Learning Path: Scalable applications - Create a cluster

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This set of tutorials is for IT administrators and Operators that want to deploy, run, and manage modern application environments that run on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Enterprise edition. As you progress through this set of tutorials you learn how to configure monitoring and alerts, scale workloads, and simulate failure, all using the Cymbal Bank sample microservices application:

1. Create a cluster and deploy a sample application (this tutorial)
2. Monitor with Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus
3. Scale workloads
4. Simulate a failure

Overview and objectives

Cymbal Bank uses Python and Java to run the various services, and includes a PostgreSQL backend. You don't need experience with these languages or database platform to complete the series of tutorials, as Cymbal Bank is just an example application to show how GKE Enterprise can support the needs of your business.

In this tutorial, you learn how to create a single GKE cluster and deploy a sample microservices-based application named Cymbal Bank to a GKE cluster. You learn how to complete the following tasks:

• Create a GKE cluster that uses Autopilot.

• Deploy a sample microservices-based application named Cymbal Bank.

• Use the Google Cloud console to explore the GKE resources used by the Cymbal Bank sample application.

Costs

Enabling GKE Enterprise and deploying the Cymbal Bank sample application for this series of tutorials means that you incur per-cluster charges for GKE Enterprise on Google Cloud as listed on our Pricing page until you disable GKE Enterprise or delete the project.

You are also responsible for other Google Cloud costs incurred while running the Cymbal Bank sample application, such as charges for Compute Engine VMs and load balancers.

Before you begin

The first tutorials in this series mostly use core functionality available to all GKE users, but as you progress through the tutorials you use more of the additional features available only through the enterprise tier.

In this first tutorial in the series, complete all the following "Begin you begin" setup steps before you get started. You only need to complete the following "Before you begin" steps once.

Configure your shell and tools

In this series of tutorials, you use the following tools to deploy and manage your environment:

• gcloud CLI: create and manage GKE clusters and fleets, along with other Google Cloud services.
• kubectl: manage Kubernetes, the cluster orchestration system used by GKE Enterprise.

To run the commands on this page, set up the Google Cloud CLI and kubectl in one of the following development environments:

Cloud Shell

To use an online terminal with the gcloud CLI and kubectl already set up, activate Cloud Shell:

At the bottom of this page, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

Local shell

To use a local development environment, follow these steps:

• Install the gcloud CLI.
• Initialize the gcloud CLI.

• Install kubectl the gcloud CLI:

  gcloud components install kubectl
  

Set up your project

Take the following steps to set up a Google Cloud project, including enabling billing and GKE services. This is the project where you will enable GKE Enterprise.

You might need a Google Cloud administrator in your organization to grant you access to create or use a project and enable APIs.

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Google Kubernetes Engine page:

   Go to the Google Kubernetes Engine page

2. Create or select a project. This is the project where you enable GKE Enterprise.

3. If prompted, Enable the GKE Enterprise API.

4. Wait for the API and related services to be enabled. This can take several minutes.

5. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

After GKE is enabled, enable Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Enterprise edition:

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the GKE Enterprise page:

   Go to the GKE Enterprise page

2. Select Learn about Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Enterprise edition.

3. If eligible, you can check the option to Start your 90-day free trial.

4. Select Enable GKE Enterprise, then Confirm.

Grant IAM roles

If you are the project owner (such as if you created the project yourself), you already have all the permissions necessary to complete these tutorials. If you are not the owner, ensure that your Google Cloud account has the required IAM roles to your selected project for this set of tutorials. Again, you might need a Google Cloud administrator in your organization to help grant the required roles.

In the following commands, replace PROJECT_ID with the automatically-generated ID of the project that you created or selected in the previous section. The project ID is often different from the project name. For example, your project might be scalable-apps, but your project ID might be scalable-apps-567123.

Grant roles to your Google Account. Run the following command once for each of the following IAM roles: roles/resourcemanager.projectIamAdmin, roles/iam.serviceAccountAdmin, roles/iam.serviceAccountUser, roles/iam.securityAdmin, roles/serviceusage.serviceUsageAdmin, roles/container.admin, roles/logging.logWriter, roles/gkehub.admin, roles/viewer, roles/monitoring.viewer

$ gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT_ID --member="user:EMAIL_ADDRESS" --role=ROLE

• Replace PROJECT_ID with your project ID.
• Replace EMAIL_ADDRESS with your email address.
• Replace ROLE with each individual role.

Clone the sample application

Clone the Git repository that includes all the sample manifests for Cymbal Bank:

  git clone https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/bank-of-anthos
  cd bank-of-anthos/

Create a cluster

With all of the prerequisite steps in the previous sections complete, you can now start to create a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster and deploy a sample application.

GKE is a managed Kubernetes service that you can use to deploy and operate containerized applications. A GKE environment consists of nodes, which are Compute Engine virtual machines (VMs), that are grouped together to form a cluster.

GKE clusters can also be grouped together in fleets: logical groups of clusters that can be managed together. Many GKE Enterprise features, including those you'll use later in this tutorial series, are based on fleets and the principles of sameness and trust that fleets assume.

• Create a GKE cluster that you use in the rest of the tutorials in this series:

  gcloud container clusters create-auto scalable-apps \
    --project=PROJECT_ID \
    --region=REGION \
    --enable-fleet
  

  Replace the following:

  • PROJECT_ID with the automatically-generated ID of the project that you created in the previous section. The project ID is often different from the project name. For example, your project might be scalable-apps, but your project ID might be scalable-apps-567123.
  • REGION with the region that you want to create your cluster in, such as us-central1.

  It takes a few minutes to create the cluster and verify everything works correctly.

In this set of tutorials, you use Autopilot mode clusters and some default IP address ranges when you create clusters. A production deployment of your own applications requires more careful IP address planning. In Autopilot mode, Google manages your cluster configuration, including autoscale, security, and other preconfigured settings. Clusters in Autopilot mode are optimized to run most production workloads and provision compute resources based on your Kubernetes manifests.

Deploy Cymbal Bank

You package apps (also called workloads) into containers. You deploy sets of containers as Pods to your nodes.

In this series of tutorials, you deploy a sample microservices-based application named Cymbal Bank to one or more GKE clusters. Cymbal Bank uses Python and Java to run the various services, and includes a PostgreSQL backend. You don't need experience with these languages or database platform to complete the series of tutorials. Cymbal Bank is just an example application to show how Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Enterprise edition can support the needs of your business.

When you use Cymbal Bank as part of this set of tutorials, the following services are deployed into your GKE cluster:

Service	Language	Description
frontend	Python	Exposes an HTTP server to serve the website. Contains login page, signup page, and home page.
ledger-writer	Java	Accepts and validates incoming transactions before writing them to the ledger.
balance-reader	Java	Provides efficient readable cache of user balances, as read from ledger-db.
transaction-history	Java	Provides efficient readable cache of past transactions, as read from ledger-db.
ledger-db	PostgreSQL	Ledger of all transactions. Option to pre-populate with transactions for demo users.
user-service	Python	Manages user accounts and authentication. Signs JWTs used for authentication by other services.
contacts	Python	Stores list of other accounts associated with a user. Used for drop down in "Send Payment" and "Deposit" forms.
accounts-db	PostgreSQL	Database for user accounts and associated data. Option to pre-populate with demo users.
loadgenerator	Python / Locust	Continuously sends requests imitating users to the frontend. Periodically creates new accounts and simulates transactions between them.

To deploy Cymbal Bank into your GKE cluster, complete the following steps:

1. Cymbal Bank uses JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) to handle user authentication. JWTs use asymmetric key pairs to sign and verify tokens. In Cymbal Bank, userservice creates and signs tokens with an RSA private key when a user signs in, and the other services use the corresponding public key to validate the user.

   Create an RS256 JWT that's 4,096 bits in strength:

   openssl genrsa -out jwtRS256.key 4096
   openssl rsa -in jwtRS256.key -outform PEM -pubout -out jwtRS256.key.pub
   

   If needed, download and install the OpenSSL tools for your platform.

2. A Kubernetes Secret can store sensitive data like keys or passwords. Workloads that run in your cluster can then access the Secret to get the sensitive data instead of hard-coding it in the application.

   Create a Kubernetes Secret from the key file you created in the previous step for Cymbal Bank to use with authentication requests:

   kubectl create secret generic jwt-key --from-file=./jwtRS256.key --from-file=./jwtRS256.key.pub
   

3. Deploy Cymbal Bank to your cluster. The following command deploys all the manifest files in the kubernetes-manifests directory. Each manifest file deploys and configures one of the Services:

   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/accounts-db.yaml
   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/balance-reader.yaml
   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/config.yaml
   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/contacts.yaml
   kubectl apply -f extras/postgres-hpa/kubernetes-manifests/frontend.yaml
   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/ledger-db.yaml
   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/ledger-writer.yaml
   kubectl apply -f extras/postgres-hpa/loadgenerator.yaml
   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/transaction-history.yaml
   kubectl apply -f kubernetes-manifests/userservice.yaml
   

   You might see messages in the kubectl output as the manifests are applied to your cluster about Autopilot limits. Autopilot uses the resource requests that you specify in your workload configuration to configure the nodes that run your workloads. Autopilot enforces minimum and maximum resource requests based on the compute class or the hardware configuration that your workloads use. If you don't specify requests for some containers, Autopilot assigns default values to let those containers run correctly.

   Review the following sample manifest for the frontend Service:

   # Copyright 2024 Google LLC
   #
   # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   # You may obtain a copy of the License at
   #
   #     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   #
   # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   # limitations under the License.
   
   apiVersion: v1
   kind: Service
   metadata:
     labels:
       application: bank-of-anthos
       environment: development
       team: frontend
       tier: web
     name: frontend
   spec:
     ports:
       - name: http
         port: 80
         targetPort: 8080
     selector:
       app: frontend
       application: bank-of-anthos
       environment: development
       team: frontend
       tier: web
     type: LoadBalancer
   ---
   apiVersion: apps/v1
   kind: Deployment
   metadata:
     labels:
       application: bank-of-anthos
       environment: development
       team: frontend
       tier: web
     name: frontend
   spec:
     selector:
       matchLabels:
         app: frontend
         application: bank-of-anthos
         environment: development
         team: frontend
         tier: web
     template:
       metadata:
         annotations:
           proxy.istio.io/config: '{ "holdApplicationUntilProxyStarts": true }'
         labels:
           app: frontend
           application: bank-of-anthos
           environment: development
           team: frontend
           tier: web
       spec:
         containers:
           - env:
               - name: VERSION
                 value: v0.6.4
               - name: PORT
                 value: "8080"
               - name: ENABLE_TRACING
                 value: "true"
               - name: SCHEME
                 value: http
               - name: LOG_LEVEL
                 value: info
               - name: DEFAULT_USERNAME
                 valueFrom:
                   configMapKeyRef:
                     key: DEMO_LOGIN_USERNAME
                     name: demo-data-config
               - name: DEFAULT_PASSWORD
                 valueFrom:
                   configMapKeyRef:
                     key: DEMO_LOGIN_PASSWORD
                     name: demo-data-config
               - name: REGISTERED_OAUTH_CLIENT_ID
                 valueFrom:
                   configMapKeyRef:
                     key: DEMO_OAUTH_CLIENT_ID
                     name: oauth-config
                     optional: true
               - name: ALLOWED_OAUTH_REDIRECT_URI
                 valueFrom:
                   configMapKeyRef:
                     key: DEMO_OAUTH_REDIRECT_URI
                     name: oauth-config
                     optional: true
             envFrom:
               - configMapRef:
                   name: environment-config
               - configMapRef:
                   name: service-api-config
             image: us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/bank-of-anthos-ci/bank-of-anthos/frontend:v0.6.4@sha256:f25db63509515fb6caf98c8c76e906f3c2868e345767d12565ab3750e52963f0
             livenessProbe:
               httpGet:
                 path: /ready
                 port: 8080
               initialDelaySeconds: 60
               periodSeconds: 15
               timeoutSeconds: 30
             name: front
             readinessProbe:
               httpGet:
                 path: /ready
                 port: 8080
               initialDelaySeconds: 10
               periodSeconds: 5
               timeoutSeconds: 10
             resources:
               limits:
                 cpu: 250m
                 memory: 128Mi
               requests:
                 cpu: 100m
                 memory: 64Mi
             securityContext:
               allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
               capabilities:
                 drop:
                   - all
               privileged: false
               readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
             volumeMounts:
               - mountPath: /tmp
                 name: tmp
               - mountPath: /tmp/.ssh
                 name: publickey
                 readOnly: true
         securityContext:
           fsGroup: 1000
           runAsGroup: 1000
           runAsNonRoot: true
           runAsUser: 1000
         serviceAccountName: bank-of-anthos
         terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 5
         volumes:
           - emptyDir: {}
             name: tmp
           - name: publickey
             secret:
               items:
                 - key: jwtRS256.key.pub
                   path: publickey
               secretName: jwt-key

   This manifest for the frontend Service requests 100m of CPU and 64Mi, and sets limits of 250m of CPU and 128Mi per Pod.

   When you deploy a workload in an Autopilot cluster, GKE validates the workload configuration against the allowed minimum and maximum values for the selected compute class or hardware configuration (such as GPUs). If your requests are less than the minimum, Autopilot automatically modifies your workload configuration to bring your requests within the allowed range. These messages indicate that the appropriate limits are being automatically assigned.

4. Wait for the Pods to be ready. Use kubectl to check on the status of the Pods:

   kubectl get pods
   

   The STATUS column changes from Pending to ContainerCreating. It takes a few minutes for all of the Pods to be in a Running state, as shown in the following example output:

   NAME                                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
   accounts-db-6f589464bc-6r7b7          1/1     Running   0          99s
   balancereader-797bf6d7c5-8xvp6        1/1     Running   0          99s
   contacts-769c4fb556-25pg2             1/1     Running   0          98s
   frontend-7c96b54f6b-zkdbz             1/1     Running   0          98s
   ledger-db-5b78474d4f-p6xcb            1/1     Running   0          98s
   ledgerwriter-84bf44b95d-65mqf         1/1     Running   0          97s
   loadgenerator-559667b6ff-4zsvb        1/1     Running   0          97s
   transactionhistory-5569754896-z94cn   1/1     Running   0          97s
   userservice-78dc876bff-pdhtl          1/1     Running   0          96s
   

   When all the Pods are in the Running state, continue to the next step. Again, it takes a few minutes for all of the Pods to be in a Running state. It's normal for some of the Pods to report a READY status of 0/1 until Cymbal Bank is ready to correctly serve traffic.

5. The frontend service exposes an HTTP server to serve the Cymbal Bank website, including the sign-in page, sign-up page, and home page. An Ingress object defines rules for routing HTTP(S) traffic to applications running in a cluster using a Google Cloud HTTP(S) Load Balancer.

   Get the external IP address for the frontend Ingress:

   kubectl get ingress frontend | awk '{print $4}'
   

6. In a web browser window, open the IP address shown in the output of the kubectl get ingress command to access your instance of Cymbal Bank.

   The default credentials are automatically populated, so you can sign in to the app and explore some of the sample transactions and balances. There are no specific actions you need to take, other than to confirm that the Cymbal Bank runs successfully. It might take a minute or two for all the services to be correctly communicating and let you sign in.

Objective: Congratulations! You now have a working GKE cluster that uses Autopilot, and have deployed the sample Cymbal Bank microservices application.

Explore your deployment

After you create a GKE cluster and deploy workloads, you might need to change settings or review the performance of your application. In this section, you learn how to use the Google Cloud console to review the resources that are part of your cluster and the Cymbal Bank sample application.

As introduced when you created your cluster, GKE Enterprise capabilities are built around the idea of the fleet: a logical grouping of Kubernetes clusters that can be managed together. The GKE Enterprise Overview in the Google Cloud console provides you with a high-level view of your entire fleet. When you created your GKE cluster, it was automatically registered to the fleet using the --enable-fleet parameter.

To see the GKE Enterprise and fleet information, go to the Overview page in the Google Cloud console:

Go to the GKE Enterprise Overview

The Overview page shows you the following information:

• How many clusters are in your fleet, and if they're healthy.
• Your fleet's resource utilization, including CPU, memory, and disk usage, aggregated by fleet and by cluster.
• Any security concerns identified for your fleet, your fleet-wide Policy Controller coverage, and the synchronization status of your Config Sync packages. You add Policy Controller and Config Sync to your cluster in future tutorials in this series.

The GKE Clusters page shows you all the clusters in your project. Clusters that are registered to a fleet have their fleet listed in the Fleet column.

In the following sections, you take a closer look at Cymbal Bank's GKE resources.

Clusters

In this tutorial, you created one GKE cluster and deployed the Cymbal Bank workloads.

1. In the Google Kubernetes Engine page of the Google Cloud console, go to the Clusters page.

   Go to the Clusters page

2. Click the newly deployed scalable-apps cluster. In the cluster details page that opens, you can view basic cluster details along with the cluster's networking and security configurations. You can also see which GKE features are enabled in this cluster in the Features section.

Observability

You can view basic metrics for the health and performance of your cluster. In the next tutorial in this series, you enable Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus for more granular monitoring and observability.

1. Select your cluster from the Google Kubernetes Engine Clusters page of the Google Cloud console, then go to the Observability tab.

2. Examine some of the metric graphics for things like CPU and Memory. This view lets you monitor the performance of the different parts of your cluster workloads without needing to deploy additional monitoring capabilities.

3. To view logs streamed from your cluster, select the Logs tab. You can filter by Severity of logs, or create your own filters to view specific namespaces, Services, or Pods. Like with Pod warnings and events, this collated view of logs from your cluster can help debug issues quickly using the Google Cloud console.

   It's normal to see log entries as Cymbal Bank is first deployed when some services can't communicate yet.

4. Select the App Errors tab. As your workloads run, you can view the collated warnings and events in the Google Cloud console. This approach can help debug issues without having to connect to the cluster, Nodes, or Pods individually.

   Again, it's normal to see events logged as Cymbal Bank is first deployed when some Services can't communicate yet.

Workloads

The GKE page of the Google Cloud console has a Workloads section that shows an aggregated view of the workloads that run on all your GKE clusters.

1. In the Google Kubernetes Engine page of the Google Cloud console, go to the Workloads page.

   Go to the Workloads page

   The Overview tab shows a list of workloads and namespaces from the GKE cluster. You can filter by namespaces to see what workloads run in each namespace.

Services & Ingress

The Services & Ingress view shows the project's Service and Ingress resources. A Service exposes a set of Pods as a network service with an endpoint, while an Ingress manages external access to the services in a cluster.

1. In the Google Kubernetes Engine page of the Google Cloud console, go to the Gateways, Services & Ingress page.

   Go to the Gateways, Services & Ingress page

2. To find the Cymbal Bank ingress, click the tab for "Ingress" and find the ingress with the name frontend. An ingress manages inbound traffic for your application. You can view information on the load balancer, ports, and external endpoints.

3. Click the IP address for the frontend ingress, such as 198.51.100.143:80. This address opens to the Cymbal Bank web interface.

Clean up

The set of tutorials for Cymbal Bank is designed to be completed one after the other. As your progress through the set of tutorials, you learn new skills and use additional Google Cloud products and services.

If you want to take a break before you move on to the next tutorial and avoid incurring charges to your Google Cloud account for the resources used in this tutorial, delete the project you created.

Caution: Deleting a project has the following effects:

• Everything in the project is deleted. If you used an existing project for the tasks in this document, when you delete it, you also delete any other work you've done in the project.
• Custom project IDs are lost. When you created this project, you might have created a custom project ID that you want to use in the future. To preserve the URLs that use the project ID, such as an appspot.com URL, delete selected resources inside the project instead of deleting the whole project.

If you plan to explore multiple architectures, tutorials, or quickstarts, reusing projects can help you avoid exceeding project quota limits.

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Manage resources page.

   Go to Manage resources

2. In the project list, select the project that you want to delete, and then click Delete.
3. In the dialog, type the project ID, and then click Shut down to delete the project.

What's next

Learn how to monitor your workloads in GKE Enterprise using Google Cloud Managed Service for Prometheus and Cloud Monitoring in the next tutorial.