Use Pod Security Standards Restricted policy constraints

Policy Controller comes with a default library of constraint templates that you can use with the Pod Security Standards Restricted bundle. This bundle lets you achieve many of the same protections as the Kubernetes Pod Security Standards (PSS) Restricted policy, with the ability to test your policies before enforcing them and exclude coverage of specific resources.

This page contains instructions for manually applying a policy bundle. Alternatively, you can apply policy bundles directly.

Warning: After you choose a method to apply policy bundles (manual, gcloud CLI, or Google Cloud console), using a different method to install policy bundles can cause errors in your environment.

This page is for IT administrators and Operators who want to ensure that all resources running within the cloud platform meet organizational compliance requirements by providing and maintaining automation to audit or enforce. To learn more about common roles and example tasks that we reference in Google Cloud content, see Common GKE Enterprise user roles and tasks.

The bundle includes these constraints which map to the following Kubernetes Pod Security Standards (PSS) Restricted policy controls:

Constraint Name	Constraint Description	Control Name
pss-restricted-v2022-psp-volume-types	Usage of volume types	Volume Types
pss-restricted-v2022-privilege-escalation	Restricting escalation to root privileges	Privilege Escalation
pss-restricted-v2022-running-as-non-root	The runAsNonRoot value of the container	Running as Non-root
pss-restricted-v2022-running-as-non-root-user	The user ID of the container	Running as Non-root user
pss-restricted-v2022-seccomp	The seccomp profile used by containers	Seccomp
pss-restricted-v2022-capabilities	Linux capabilities	Capabilities

Before you begin

Important: The Pod Security Standards Restricted profile builds on and includes all the Pod Security Standards Baseline profile controls. Install the PSS-Baseline bundle prior to using the PSS-Restricted bundle.

1. Install and initialize the Google Cloud CLI, which provides the gcloud and kubectl commands used in these instructions. If you use Cloud Shell, Google Cloud CLI comes pre-installed.
2. Install Policy Controller v1.11.1 or higher on your cluster with the default library of constraint templates.

Audit Pod Security Standards Restricted policy bundle

Policy Controller lets you enforce policies for your Kubernetes cluster. To help test your workloads and their compliance with regard to the Google recommended best practices outlined in the preceding table, you can deploy these constraints in "audit" mode to reveal violations and more importantly give yourself a chance to fix them before enforcing on your Kubernetes cluster.

You can apply these policies with spec.enforcementAction set to dryrun using kubectl, kpt, or Config Sync.

kubectl

1. (Optional) Preview the policy constraints with kubectl:

   kubectl kustomize https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/gke-policy-library.git/anthos-bundles/pss-restricted-v2022
   

2. Apply the policy constraints with kubectl:

   kubectl apply -k https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/gke-policy-library.git/anthos-bundles/pss-restricted-v2022
   

   The output is the following:

   k8spspallowprivilegeescalationcontainer.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-privilege-escalation created
   k8spspallowedusers.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-running-as-non-root created
   k8spspcapabilities.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-capabilities created
   k8spspseccomp.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-seccomp created
   k8spspvolumetypes.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-psp-volume-types created
   

3. Verify that policy constraints have been installed and check if violations exist across the cluster:

   kubectl get -k https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/gke-policy-library.git/anthos-bundles/pss-restricted-v2022
   

   The output is similar to the following:

   NAME                                                                                                          ENFORCEMENT-ACTION   TOTAL-VIOLATIONS
   k8spspallowprivilegeescalationcontainer.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-privilege-escalation   dryrun               0
   
   NAME                                                                                    ENFORCEMENT-ACTION   TOTAL-VIOLATIONS
   k8spspallowedusers.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-running-as-non-root   dryrun               0
   
   NAME                                                                             ENFORCEMENT-ACTION   TOTAL-VIOLATIONS
   k8spspcapabilities.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-capabilities   dryrun               0
   
   NAME                                                                   ENFORCEMENT-ACTION   TOTAL-VIOLATIONS
   k8spspseccomp.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-seccomp   dryrun               0
   
   NAME                                                                                ENFORCEMENT-ACTION   TOTAL-VIOLATIONS
   k8spspvolumetypes.constraints.gatekeeper.sh/pss-restricted-v2022-psp-volume-types   dryrun               0
   

kpt

1. Install and setup kpt. kpt is used in these instructions to customize and deploy Kubernetes resources.

2. Download the Pod Security Standards (PSS) Restricted v2022 policy bundle from GitHub using kpt:

   kpt pkg get https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/gke-policy-library.git/anthos-bundles/pss-restricted-v2022
   

3. Run the set-enforcement-action kpt function to set the policies' enforcement action to dryrun:

   kpt fn eval pss-restricted-v2022 -i gcr.io/kpt-fn/set-enforcement-action:v0.1 \
     -- enforcementAction=dryrun
   

4. Initialize the working directory with kpt, which creates a resource to track changes:

   cd pss-restricted-v2022
   kpt live init
   

5. Apply the policy constraints with kpt:

   kpt live apply
   

6. Verify that policy constraints have been installed and check if violations exist across the cluster:

   kpt live status --output table --poll-until current
   

   A status of CURRENT confirms successful installation of the constraints.

Config Sync

1. Install and setup kpt. kpt is used in these instructions to customize and deploy Kubernetes resources.

Operators using Config Sync to deploy policies to their clusters can use the following instructions:

1. Change into the sync directory for Config Sync:

   cd SYNC_ROOT_DIR
   

   Note: Kpt v1.0.0-beta.17 and later automatically create a resourcegroup.yaml file during live init which shouldn't be checked into your Config Sync repo. If not already present, add resourcegroup.yaml to your repo's .gitignore file.

   To create or append .gitignore with resourcegroup.yaml:

   echo resourcegroup.yaml >> .gitignore
   

2. Create a dedicated policies directory:

   mkdir -p policies
   

3. Download the Pod Security Standards (PSS) Restricted v2022 policy bundle from GitHub using kpt:

   kpt pkg get https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/gke-policy-library.git/anthos-bundles/pss-restricted-v2022 policies/pss-restricted-v2022
   

4. Run the set-enforcement-action kpt function to set the policies' enforcement action to dryrun:

   kpt fn eval policies/pss-restricted-v2022 -i gcr.io/kpt-fn/set-enforcement-action:v0.1 -- enforcementAction=dryrun
   

5. (Optional) Preview the policy constraints to be created:

   kpt live init policies/pss-restricted-v2022
   kpt live apply --dry-run policies/pss-restricted-v2022
   

6. If your sync directory for Config Sync uses Kustomize, add policies/pss-baseline-v2022 to your root kustomization.yaml. Otherwise remove the policies/pss-baseline-v2022/kustomization.yaml file:

   rm SYNC_ROOT_DIR/policies/pss-baseline-v2022/kustomization.yaml
   

7. Push changes to the Config Sync repo:

   git add SYNC_ROOT_DIR/policies/pss-restricted-v2022
   git commit -m 'Adding Pod Security Standards Restricted audit enforcement'
   git push
   

8. Verify the status of the installation:

   watch gcloud beta container fleet config-management status --project PROJECT_ID
   

   A status of SYNCED confirms the installation of the policies.

View policy violations

Once the policy constraints are installed in audit mode, violations on the cluster can be viewed in the UI using the Policy Controller Dashboard.

You can also use kubectl to view violations on the cluster using the following command:

kubectl get constraint -l policycontroller.gke.io/bundleName=pss-restricted-v2022 -o json | jq -cC '.items[]| [.metadata.name,.status.totalViolations]'

If violations are present, a listing of the violation messages per constraint can be viewed with:

kubectl get constraint -l policycontroller.gke.io/bundleName=pss-restricted-v2022 -o json | jq -C '.items[]| select(.status.totalViolations>0)| [.metadata.name,.status.violations[]?]'

Change Pod Security Standards Restricted policy bundle enforcement action

Once you've reviewed policy violations on your cluster, you can consider changing the enforcement mode so the Admission Controller will either warn on or even deny block non-compliant resource from getting applied to the cluster.

Warning: The deny enforcement action should be used with care as it can potentially block required changes resulting in interruption to critical workloads or the cluster. It is strongly recommended that only the warn or dryrun enforcement actions are used on clusters with production workloads, when testing new constraints, or performing migrations such as upgrading platforms. For more information about enforcement actions, see Auditing using constraints.

kubectl

1. Use kubectl to set the policies' enforcement action to warn:

   kubectl get constraint -l policycontroller.gke.io/bundleName=pss-restricted-v2022 -o name | xargs -I {} kubectl patch {} --type='json' -p='[{"op":"replace","path":"/spec/enforcementAction","value":"warn"}]'
   

2. Verify that policy constraints enforcement action have been updated:

   kubectl get constraint -l policycontroller.gke.io/bundleName=pss-restricted-v2022
   

kpt

1. Run the set-enforcement-action kpt function to set the policies' enforcement action to warn:

   kpt fn eval -i gcr.io/kpt-fn/set-enforcement-action:v0.1 -- enforcementAction=warn
   

2. Apply the policy constraints:

   kpt live apply
   

Config Sync

Operators using Config Sync to deploy policies to their clusters can use the following instructions:

1. Change into the sync directory for Config Sync:

   cd SYNC_ROOT_DIR
   

2. Run the set-enforcement-action kpt function to set the policies' enforcement action to warn:

   kpt fn eval policies/pss-restricted-v2022 -i gcr.io/kpt-fn/set-enforcement-action:v0.1 -- enforcementAction=warn
   

3. Push changes to the Config Sync repo:

   git add SYNC_ROOT_DIR/pss-restricted-v2022
   git commit -m 'Adding Pod Security Standards Restricted policy bundle warn enforcement'
   git push
   

4. Verify the status of the installation:

   gcloud alpha anthos config sync repo list --project PROJECT_ID
   

   Your repo showing up in the SYNCED column confirms the installation of the policies.

Test policy enforcement

Create a non-compliant resource on the cluster using the following command:

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: wp-non-compliant
  labels:
    app: wordpress
spec:
  containers:
    - image: wordpress
      name: wordpress
      ports:
      - containerPort: 80
        hostPort: 80
        name: wordpress
EOF

The admission controller should produce a warning listing out the policy violations that this resource violates, as shown in the following example:

Warning: [pss-baseline-v2022-host-ports] The specified hostNetwork and hostPort are not allowed, pod: wp-non-compliant. Allowed values: {"max": 0, "min": 0}
pod/wp-non-compliant created

Remove Pod Security Standards Restricted policy bundle

If needed, the Pod Security Standards Restricted policy bundle can be removed from the cluster.

kubectl

• Use kubectl to remove the policies:

  kubectl delete constraint -l policycontroller.gke.io/bundleName=pss-restricted-v2022
  

kpt

• Remove the policies:

  kpt live destroy
  

Config Sync

Operators using Config Sync to deploy policies to their clusters can use the following instructions:

1. Push changes to the Config Sync repo:

   git rm -r SYNC_ROOT_DIR/policies/pss-restricted-v2022
   git commit -m 'Removing Pod Security Standards Restricted policies'
   git push
   

2. Verify the status:

   gcloud alpha anthos config sync repo list --project PROJECT_ID
   

   Your repo showing up in the SYNCED column confirms the removal of the policies.