermittent failure occurred; retrying...');
    }

    /**
     * If a function with retries enabled encounters a non-retriable
     * failure, it should return *without* throwing an exception.
     */
    $log = fopen(getenv('LOGGER_OUTPUT') ?: 'php://stderr', 'wb');
    fwrite($log, 'Not retrying' . PHP_EOL);
}

使可重试的事件驱动型函数具有幂等性

可重试的事件驱动型函数必须是幂等函数。下面是一些有关如何使此类函数具有幂等性的一般指导原则：

• 许多外部 API（如 Stripe）允许提供幂等键作为参数。如果您在使用此类 API，应将事件 ID 作为幂等键。
• 幂等性与“至少一次”机制非常契合，因为它能确保重试的安全性。通常情况下，幂等性对于重试来说是不可或缺的。
• 确保代码具有内在的幂等性。例如：
  • 确保即使发生多次变更 (mutation)，执行结果也不会改变。
  • 在事务中，先查询数据库状态再更改状态。
  • 确保所有副作用本身也具有幂等性。
• 在函数之外强制执行事务检查（不依赖代码）。 例如，在某个位置留存状态信息，并记录已处理事件的 ID。
• 处理重复的带外函数调用。例如，设置一个单独的清理进程，在发生重复函数调用后执行清理。

配置重试政策

根据您的函数的具体需求，您可能需要直接配置重试政策。这样，您就可以进行以下一项或多项设置：

• 将重试期限从 7 天缩短至最短 10 分钟。
• 更改指数退避算法重试策略的最短和最长退避时间。
• 更改重试策略以立即重试。
• 配置死信主题。
• 设置传送尝试次数上限和下限。

如需配置重试政策，请执行以下操作：

1. 编写 HTTP 函数。
2. 使用 Pub/Sub API 创建 Pub/Sub 订阅，将函数的网址指定为目标。

如需详细了解如何直接配置 Pub/Sub，请参阅有关处理失败情况的 Pub/Sub 文档。

后续步骤

• 部署 Cloud Run functions 函数。
• 调用 Pub/Sub 触发器函数。
• 调用 Cloud Storage 触发器函数。
• 教程：搭配使用 Cloud Run functions 和 Pub/Sub。
• 教程：搭配使用 Cloud Run functions 和 Cloud Storage。