Using system packages

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This tutorial shows how to build a custom Knative serving service that transforms a graph description input parameter into a diagram in the PNG image format. It uses Graphviz that is installed as a system package in the service's container environment. Graphviz is used via command-line utilities to serve requests.

Objectives

• Write and build a custom container with a Dockerfile
• Write, build, and deploy a Knative serving service
• Use Graphviz dot utility to generate diagrams
• Test the service by posting a DOT syntax diagram from the collection or your own creation

Costs

In this document, you use the following billable components of Google Cloud:

• Cloud Build
• Container Registry
• Knative serving

To generate a cost estimate based on your projected usage, use the pricing calculator. New Google Cloud users might be eligible for a free trial.

Before you begin

1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads.

2. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

3. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

4. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

5. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

6. Enable the Knative serving API
7. Install and initialize the gcloud CLI.
8. Install the kubectl component:

   gcloud components install kubectl

9. Update components:

   gcloud components update

10. Install curl to try out the service
11. Create a new cluster using the instructions in Setting up Knative serving.

Setting up gcloud defaults

To configure gcloud with defaults for your Knative serving service:

1. Set your default project:

   gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID

   Replace PROJECT_ID with the name of the project you use for this tutorial.

2. Configure gcloud for your cluster:

   gcloud config set run/platform gke
   gcloud config set run/cluster CLUSTER-NAME
   gcloud config set run/cluster_location REGION

   Replace:

   • CLUSTER-NAME with the name you used for your cluster,
   • REGION with the supported cluster location of your choice.

Retrieving the code sample

To retrieve the code sample for use:

1. Clone the sample app repository to your local machine:

   Node.js

   git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/nodejs-docs-samples.git

   Alternatively, you can download the sample as a zip file and extract it.

   Python

   git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/python-docs-samples.git

   Alternatively, you can download the sample as a zip file and extract it.

   Go

   git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples.git

   Alternatively, you can download the sample as a zip file and extract it.

   Java

   git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/java-docs-samples.git

   Alternatively, you can download the sample as a zip file and extract it.

2. Change to the directory that contains the Knative serving sample code:

   Node.js

   cd nodejs-docs-samples/run/system-package/

   Python

   cd python-docs-samples/run/system-package/

   Go

   cd golang-samples/run/system_package/

   Java

   cd java-docs-samples/run/system-package/

Visualizing the architecture

The basic architecture looks like this:

For the diagram source, see the DOT Description

The user makes an HTTP request to the Knative serving service which executes a Graphviz utility to transform the request into an image. That image is delivered to the user as the HTTP response.

Understanding the code

Defining your environment configuration with the Dockerfile

Key Point: Use your Dockerfile to customize your environment with libraries, utilities, environment variables, configuration files, and startup processes. This is the container-based approach for "server configuration".

Your Dockerfile is specific to the language and base operating environment, such as Ubuntu, that your service will use.

Note: the quickstart, although it is for Knative serving, does show various Dockerfiles you can use as a starting point to build a Dockerfile for other services.

This service requires one or more additional system packages not available by default.

1. Open the Dockerfile in an editor.

2. Look for a Dockerfile RUN statement. This statement allows running arbitrary shell commands to modify the environment. If the Dockerfile has multiple stages, identified by finding multiple FROM statements, it will be found in the last stage.

   The specific packages required and the mechanism to install them varies by the operating system declared inside the container.

   To get instructions for your operating system or base image, click the appropriate tab.

   Debian/Ubuntu

   RUN apt-get update -y && apt-get install -y \
     graphviz \
     && apt-get clean

   Alpine

   Alpine requires a second package for font support.

   RUN apk --no-cache add graphviz ttf-ubuntu-font-family

   To determine the operating system of your container image, check the name in the FROM statement or a README associated with your base image. For example, if you extend from node, you can find documentation and the parent Dockerfile on Docker Hub.

3. Test your customization by building the image, using docker build locally or Cloud Build.

Handling incoming requests

The sample service uses parameters from the incoming HTTP request to invoke a system call that executes the appropriate dot utility command.

In the HTTP handler below, a graph description input parameter is extracted from the dot querystring variable.

Graph descriptions can include characters which must be URL encoded for use in a querystring.

Node.js

app.get('/diagram.png', (req, res) => {
  try {
    const image = createDiagram(req.query.dot);
    res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'image/png');
    res.setHeader('Content-Length', image.length);
    res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'public, max-age=86400');
    res.send(image);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(`error: ${err.message}`);
    const errDetails = (err.stderr || err.message).toString();
    if (errDetails.includes('syntax')) {
      res.status(400).send(`Bad Request: ${err.message}`);
    } else {
      res.status(500).send('Internal Server Error');
    }
  }
});

Python

@app.route("/diagram.png", methods=["GET"])
def index():
    """Takes an HTTP GET request with query param dot and
    returns a png with the rendered DOT diagram in a HTTP response.
    """
    try:
        image = create_diagram(request.args.get("dot"))
        response = make_response(image)
        response.headers.set("Content-Type", "image/png")
        return response

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"error: {e}")

        # If no graphviz definition or bad graphviz def, return 400
        if "syntax" in str(e):
            return f"Bad Request: {e}", 400

        return "Internal Server Error", 500

Go

// diagramHandler renders a diagram using HTTP request parameters and the dot command.
func diagramHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
		log.Printf("method not allowed: %s", r.Method)
		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("HTTP Method %s Not Allowed", r.Method), http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
		return
	}

	q := r.URL.Query()
	dot := q.Get("dot")
	if dot == "" {
		log.Print("no graphviz definition provided")
		http.Error(w, "Bad Request", http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}

	// Cache header must be set before writing a response.
	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=86400")

	input := strings.NewReader(dot)
	if err := createDiagram(w, input); err != nil {
		log.Printf("createDiagram: %v", err)
		// Do not cache error responses.
		w.Header().Del("Cache-Control")
		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "syntax") {
			http.Error(w, "Bad Request: DOT syntax error", http.StatusBadRequest)
		} else {
			http.Error(w, "Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError)
		}
	}
}

Java

get(
    "/diagram.png",
    (req, res) -> {
      InputStream image = null;
      try {
        String dot = req.queryParams("dot");
        image = createDiagram(dot);
        res.header("Content-Type", "image/png");
        res.header("Content-Length", Integer.toString(image.available()));
        res.header("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=86400");
      } catch (Exception e) {
        if (e.getMessage().contains("syntax")) {
          res.status(400);
          return String.format("Bad Request: %s", e.getMessage());
        } else {
          res.status(500);
          return "Internal Server Error";
        }
      }
      return image;
    });

You'll need to differentiate between internal server errors and invalid user input. This sample service returns an Internal Server Error for all dot command-line errors unless the error message contains the string syntax, which indicates a user input problem.

Generating a diagram

The core logic of diagram generation uses the dot command-line tool to process the graph description input parameter into a diagram in the PNG image format.

Node.js

// Generate a diagram based on a graphviz DOT diagram description.
const createDiagram = dot => {
  if (!dot) {
    throw new Error('syntax: no graphviz definition provided');
  }

  // Adds a watermark to the dot graphic.
  const dotFlags = [
    '-Glabel="Made on Cloud Run"',
    '-Gfontsize=10',
    '-Glabeljust=right',
    '-Glabelloc=bottom',
    '-Gfontcolor=gray',
  ].join(' ');

  const image = execSync(`/usr/bin/dot ${dotFlags} -Tpng`, {
    input: dot,
  });
  return image;
};

Python

def create_diagram(dot):
    """Generates a diagram based on a graphviz DOT diagram description.

    Args:
        dot: diagram description in graphviz DOT syntax

    Returns:
        A diagram in the PNG image format.
    """
    if not dot:
        raise Exception("syntax: no graphviz definition provided")

    dot_args = [  # These args add a watermark to the dot graphic.
        "-Glabel=Made on Cloud Run",
        "-Gfontsize=10",
        "-Glabeljust=right",
        "-Glabelloc=bottom",
        "-Gfontcolor=gray",
        "-Tpng",
    ]

    # Uses local `dot` binary from Graphviz:
    # https://graphviz.gitlab.io
    image = subprocess.run(
        ["dot"] + dot_args, input=dot.encode("utf-8"), stdout=subprocess.PIPE
    ).stdout

    if not image:
        raise Exception("syntax: bad graphviz definition provided")
    return image

Go

// createDiagram generates a diagram image from the provided io.Reader written to the io.Writer.
func createDiagram(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) error {
	stderr := new(bytes.Buffer)
	args := []string{
		"-Glabel=Made on Cloud Run",
		"-Gfontsize=10",
		"-Glabeljust=right",
		"-Glabelloc=bottom",
		"-Gfontcolor=gray",
		"-Tpng",
	}
	cmd := exec.Command("/usr/bin/dot", args...)
	cmd.Stdin = r
	cmd.Stdout = w
	cmd.Stderr = stderr

	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("exec(%s) failed (%w): %s", cmd.Path, err, stderr.String())
	}

	return nil
}

Java

// Generate a diagram based on a graphviz DOT diagram description.
public static InputStream createDiagram(String dot) {
  if (dot == null || dot.isEmpty()) {
    throw new NullPointerException("syntax: no graphviz definition provided");
  }
  // Adds a watermark to the dot graphic.
  List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
  args.add("/usr/bin/dot");
  args.add("-Glabel=\"Made on Cloud Run\"");
  args.add("-Gfontsize=10");
  args.add("-Glabeljust=right");
  args.add("-Glabelloc=bottom");
  args.add("-Gfontcolor=gray");
  args.add("-Tpng");

  StringBuilder output = new StringBuilder();
  InputStream stdout = null;
  try {
    ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(args);
    Process process = pb.start();
    OutputStream stdin = process.getOutputStream();
    stdout = process.getInputStream();
    // The Graphviz dot program reads from stdin.
    Writer writer = new OutputStreamWriter(stdin, "UTF-8");
    writer.write(dot);
    writer.close();
    process.waitFor();
  } catch (Exception e) {
    System.out.println(e);
  }
  return stdout;
}

Designing a secure service

Any vulnerabilities in the dot tool are potential vulnerabilities of the web service. You can mitigate this by using up-to-date versions of the graphviz package through re-building the container image on a regular basis.

If you extend the current sample to accept user input as command-line parameters, you should protect against command-injection attacks. Some of the ways to prevent injection attacks include:

• Mapping inputs to a dictionary of supported parameters
• Validating inputs match a range of known-safe values, perhaps using regular expressions
• Escaping inputs to ensure shell syntax is not evaluated

Shipping the code

To ship your code, you build with Cloud Build, and upload to Container Registry, and deploy to Knative serving:

1. Run the following command to build your container and publish on Container Registry.

   Node.js

   gcloud builds submit --tag gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz

   Where PROJECT_ID is your GCP project ID, and graphviz is the name you want to give your service.

   Upon success, you will see a SUCCESS message containing the ID, creation time, and image name. The image is stored in Container Registry and can be re-used if desired.

   Python

   gcloud builds submit --tag gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz

   Where PROJECT_ID is your GCP project ID, and graphviz is the name you want to give your service.

   Upon success, you will see a SUCCESS message containing the ID, creation time, and image name. The image is stored in Container Registry and can be re-used if desired.

   Go

   gcloud builds submit --tag gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz

   Where PROJECT_ID is your GCP project ID, and graphviz is the name you want to give your service.

   Upon success, you will see a SUCCESS message containing the ID, creation time, and image name. The image is stored in Container Registry and can be re-used if desired.

   Java

   This sample uses Jib to build Docker images using common Java tools. Jib optimizes container builds without the need for a Dockerfile or having Docker installed. Learn more about building Java containers with Jib.

   1. Using the Dockerfile, configure and build a base image with the system packages installed to override Jib's default base image:

      # Use the Official eclipse-temurin image for a lean production stage of our multi-stage build.
      # https://hub.docker.com/_/eclipse-temurin/
      FROM eclipse-temurin:17.0.12_7-jre
      
      RUN apt-get update -y && apt-get install -y \
        graphviz \
        && apt-get clean

      gcloud builds submit --tag gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz-base

      Where PROJECT_ID is your GCP project ID.

   2. Build your final container with Jib and publish on Container Registry:

      <plugin>
        <groupId>com.google.cloud.tools</groupId>
        <artifactId>jib-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>3.4.0</version>
        <configuration>
          <from>
            <image>gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz-base</image>
          </from>
          <to>
            <image>gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz</image>
          </to>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>

      mvn compile jib:build \
       -Dimage=gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz \
       -Djib.from.image=gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz-base

      Where PROJECT_ID is your GCP project ID.

2. Deploy using the following command:

   gcloud run deploy graphviz-web --create-if-missing --image gcr.io/PROJECT_ID/graphviz

   Where PROJECT_ID is your GCP project ID, and graphviz is the name of the container from above and graphviz-web is the name of the service.

   Wait until the deployment is complete: this can take about half a minute.

3. If you want to deploy a code update to the service, repeat the previous steps. Each deployment to a service creates a new revision and automatically starts serving traffic when ready.

Try it out

Try out your service by sending HTTP POST requests with DOT syntax descriptions in the request payload.

1. Send an HTTP request to your service.

   You can embed the diagram in a web page:

   1. To get the external IP for the Istio ingress gateway:

      kubectl get svc istio-ingress -n gke-system

      where the resulting output looks something like this:

      NAME            TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP  PORT(S)
      istio-ingress   LoadBalancer   XX.XX.XXX.XX   pending      80:32380/TCP,443:32390/TCP,32400:32400/TCP

      The EXTERNAL-IP for the Load Balancer is the IP address you must use.

   2. Run a curl command using this EXTERNAL-IP address in the URL. Do not include the protocol (e.g.: http://) in SERVICE_DOMAIN.

      curl -G -H "Host: SERVICE_DOMAIN" http://EXTERNAL-IP/diagram.png \
         --data-urlencode "dot=digraph Run { rankdir=LR Code -> Build -> Deploy -> Run }" \
         > diagram.png

2. Open the resulting diagram.png file in any application that supports PNG files, such as Chrome.

   It should look like this:

   

   Source: DOT Description

You can explore a small collection of ready-made diagram descriptions.

1. Copy the contents of the selected .dot file

2. Paste it into a curl command:

   curl -G -H "Host: SERVICE_DOMAIN" http://EXTERNAL-IP/diagram.png \
   --data-urlencode "dot=digraph Run { rankdir=LR Code -> Build -> Deploy -> Run }" \
   > diagram.png

Clean up

If you created a new project for this tutorial, delete the project. If you used an existing project and wish to keep it without the changes added in this tutorial, delete resources created for the tutorial.

Deleting the project

The easiest way to eliminate billing is to delete the project that you created for the tutorial.

To delete the project:

Caution: Deleting a project has the following effects:

• Everything in the project is deleted. If you used an existing project for the tasks in this document, when you delete it, you also delete any other work you've done in the project.
• Custom project IDs are lost. When you created this project, you might have created a custom project ID that you want to use in the future. To preserve the URLs that use the project ID, such as an appspot.com URL, delete selected resources inside the project instead of deleting the whole project.

If you plan to explore multiple architectures, tutorials, or quickstarts, reusing projects can help you avoid exceeding project quota limits.

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Manage resources page.

   Go to Manage resources

2. In the project list, select the project that you want to delete, and then click Delete.
3. In the dialog, type the project ID, and then click Shut down to delete the project.

Deleting tutorial resources

1. Delete the Knative serving service you deployed in this tutorial:

   gcloud run services delete SERVICE-NAME

   Where SERVICE-NAME is your chosen service name.

   You can also delete Knative serving services from the Google Cloud console:

   Go to Knative serving

2. Remove the gcloud default configurations you added during the tutorial setup:

    gcloud config unset run/platform
    gcloud config unset run/cluster
    gcloud config unset run/cluster_location
   

3. Remove the project configuration:

    gcloud config unset project
   

4. Delete other Google Cloud resources created in this tutorial:

   • Delete the container image named gcr.io/<var>PROJECT_ID</var>/graphviz from Container Registry.
   • If you created a cluster for this tutorial, delete the cluster

What's next

• Experiment with your graphviz app:
  • Add support for other graphviz utilities which apply different algorithms to diagram generation.
  • Save diagrams to Cloud Storage. Do you want to save the image or the DOT syntax?
  • Implement content abuse protection with Cloud Natural Language API.
  • See another example of a system package in the Image Processing.
• Explore reference architectures, diagrams, and best practices about Google Cloud. Take a look at our Cloud Architecture Center.