Training ResNet on Cloud TPU (TF 2.x)


This tutorial shows you how to train a Keras ResNet model on Cloud TPU using tf.distribute.TPUStrategy.

If you are not familiar with Cloud TPU, it is strongly recommended that you go through the quickstart for your framework to learn how to create a TPU and a Compute Engine VM.

Objectives

  • Create a Cloud Storage bucket to hold your dataset and model output.
  • Prepare a fake imagenet dataset that is similar to the ImageNet dataset.
  • Run the training job.
  • Verify the output results.

Costs

In this document, you use the following billable components of Google Cloud:

  • Compute Engine
  • Cloud TPU
  • Cloud Storage

To generate a cost estimate based on your projected usage, use the pricing calculator. New Google Cloud users might be eligible for a free trial.

Before you begin

Before starting this tutorial, check that your Google Cloud project is correctly set up.

  1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads.
  2. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

    Go to project selector

  3. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

  4. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

    Go to project selector

  5. Make sure that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

  6. This walkthrough uses billable components of Google Cloud. Check the Cloud TPU pricing page to estimate your costs. Be sure to clean up resources you create when you've finished with them to avoid unnecessary charges.

Cloud TPU single device training

This section provides information on setting up Cloud Storage bucket, VM, and Cloud TPU resources for single device training.

  1. Open a Cloud Shell window.

    Open Cloud Shell

  2. Create a variable for your project's ID.

    $ export PROJECT_ID=project-id
    
  3. Configure the Google Cloud CLI to use the project where you want to create Cloud TPU.

    $ gcloud config set project ${PROJECT_ID}
    

    The first time you run this command in a new Cloud Shell VM, an Authorize Cloud Shell page is displayed. Click Authorize at the bottom of the page to allow gcloud to make API calls with your credentials.

  4. Create a Service Account for the Cloud TPU project.

    Service accounts allow the Cloud TPU service to access other Google Cloud services.

    $ gcloud beta services identity create --service tpu.googleapis.com --project $PROJECT_ID
    

    The command returns a Cloud TPU Service Account with following format:

    service-PROJECT_NUMBER@cloud-tpu.iam.gserviceaccount.com
    

  5. Create a Cloud Storage bucket using the following command:

    $ gsutil mb -p ${PROJECT_ID} -c standard -l europe-west4 gs://bucket-name
    

    This Cloud Storage bucket stores the data you use to train your model and the training results. The gcloud command used in this tutorial to set up the TPU also sets up default permissions for the Cloud TPU Service Account you set up in the previous step. If you want finer-grain permissions, review the access level permissions.

  6. Prepare your dataset or use fake_imagenet

    ImageNet is an image database. The images in the database are organized into a hierarchy, with each node of the hierarchy depicted by hundreds and thousands of images.

    This tutorial uses a demonstration version of the full ImageNet dataset, referred to as fake_imagenet. This demonstration version allows you to test the tutorial, while reducing the storage and time requirements typically associated with running a model against the full ImageNet database.

    The fake_imagenet dataset is at this location on Cloud Storage:

    gs://cloud-tpu-test-datasets/fake_imagenet

    The fake_imagenet dataset is only useful for understanding how to use a Cloud TPU and validating end-to-end performance. The accuracy numbers and saved model will not be meaningful.

    If you want to use the full ImageNet dataset, see Downloading, preprocessing, and uploading the ImageNet dataset.

  7. Launch TPU resources using the gcloud command. The command you use depends on whether you are using TPU VMs or TPU nodes. For more information on the two VM architecture, see System Architecture.

    TPU VM

    $ gcloud compute tpus tpu-vm create resnet-tutorial \
    --zone=us-central2-b \
    --accelerator-type=v4-8 \
    --version=tpu-vm-tf-2.16.1-pjrt
    

    Command flag descriptions

    zone
    The zone where you plan to create your Cloud TPU.
    accelerator-type
    The accelerator type specifies the version and size of the Cloud TPU you want to create. For more information about supported accelerator types for each TPU version, see TPU versions.
    version
    The Cloud TPU software version.

    TPU Node

    gcloud compute tpus execution-groups create \
    --project=${PROJECT_ID} \
    --zoneus-central2-b \
    --name=resnet-tutorial \
    --disk-size=300 \
    --machine-type=n1-standard-16 \
    --accelerator-type=v3-8 \
    --tf-version=2.12.0

    Command flag descriptions

    project
    Your Google Cloud project ID
    zone
    The zone where you plan to create your Cloud TPU.
    name
    The name of the Cloud TPU to create.
    disk-size
    The size of the hard disk in GB of the VM created by the gcloud command.
    machine-type
    The machine type of the Compute Engine VM to create.
    accelerator-type
    The type of the Cloud TPU to create.
    tf-version
    The version of Tensorflow gcloud installs on the VM.

    For more information on the gcloud command, see the gcloud Reference.

  8. If you are not automatically logged in to the Compute Engine instance, log in by running the following ssh command. When you are logged into the VM, your shell prompt changes from username@projectname to username@vm-name:

    TPU VM

    $ gcloud compute tpus tpu-vm ssh resnet-tutorial --zone=us-central2-b
    

    TPU Node

    $ gcloud compute ssh resnet-tutorial --zone=us-central2-b
    

    As you continue these instructions, run each command that begins with (vm)$ in your VM session window.

  9. Set the Cloud TPU name variable.

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ export TPU_NAME=local
    

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ export TPU_NAME=resnet-tutorial
    
  10. Set Cloud Storage bucket variables

    Set up the following environment variables, replacing bucket-name with the name of your Cloud Storage bucket:

    (vm)$ export STORAGE_BUCKET=gs://bucket-name
    
    (vm)$ export MODEL_DIR=${STORAGE_BUCKET}/resnet-2x
    (vm)$ export DATA_DIR=gs://cloud-tpu-test-datasets/fake_imagenet
    
    

    The training application expects your training data to be accessible in Cloud Storage. The training application also uses your Cloud Storage bucket to store checkpoints during training.

  11. When creating your TPU, if you set the --version parameter to a version ending with -pjrt, set the following environment variables to enable the PJRT runtime:

      (vm)$ export NEXT_PLUGGABLE_DEVICE_USE_C_API=true
      (vm)$ export TF_PLUGGABLE_DEVICE_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib/libtpu.so
    
  12. Install TensorFlow requirements.

    The command you use depends on whether you are using TPU VMs or TPU Nodes.

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ pip3 install -r /usr/share/tpu/models/official/requirements.txt 

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ pip3 install --user -r /usr/share/models/official/requirements.txt
    
  13. The ResNet training script requires an extra package. Install it now:

    (vm)$ pip3 install --user tensorflow-model-optimization>=0.1.3
    
  14. Change to directory that stores the model:

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ cd /usr/share/tpu/tensorflow/resnet50_keras
    

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ cd /usr/share/models
    
  15. Set the PYTHONPATH environment variable:

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ /usr/share/tpu/tensorflow/resnet50_keras"
    

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ export PYTHONPATH="${PYTHONPATH}:/usr/share/models"
    
  16. Run the training script. This uses a fake_imagenet dataset and trains ResNet for 100 steps.

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ resnet50.py --tpu=local --data=gs://cloud-tpu-test-datasets/fake_imagenet

    Command flag descriptions

    tpu
    The name of your TPU.
    data
    Specifies the directory where checkpoints and summaries are stored during model training. If the folder is missing, the program creates one. When using a Cloud TPU, the model_dir must be a Cloud Storage path (gs://...). You can reuse an existing folder to load current checkpoint data and to store additional checkpoints as long as the previous checkpoints were created using TPU of the same size and TensorFlow version.

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ python3 official/vision/train.py \
    --tpu=${TPU_NAME} \
    --experiment=resnet_imagenet \
    --mode=train_and_eval \
    --config_file=official/vision/configs/experiments/image_classification/imagenet_resnet50_tpu.yaml \
    --model_dir=${MODEL_DIR} \
    --params_override="task.train_data.input_path=${DATA_DIR}/train*, task.validation_data.input_path=${DATA_DIR}/validation*,task.train_data.global_batch_size=2048,task.validation_data.global_batch_size=2048,trainer.train_steps=100"
    

    Command flag descriptions

    tpu
    The name of your TPU.
    model_dir
    Specifies the directory where checkpoints and summaries are stored during model training. If the folder is missing, the program creates one. When using a Cloud TPU, the model_dir must be a Cloud Storage path (gs://...). You can reuse an existing folder to load current checkpoint data and to store additional checkpoints as long as the previous checkpoints were created using TPU of the same size and TensorFlow version.

This will train ResNet for 100 steps and will complete on a v3-8 TPU node in approximately 3 minutes. At the end of the 100 steps, output similar to the following appears:

I0624 17:04:26.974905 140457742666816 controller.py:290]  eval | step:    100 | eval time:   23.3 sec | output: 
    {'accuracy': 0.0010141226,
     'top_5_accuracy': 0.0051457332,
     'validation_loss': 8.448798}
 eval | step:    100 | eval time:   23.3 sec | output: 
    {'accuracy': 0.0010141226,
     'top_5_accuracy': 0.0051457332,
     'validation_loss': 8.448798}

You have now completed the single-device training example. Use the following steps to delete the current single-device TPU resources.

  1. Disconnect from the Compute Engine instance:

    (vm)$ exit
    

    Your prompt should now be username@projectname, showing you are in the Cloud Shell.

  2. Delete the TPU resource.

    TPU VM

    $ gcloud compute tpus tpu-vm delete resnet-tutorial \
    --zone=us-central2-b
    

    Command flag descriptions

    zone
    The zone where your Cloud TPU resided.

    TPU Node

    $ gcloud compute tpus execution-groups delete resnet-tutorial \
    --zone=us-central2-b
    

    Command flag descriptions

    zone
    The zone that contains the TPU to delete.

At this point, you can either conclude this tutorial and clean up, or you can continue and explore running the model on Cloud TPU Pods.

Scaling your model with Cloud TPU Pods

Training your model on Cloud TPU Pods may require some changes to your training script. For information, see Training on TPU Pods.

TPU Pod training

This section provides information on setting up a Cloud Storage bucket and Cloud TPU resources for Pod training.

  1. Open a Cloud Shell window.

    Open Cloud Shell

  2. Create a variable for your project's ID.

    export PROJECT_ID=project-id
    
  3. Configure Google Cloud CLI to use the project where you want to create Cloud TPU.

    gcloud config set project ${PROJECT_ID}
    

    The first time you run this command in a new Cloud Shell VM, an Authorize Cloud Shell page is displayed. Click Authorize at the bottom of the page to allow gcloud to make Google Cloud API calls with your credentials.

  4. Create a Service Account for the Cloud TPU project.

    gcloud beta services identity create --service tpu.googleapis.com --project $PROJECT_ID
    

    The command returns a Cloud TPU Service Account with following format:

    service-PROJECT_NUMBER@cloud-tpu.iam.gserviceaccount.com
    

  5. Create a Cloud Storage bucket using the following command or use a bucket you created earlier for your project:

    gsutil mb -p ${PROJECT_ID} -c standard -l us-central2 gs://bucket-name
    

    This Cloud Storage bucket stores the data you use to train your model and the training results. The gcloud command used in this tutorial sets up default permissions for the Cloud TPU Service Account you set up in the previous step. If you want finer-grain permissions, review the access level permissions.

    The bucket location must be in the same region as your TPU VM.

  6. Prepare your dataset or use fake_imagenet

    ImageNet is an image database. The images in the database are organized into a hierarchy, with each node of the hierarchy depicted by hundreds and thousands of images.

    The default Pod training accesses a demonstration version of the full ImageNet dataset, referred to as fake_imagenet. This demonstration version allows you to test Pod training, while reducing the storage and time requirements typically associated with training a model against the full ImageNet database.

    The fake_imagenet dataset is only useful for understanding how to use a Cloud TPU and validating end-to-end performance. The accuracy numbers and saved model will not be meaningful.

    If you want to use the full ImageNet dataset, see Downloading, preprocessing, and uploading the ImageNet dataset.

  7. Launch your Cloud TPU resources using the gcloud command.

    The command you use depends on whether you are using a TPU VM or a TPU node. For more information on the two VM architecture, see System Architecture. For more information on the gcloud command, see the gcloud Reference. This tutorial specifies a v3-32 Pod. For other Pod options, see TPU versions.

    TPU VM

    $ gcloud compute tpus tpu-vm create resnet-tutorial \
    --zone=us-central2-b \
    --accelerator-type=4-32 \
    --version=tpu-vm-tf-2.16.1-pod-pjrt
    

    Command flag descriptions

    zone
    The zone where you plan to create your Cloud TPU.
    accelerator-type
    The accelerator type specifies the version and size of the Cloud TPU you want to create. For more information about supported accelerator types for each TPU version, see TPU versions.
    version
    The Cloud TPU software version.

    TPU Node

    $ gcloud compute tpus execution-groups create \
    --zone=us-central2-b \
    --name=resnet-tutorial \
    --accelerator-type=v3-32 \
    --tf-version=2.12.0
    

    Command flag descriptions

    zone
    The zone where you plan to create your Cloud TPU.
    name
    The name of the Cloud TPU to create.
    accelerator-type
    The type of the Cloud TPU to create.
    tf-version
    The version of Tensorflow gcloud installs on the VM.
  8. If you are not automatically logged in to the Compute Engine instance, log in by running the following ssh command. When you are logged into the VM, your shell prompt changes from username@projectname to username@vm-instance-name:

    TPU VM

    $ gcloud compute tpus tpu-vm ssh resnet-tutorial --zone=us-central2-b
    

    TPU Node

    $ gcloud compute ssh resnet-tutorial --zone=us-central2-b
    

    As you continue these instructions, run each command that begins with (vm)$ in your VM session window.

  9. Export Cloud TPU setup variables:

    (vm)$ export ZONE=us-central2-b
    (vm)$ export STORAGE_BUCKET=gs://bucket-name
    
    (vm)$ export TPU_NAME=resnet-tutorial
    (vm)$ export DATA_DIR=gs://cloud-tpu-test-datasets/fake_imagenet
    (vm)$ export MODEL_DIR=${STORAGE_BUCKET}/resnet-2x-pod
    

    The training application expects your training data to be accessible in Cloud Storage. The training application also uses your Cloud Storage bucket to store checkpoints during training.

  10. The ResNet training script requires an extra package. Install it now.:

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ pip3 install --user tensorflow-model-optimization>=0.1.3 

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ pip3 install --user tensorflow-model-optimization>=0.1.3 
  11. Install TensorFlow requirements.

    The command you use depends on whether you are using TPU VMs or TPU Nodes.

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ pip3 install -r /usr/share/tpu/models/official/requirements.txt
    

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ pip3 install --user -r /usr/share/models/official/requirements.txt
    
  12. Set the PYTHONPATH environment variable:

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ export PYTHONPATH="PYTHONPATH=/usr/share/tpu/tensorflow/resnet50_keras"
    (vm)$ export TPU_LOAD_LIBRARY=0
    

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ export PYTHONPATH="${PYTHONPATH}:/usr/share/models"
    
  13. Change to directory that stores the model:

    TPU VM

    (vm)$ cd /usr/share/tpu/tensorflow/resnet50_keras
    

    TPU Node

    (vm)$ cd /usr/share/models
    
  14. Train the model.

    (vm)$ resnet50.py --tpu=${TPU_NAME} --data=gs://cloud-tpu-test-datasets/fake_imagenet
     

    Command flag descriptions

    tpu
    The name of your TPU.
    data
    Specifies the directory where checkpoints and summaries are stored during model training. If the folder is missing, the program creates one. When using a Cloud TPU, the model_dir must be a Cloud Storage path (gs://...). You can reuse an existing folder to load current checkpoint data and to store additional checkpoints as long as the previous checkpoints were created using Cloud TPU of the same size and TensorFlow version.

This procedure trains the model on the fake_imagenet dataset to 100 training steps and 13 evaluation steps. This training takes approximately 2 minutes on a v3-32 Cloud TPU. When the training and evaluation complete, messages similar to the following appears:

{'accuracy': 0.0009716797,
     'learning_rate': 0.10256411,
     'top_5_accuracy': 0.0049560545,
     'training_loss': 8.5587225}
train | step:    100 | steps/sec:    1.2 | output: 
    {'accuracy': 0.0009716797,
     'learning_rate': 0.10256411,
     'top_5_accuracy': 0.0049560545,
     'training_loss': 8.5587225}
     
eval | step:    100 | eval time:   24.8 sec | output:
    {'accuracy': 0.0010141226,
     'top_5_accuracy': 0.004356971,
     'validation_loss': 8.50038}
 eval | step:    100 | eval time:   24.8 sec | output: 
    {'accuracy': 0.0010141226,
     'top_5_accuracy': 0.004356971,
     'validation_loss': 8.50038}

Clean up

To avoid incurring charges to your Google Cloud account for the resources used in this tutorial, either delete the project that contains the resources, or keep the project and delete the individual resources.

  1. Disconnect from the Compute Engine instance, if you have not already done so:

    (vm)$ exit
    

    Your prompt should now be username@projectname, showing you are in the Cloud Shell.

  2. Delete your Cloud TPU and Compute Engine resources. The command you use to delete your resources depends upon whether you are using TPU VMs or TPU Nodes. For more information, see System Architecture.

    TPU VM

    $ gcloud compute tpus tpu-vm delete resnet-tutorial \
    --zone=us-central2-b
    

    TPU Node

    $ gcloud compute tpus execution-groups delete resnet-tutorial \
    --zone=us-central2-b
    
  3. Verify the resources have been deleted by running gcloud compute tpus execution-groups list. The deletion might take several minutes. The output from the following command should not include any of the TPU resources created in this tutorial:

    TPU VM

    $ gcloud compute tpus tpu-vm list --zone=us-central2-b

    TPU Node

    $ gcloud compute tpus execution-groups list --zone=us-central2-b
  4. Run gsutil as shown, replacing bucket-name with the name of the Cloud Storage bucket you created for this tutorial:

    $ gsutil rm -r gs://bucket-name
    

What's next

The TensorFlow Cloud TPU tutorials generally train the model using a sample dataset. The results of this training are not usable for inference. To use a model for inference, you can train the data on a publicly available dataset or your own dataset. TensorFlow models trained on Cloud TPUs generally require datasets to be in TFRecord format.

You can use the dataset conversion tool sample to convert an image classification dataset into TFRecord format. If you are not using an image classification model, you will have to convert your dataset to TFRecord format yourself. For more information, see TFRecord and tf.Example.

Hyperparameter tuning

To improve the model's performance with your dataset, you can tune the model's hyperparameters. You can find information about hyperparameters common to all TPU supported models on GitHub. Information about model-specific hyperparameters can be found in the source code for each model. For more information on hyperparameter tuning, see Overview of hyperparameter tuning and Tune hyperparameters.

Inference

Once you have trained your model, you can use it for inference (also called prediction). You can use the Cloud TPU inference converter tool to prepare and optimize a TensorFlow model for inference on Cloud TPU v5e. For more information about inference on Cloud TPU v5e, see Cloud TPU v5e inference introduction.

  • Learn how to train and evaluate using your own data in place of the fake_imagenet or ImageNet datasets by following the dataset conversion tutorial. The tutorial explains how to use the image classification data converter example script to convert a raw dataset for image classification into TFRecords usable by Cloud TPU Tensorflow models.
  • Run a Cloud TPU colab that demonstrates how to run an image classification model using your own image data.
  • Explore the other Cloud TPU tutorials.
  • Learn to use the TPU monitoring tools in TensorBoard.
  • See how to train ResNet with Cloud TPU and GKE.